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The Spontaneous Generation Controversy (340 BCE–1870 CE)
270 4. Abstraction and Unification ∗ ∗ ∗ “O`uen ˆetes-vous? Que faites-vous? Il faut travailler” (on his death-bed, to his devoted pupils, watching over him). The Spontaneous Generation Controversy (340 BCE–1870 CE) “Omne vivium ex Vivo.” (Latin proverb) Although the theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) can be traced back at least to the Ionian school (600 B.C.), it was Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) who presented the most complete arguments for and the clearest statement of this theory. In his “On the Origin of Animals”, Aristotle states not only that animals originate from other similar animals, but also that living things do arise and always have arisen from lifeless matter. Aristotle’s theory of sponta- neous generation was adopted by the Romans and Neo-Platonic philosophers and, through them, by the early fathers of the Christian Church. With only minor modifications, these philosophers’ ideas on the origin of life, supported by the full force of Christian dogma, dominated the mind of mankind for more that 2000 years. According to this theory, a great variety of organisms could arise from lifeless matter. For example, worms, fireflies, and other insects arose from morning dew or from decaying slime and manure, and earthworms originated from soil, rainwater, and humus. Even higher forms of life could originate spontaneously according to Aristotle. Eels and other kinds of fish came from the wet ooze, sand, slime, and rotting seaweed; frogs and salamanders came from slime. 1846 CE 271 Rather than examining the claims of spontaneous generation more closely, Aristotle’s followers concerned themselves with the production of even more remarkable recipes. -
Biology Chemistry III: Computers in Education High School
Abstracts 1-68 Relate to the Sunday Program Biology 1. 100 Years of Genetics William Sofer, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ Almost exactly 100 years ago, Thomas Hunt Morgan and his coworkers at Columbia University began studying a small fly, Drosophila melanogaster, in an effort to learn something about the laws of heredity. After a while, they found a single white-eyed male among many thousands of normal red-eyed males and females. The analysis of the offspring that resulted from crossing this mutant male with red-eyed females led the way to the discovery of what determines whether an individual becomes a male or a female, and the relationship of chromosomes and genes. 2. Streptomycin - Antibiotics from the Ground Up Douglas Eveleigh, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ Antibiotics are part of everyday living. We benefit from their use through prevention of infection of cuts and scratches, control of diseases such as typhoid, cholera and potentially of bioterrorist's pathogens, besides allowing the marvels of complex surgeries. Antibiotics are a wondrous medical weapon. But where do they come from? The unlikely answer is soil. Soil is home to a teeming population of insects and roots, plus billions of microbes - billions. But life is not harmonious in soil. Some microbes have evolved strategies to dominate their territory; one strategem is the production of antibiotics. In the 1940s, Selman Waksman, with his research team at Rutgers University, began the first ever search for such antibiotic producing micro-organisms amidst the thousands of soil microbes. The first antibiotics they discovered killed microbes but were toxic to humans. -
Nematicidal, Phytotoxic and Brine Shrimp Lethality Activity of Some Allium Species and Their Bioactive Sulfur Compounds
Nematicidal, Phytotoxic and Brine Shrimp Lethality Activity of Some Allium Species and Their Bioactive Sulfur Compounds Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) dem Fachbereich Pharmazie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Sevda Jivishova aus Baku, Aserbaidschan Marburg/Lahn Jahr 2018 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Keusgen Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Shuming Li Eingereicht am ........................ Tag der ndlichen Prüfung am 21.12.2016 Hochschulkennziffer: 1180 Dedicated to my husband and life partner Emil, our little hearts-children Said and Esma, my beloved parents and my proud brother Pervin, to the supporting parents-in-law and brother-in-law Orkhan. If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants. Isaac Newton TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures........................................................................................................... 7 List of Tables .......................................................................................................... 10 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... 11 Summary ................................................................................................................ 14 -
Redalyc.Joseph Achille Le Bel. His Life and Works
Revista CENIC. Ciencias Químicas ISSN: 1015-8553 [email protected] Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Cuba Wisniak, Jaime Joseph Achille Le Bel. His Life and Works Revista CENIC. Ciencias Químicas, vol. 33, núm. 1, enero-abril, 2002, pp. 35-43 Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas La Habana, Cuba Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=181625999008 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista CENIC Ciencias Químicas, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2002. RESEÑA BIOGRAFICA Joseph Achille Le Bel. His Life and Works Jaime Wisniak Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel 84105. [email protected]. Recibido: 26 de abril del 2001. Aceptado: 22 de mayo del 2001. Palabras clave: Le Bel, Química, estereoquímica, actividad óptica, cosmogonia Key words: Le Bel, Chemistry, stereoquímica, optical activity, cosmogony. RESUMEN. Joseph Achille Le Bel es un ejemplo de científicos como Réaumur The same year his father passed que investigaron muchÍsimos temas, pero solo son recordados por uno. Le Bel away and his two sisters, Marie and es un nombre bien conocido por los estudiantes de Química en general, y Emma, took charge of the family in- estereoquímica en particular. El nos dejo los principios básicos que determinan dustry and in this way allowed Le las condiciones geométricas que un compuesto de carbón debe satisfacer para Bel to continue chemical studies. -
Chemists and the School of Nature Bernadette Bensaude Vincent, Yves Bouligand, Hervé Arribart, Clément Sanchez
Chemists and the School of nature Bernadette Bensaude Vincent, Yves Bouligand, Hervé Arribart, Clément Sanchez To cite this version: Bernadette Bensaude Vincent, Yves Bouligand, Hervé Arribart, Clément Sanchez. Chemists and the School of nature. Central European Journal of Chemistry, Springer Verlag, 2002, pp.1-5. hal- 00937207 HAL Id: hal-00937207 https://hal-paris1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00937207 Submitted on 30 Jan 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Chemists and the school of nature B. Bensaude Vincent, Arribart, H., Bouligand, Y, Sanchez C.), New Journal of Chemistry, 26 (2002) 1-5. The term biomimicry first appeared in 1962 as a generic term including both cybernetics and bionics1. It referred to all sorts of imitation of one form of life by another one while the term "bionics" defined as "an attempt to understand sufficiently well the tricks that nature actually uses to solve her problems"2 is closer to the meaning of "biomimicry" as it has been used by material scientists since the 1980s. Biomimetism is an umbrella covering a variety of research fields ranging from the chemistry of natural products to nanocomposites, via biomaterials and supramolecular chemistry. -
Cell Theory the CELL THEORY GREW out of the WORK of MANY SCIENTISTS and IMPROVEMENTS in the MICROSCOPE
Cell Theory THE CELL THEORY GREW OUT OF THE WORK OF MANY SCIENTISTS AND IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MICROSCOPE. Many scientists contributed to the cell theory. ROBERT HOOKE He was the first person to look at cells and named them. He looked at cork cells which are not living. It is the bark of a tree so they are dead plant cells. They are small squares and they reminded him of the small rooms in a monastery called cells ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK Credited with improving the microscope. (Zacharias Janssen is credited with discovering/creating microscope). Leeuwenhoek’s microscope could magnify 200x the human eye! Today’s microscopes can magnify up to 1500! MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN was a German botanist (scientist who studies plants.) He found that the plant parts he examined were made of cells. He made the generalization that all plants were made of cells. THEODOR SCHWANN Studied animals. His microscopic investigations of animal parts led him to generalize that all animals are made of cells After looking at Schleiden’s work ,he further proposed that all organisms are made of cells. RUDOLF VIRCHOW- OMNIS CELLULA C CELLULA”: ALL CELLS FROM CELLS (1855) German doctor that said that new plant cells arise only from existing plant cells, and new animal cells arise only from existing animal cells. Building off the work of Redi (1668) who disproved the idea of spontaneous generation in his experiments about rotting meat. LOUIS PASTEUR-GERM THEORY 1856-Used the microscope to discover that tiny, one- celled (eukaryotic) yeast created alcoholic fermentation and that other one-celled, rod-shaped organisms (prokaryotic bacteria) caused beverages to spoil. -
Unit One – What Did People Think Caused Disease?
Unit One – What did people think caused disease? Medieval beliefs about causes Renaissance beliefs about causes 1 Hippocrates An Ancient Greek philosopher who came up with theory of the 10 Four Blood, Phlegm, Black Bile, Yellow Bile – Four elements which Four Humours. Humours medieval people believed all humans had and could cause disease if they were not balanced. 2 Four Humours Blood, Phlegm, Black Bile, Yellow Bile – Four elements which 11 Theory of Galen’s theory that diseases were caused by the Four medieval people believed all humans had and could cause Opposites Humours being in‐balanced. Treated by re‐balancing the disease if they were not balanced. Four Humours. 3 Four elements Earth, fire, water, air – the four earthly elements that the four 12 Divine The belief that diseases were caused by God as punishment humours were based on. causes for sins people had committed. 4 Galen A Roman doctor who built on Hippocrates’ idea, the Four 13 Supernatural The belief that diseases are caused by magic or witchcraft Humours. causes 5 Theory of Galen’s theory that diseases were caused by the Four Humours 14 Miasma The belief that diseases are caused by bad smells / ‘foul Opposites being in‐balanced. Treated by re‐balancing the Four Humours. smelling air’. 6 Divine causes The belief that diseases were caused by God as punishment for 15 William Discovered the heart was a pump (pumped blood around the sins people had committed. Harvey body) important new ideas about causes in later periods. 7 Sins A religious belief that any bad things you do in your life are 16 The Plague – During the Great Plague 1665, many stayed indoors to avoid sinful and you will be punished by God for them. -
Spontaneous Generation & Origin of Life Concepts from Antiquity to The
SIMB News News magazine of the Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology April/May/June 2019 V.69 N.2 • www.simbhq.org Spontaneous Generation & Origin of Life Concepts from Antiquity to the Present :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůDŝĐƌŽďŝŽůŽŐLJΘŝŽƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ Impact Factor 3.103 The Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology is an international journal which publishes papers in metabolic engineering & synthetic biology; biocatalysis; fermentation & cell culture; natural products discovery & biosynthesis; bioenergy/biofuels/biochemicals; environmental microbiology; biotechnology methods; applied genomics & systems biotechnology; and food biotechnology & probiotics Editor-in-Chief Ramon Gonzalez, University of South Florida, Tampa FL, USA Editors Special Issue ^LJŶƚŚĞƚŝĐŝŽůŽŐLJ; July 2018 S. Bagley, Michigan Tech, Houghton, MI, USA R. H. Baltz, CognoGen Biotech. Consult., Sarasota, FL, USA Impact Factor 3.500 T. W. Jeffries, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA 3.000 T. D. Leathers, USDA ARS, Peoria, IL, USA 2.500 M. J. López López, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain C. D. Maranas, Pennsylvania State Univ., Univ. Park, PA, USA 2.000 2.505 2.439 2.745 2.810 3.103 S. Park, UNIST, Ulsan, Korea 1.500 J. L. Revuelta, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain 1.000 B. Shen, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA 500 D. K. Solaiman, USDA ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, USA Y. Tang, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA E. J. Vandamme, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium H. Zhao, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 10 Most Cited Articles Published in 2016 (Data from Web of Science: October 15, 2018) Senior Author(s) Title Citations L. Katz, R. Baltz Natural product discovery: past, present, and future 103 Genetic manipulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis for improved production in Streptomyces and R. -
Metabolomics and Complementary Techniques to Investigate the Plant
Natural Product Reports View Article Online REVIEW View Journal Metabolomics and complementary techniques to investigate the plant phytochemical cosmos† Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/d1np00014d Hiroshi Tsugawa, *abcd Amit Rai, ae Kazuki Saito ae and Ryo Nakabayashi *a Covering: up to 2021 Plants and their associated microbial communities are known to produce millions of metabolites, a majority of which are still not characterized and are speculated to possess novel bioactive properties. In addition to their role in plant physiology, these metabolites are also relevant as existing and next-generation medicine candidates. Elucidation of the plant metabolite diversity is thus valuable for the successful exploitation of natural resources for humankind. Herein, we present a comprehensive review on recent metabolomics approaches to illuminate molecular networks in plants, including chemical isolation and enzymatic Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. production as well as the modern metabolomics approaches such as stable isotope labeling, ultrahigh- resolution mass spectrometry, metabolome imaging (spatial metabolomics), single-cell analysis, cheminformatics, and computational mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry-based strategies to characterize plant metabolomes through metabolite identification and annotation are described in detail. Received 3rd March 2021 We also highlight the use of phytochemical genomics to mine genes associated with specialized DOI: 10.1039/d1np00014d metabolites' biosynthesis. Understanding the metabolic diversity through biotechnological advances is rsc.li/npr fundamental to elucidate the functions of the plant-derived specialized metabolome. This article is licensed under a 1. Introduction 3. Cutting-edge technologies to identify unknown 2. Grand challenges in metabolomics: general approaches metabolites to natural product chemistry 3.1. Technological advances in biology, chemistry, and 2.1. -
![Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Two Cyano-Bridged Two-Dimensional Assemblies [Fe(Salpn)]2 [Fe(CN)5NO] and [Fe(Salpn)]2[Ni(CN)4]](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/4544/syntheses-crystal-structures-and-magnetic-properties-of-two-cyano-bridged-two-dimensional-assemblies-fe-salpn-2-fe-cn-5no-and-fe-salpn-2-ni-cn-4-1414544.webp)
Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Two Cyano-Bridged Two-Dimensional Assemblies [Fe(Salpn)]2 [Fe(CN)5NO] and [Fe(Salpn)]2[Ni(CN)4]
Transition Metal Chemistry 29: 100–106, 2004. 100 Ó 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Syntheses, crystal structures and magnetic properties of two cyano-bridged two-dimensional assemblies [Fe(salpn)]2 [Fe(CN)5NO] and [Fe(salpn)]2[Ni(CN)4] Xiao-Ping Shen and Zheng Xu* Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China Ai-Hua Yuan Department of Material and Environmental Engineering, East China Shipbuilding Institute, Zhenjiang 212003, PR China Zi-Xiang Huang State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China Received 13 May 2003; accepted 07 July 2003 Abstract III II III II Two cyano-bridged assemblies, [Fe (salpn)]2[Fe (CN)5NO] (1) and [Fe (salpn)]2[Ni (CN)4] (2) [salpn ¼ N, N¢- 1,2-propylenebis(salicylideneiminato)dianion], have been prepared and structurally and magnetically characterized. 2) 2) + In each complex, [Fe(CN)5NO] or [Ni(CN)4] coordinates with four [Fe(salpn)] cations using four co-planar ) + 2) 2) CN ligands, whereas each [Fe(salpn)] links two [Fe(CN)5NO] or [Ni(CN)4] ions in the trans form, which II III results in a two-dimensional (2D) network consisting of pillow-like octanuclear [AM ACNAFe ANCA]4 units 2) (M ¼ Fe or Ni). In complex (1), the NO group of [Fe(CN)5NO] remains monodentate and the bond angle of FeIIANAO is 180.0°. The variable temperature magnetic susceptibilities, measured in the 5–300 K range, show weak intralayer antiferromagnetic interactions in both complexes with the intramolecular iron(III)ÁÁÁiron(III) exchange integrals of )0.017 cm)1 for (1) and –0.020 cm-1 for (2), respectively. -
Assembly of Multifunctional Materials Using Molecular Cluster Building Blocks
Assembly of Multifunctional Materials Using Molecular Cluster Building Blocks Bonnie Choi Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2018 © 2018 Bonnie Choi All rights reserved Abstract Assembly of Multifunctional Materials Using Molecular Cluster Building Blocks Bonnie Choi This thesis explores the synthesis, properties, and potential applications of molecular clusters and the hierarchical solids that form when complementary clusters are combined. Chapter 1 introduces the diverse set of molecular clusters that I employ as nanoscale building blocks in the assembly of multifunctional materials. The core structure of the molecular clusters is closely related to the superconducting Chevrel phases. In discrete clusters, however, the core is passivated by organic ligands, which add stability and important functionalities. The molecular clusters have rich physical and chemical properties of their own, and I present some of the techniques used to investigate their intrinsic electronic properties. Finally, I review some of the modes by which the molecular clusters interact with another to assemble into hierarchical solids. The structural tunability and complexity embedded in the molecular clusters will enable the design of modular, well-defined, multifunctional materials with desirable electronic and magnetic properties. Chapter 2 details the synthesis and characterization of a family of manganese telluride molecular clusters. By varying the ligands that decorate the surface of the inorganic core, I show that the core structures can be tuned. The study of molecular clusters provides insight into how extended solids form. As such, I make structural comparisons of the clusters to known solid-state compounds. -
Directed Assembly of Metal-Cyanide Cluster Magnets LIANNE M
Acc. Chem. Res. 2005, 38, 325-334 Directed Assembly of Metal-Cyanide Cluster Magnets LIANNE M. C. BELTRAN AND JEFFREY R. LONG* Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Received July 13, 2004 ABSTRACT The simple, well-understood coordination chemistry of the cyanide ligand is of significant utility in the design of new single-molecule magnets. Its preference for bridging two transition metals in a linear M′-CN-M geometry permits the use of multidentate blocking ligands in directing the assembly of specific molecular architec- tures. This approach has been employed in the synthesis of numerous high-nuclearity constructs, including simple cubic M4M′4(CN)12 and face-centered cubic M8M′6(CN)24 coordination clusters, as well as some unexpected cluster geometries featuring as many as 27 metal centers. The ability to substitute a range of FIGURE 1. Disc-shaped cluster [Mn12O12(O2CCH3)16(H2O)4]. different transition metal ions into these structures enables adjust- ment of their magnetic properties, facilitating creation of high- spin ground states with axial magnetic anisotropy. To date, at least four different cyano-bridged single-molecule magnets have been characterized, exhibiting spin-reversal barriers as high as 25 cm-1. Ultimately, it is envisioned that this strategy might lead to molecules possessing much larger barriers with the potential for storing information at more practical temperatures. Introduction More than a decade ago, it was discovered that [Mn12O12(O2- 1 CCH3)16(H2O)4] exhibits magnetic bistability. As depicted in Figure 1, this molecular cluster has a disc-shaped core IV consisting of a central Mn 4O4 cubane unit surrounded by a ring of eight oxo- and acetato-linked MnIII centers.