University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation
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THE SAINT TERESA SERIES BY JOSÉ ESPINOSA DE LOS MONTEROS: ART AND AGENCY IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CUSQUENIAN PAINTING By MACARENA M. DEIJ PRADO A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2016 © 2016 Macarena M. Deij Prado ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply thankful to the people and institutions that have assisted me in the process of research and writing this thesis. Research in Cusco, Peru, was generously funded by the Center for Latin American Studies, and the School of Art and Art History, both at the University of Florida. Many people have assisted me with my research. I first want to thank my advisor, Dr. Maya Stanfield Mazzi, for her unconditional support. If this thesis contributes somehow to expand our knowledge on Andean art is because of her kind dedication to my learning process. I also want to thank my committee members, Dr. Melissa Hyde and Dr. Elizabeth Ross for their initial advice, as well as their feedback for my thesis’ final draft. In Cusco, the staffs of the Archivo del Arzobispado de Cusco were very helpful. A scholar who was particularly important during my field research was Elizabeth Kuon Arce. Her intellectual advice for this project, and her willingness to walk me around Cusco and its churches was of enormous significance. I want to thank the community of the Monasterio de San Jose in Santiago Chile, for sharing with me the images of the Saint Teresa Series in Cusco. I’m truly thankful for their generosity. The Barefoot Carmelites in Cusco allowed me to photograph the Saint Teresa Church, which was instrumental in my research. Without their help my research would not have been possible. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 3 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 10 2 THE INFLUENCE OF HAGIOGRAPHY AND PRINTS ON THE SAINT TERESA SERIES OF CUSCO ............................................................................................... 19 Hagiographies as Written Sources for the Series of Saint Teresa .......................... 21 The Vita B. Virginis Teresiae a Iesu by Adriaen Collaert and Cornelis Galle (1613). ................................................................................................................. 24 Peter Paul Rubens and the Discalced Carmelites of Antwerp in the Counter Reformation ......................................................................................................... 27 3 CUSQUENIAN PAINTING AND ART PATRONAGE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ..................................................................... 33 Cusquenian Guilds during the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century ................ 34 Religious and Secular Patrons in Seventeenth-Century Cusco .............................. 36 Art Patronage and Religious Communities in Seventeenth-Century Cusco: The Case of the Espinosa de los Monteros ................................................................ 41 4 THE SAINT TERESA SERIES BY JOSÉ ESPINOSA DE LOS MONTEROS (1682) ..................................................................................................................... 50 Scale and Display ................................................................................................... 50 Materials and Techniques ....................................................................................... 53 Narrative ................................................................................................................. 56 Variations ......................................................................................................... 59 Inclusions ......................................................................................................... 62 Style ........................................................................................................................ 65 5 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 82 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 86 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................................ 90 4 LIST OF TABLES Table page 4-1 Order of the Saint Teresa Series. ....................................................................... 74 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Adriaen Collaert and Cornelis Galle, Saint Teresa and Her Brother Leave for Moorish Lands .................................................................................................... 30 2-2 Adriaen Collaert and Cornelis Galle, Frontispiece .............................................. 31 2-3 Adriaen Collaert and Cornelis Galle, Portrait of Saint Teresa ............................. 31 2-4 Peter Paul Rubens, The Transverberation ......................................................... 32 2-5 Peter Paul Rubens, The Intercession of Saint Teresa ........................................ 32 3-1 Anonymous, The Lord of the Earthquakes ......................................................... 46 3-2 Anonymous, Cusco during the Earthquake of 1650 with Donor Alonso Cortés de Monroy........................................................................................................... 46 3-3 Anonymous, Bishop Mollinedo Crossing the Plaza de Armas in Cusco in the Corpus Christi Procession .................................................................................. 47 3-4 Anonymous, Bishop Mollinedo Crossing the Plaza de Armas in Cusco in the Corpus Christi Procession. Detail ....................................................................... 47 3-5 Juan Espinosa de los Monteros, Genealogy of the Franciscan Orden ............... 48 3-6 Pieter de Jode I, Ecstasy of St. Catherine .......................................................... 48 3-7 Juan Espinosa de los Monteros, Ecstasy of St. Catherine ................................. 49 4-1 View (from the narthex) of the Church of Saint Teresa with The Saint Teresa Series and main altar. ......................................................................................... 69 4-2 The arrangement of the Saint Teresa Series in the nave of the Church of Saint Teresa ....................................................................................................... 69 4-3 José Espinosa de los Monteros, Saint Teresa Series (left side of the nave). ..... 70 4-4 José Espinosa de los Monteros, Saint Teresa Series (right side of the nave). ... 70 4-5 José Espinosa de los Monteros, The Apparition in Segovia and The Death of Saint Teresa (left side of the main altar) ............................................................. 71 4-6 José Espinosa de los Monteros, Saints Peter and Paul Protectors of Saint Teresa and Apparition of the Two Trinities (right side of the main altar). ............ 71 6 4-7 Anonymous, Union of the Imperial Inca Descendants with the Houses of Loyola and Borgia ............................................................................................... 72 4-8 José Espinosa de los Monteros, Saint Teresa Enters the Convent. ................... 72 4-9 José Espinosa de los Monteros, Ecstasy Before the Bishop of Ávila. ................ 73 4-10 José Espinosa de los Monteros, The Vision of the Nail. ..................................... 73 4-11 View of the nave of Saint Teresa Church from the sanctuary with choir on top. ..................................................................................................................... 75 4-12 Choir of Saint Teresa Church with Our Lady of Mount Carmel Protector of the Order. ................................................................................................................. 75 4-13 Adriaen Collaert and Cornelis Galle, Our Lady of Mount Carmel Protector of the Order ............................................................................................................ 75 4-14 Anonymous, Our Lady of Mount Carmel Protector of the Order. ........................ 76 4-15 Peter Paul Rubens, The Intercession of Saint Teresa. ....................................... 76 4-16 José Espinosa de los Monteros, The Intercession of Saint Teresa. ................... 76 4-17 José Espinosa de los Monteros, Our Lady of Mount Carmel Gives the Scapular to Saint Simon Stock. .......................................................................... 77 4-18 Anthony Wierix II, The Apparition of the Two Trinities. ....................................... 77 4-19 José Espinosa de los Monteros, The Apparition of the Two Trinities. ................ 77 4-20 José Espinosa de los Monteros, The Intercession of Saint Teresa. ................... 78 4-21 Possibly José Espinosa de los Monteros, The Intercession of Saint Teresa. ..... 78 4-22 José Espinosa de los Monteros, The Illumination of Saint Teresa and The Resurrection of the Nephew. .............................................................................. 78 4-23 Adriaen Collaert and Cornelis Galle, The Resurrection of the Nephew