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Lilium Martagon L Doctoral Thesis No. 2005:19 Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulture and Agricultural Science Lilium martagon L. Krolliljans introduktion och tidiga historia i Sverige intill år 1795 - i en europeisk liljekontext Kjell Lundquist Lilium martagon L. Krolliljans introduktion och tidiga historia i Sverige intill år 1795 - i en europeisk liljekontext Considerate lilia agri quomodo crescunt Se på ängens liljor, hur de växer Matt. 6:28 Imprimis vero magno in precio apud me sunt eruntque bulbi isti tui; Nam non secus ut bosphorus reliqua astra luminis sui splendore vincit [?]: ita hi bulbi floris varietate, colore, nitore, elegantia, … reliquas. Särskilt uppskattar jag dina [Clusius] lökar. Ty på samma sätt som bosphorus överträffar andra stjärnor med sin glans, så överträffar dessa lökar andra genom blommornas skiftningar, färg, glans, elegans. Henrik Høyer, 17 augusti 1597 Ensam i sin dolda växt fann han gemenskap med allt växande. Dag Hammarskjöld, 1959 Lilium martagon L. Krolliljans introduktion och tidiga historia i Sverige intill år 1795 - i en europeisk liljekontext Kjell Lundquist Fakulteten för landskapsplanering, trädgårds- och jordbruksvetenskap Institutionen för landskapsplanering Alnarp Alnarp Doctoral thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp 2005 Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae ) 2005:19 Omslagsbilden: ”Martagon”, krollilja (Lilium martagon) ur Codex Bellunensis, en venetiansk handskrift från ca 1415 (Add. MS. 41623, f. 66v. By permission of British Library, London). Citaten: Bibel-citatet är hämtat från Vulgata (latinsk bibelöversättning från 400-talet), den svenska över- sättningen från Bibel 2000. Høyer-citatet är hämtat från brev från Henrik Høyer till Carolus Clusius, Leiden, Universiteits- bibliotheek Leiden, Vul 101. Översättning: Urban Örneholm. Hammarskjöld-citatet är hämtat från Dag Hammarskjöld 1966 [1963]. Författarens adress: Kjell Lundquist Institutionen för landskapsplanering Alnarp, SLU Box 58, 230 53 Alnarp E-post: [email protected] Distribution: Department of Landscape Planning Alnarp Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Box 58 , SE - 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden ISSN: 1652-6880 ISBN: 91-576-7018-8 © 2005 Kjell Lundquist, Alnarp Grafisk formgivning & produktion: Dieter Mitternacht, Södra Sandby Tryck: Reproenheten SLU Alnarp Till Katja och Olof Figur 1. Olof (4 år) med två höga (1,5-2 m) och kraftiga krolliljor i lundartad vegetation invid Brahekyrkan på Visingsö. (Foto: Kjell Lundquist, juli 1995.) Abstract Lundquist, Kjell. 2005. Lilium martagon L. Its introduction and early history in Sweden up to 1795 – in a European context of lilies. Acta Universitatis Agricul- turae Sueciae. Doctoral Thesis No. 2005:19. ISSN 1652-6880, ISBN 91-576- 7018-8, ??? ss. When was the Turk's-cap Lily (Martagon Lily) introduced to Sweden? In the Swedish Middle Ages or 500 years later, during The Swedish Great Power period? This dissertation contests the widely held position, known as kompendietraditionen, according to which the Turk's-cap Lily was introduced to Sweden in the Middle Ages. It conducts a thor- ough examination of (primarily written) Swedish botanical and horticultural sources from the Middle Ages to the final decades of the 18th century. Its main focus is on Sweden, parallel sources from the other Nordic and relevant European countries, such as England, the Netherlands and Germany, are also analysed in some depth. The investigation examines Turk's-cap Lily’s name history, especially the names lilium and martagon. From antiquity up to Linné’s binary nomenclature and his binary designation: Lilium martagon, the early-scientific names and phrase epithets of the species are analysed together with all the early Swedish names. A significant part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of the diffi- culties surrounding correspondences in history between names and actually living plants. Based on documentary evidence, the Turk's-cap Lily’s early history is reconstructed for Swe- den and the other Nordic countries. Our findings show that the first Turk's-cap Lily of the North blossomed in Bergen, Norway, 1597. Introductions of the Turk's-cap Lily in gardens in England and on the Continent were exam- ined for the purpose of putting the history of introduction in Sweden into context. The systematic categorisation and development of the Turk's-cap Lily in relation to the other European lily spe- cies, including their morphological, ecological and genetic conditions, is treated from a historical point of view. A collection of fourteen supplements enlarges and illustrates different aspects of the investigation, such as for instance a supplement about “lillies in the Bible”. The main result of the dissertation is that the Turk's-cap Lily was introduced to Sweden dur- ing the first half of the 17th century. The result is confirmed by investigations of the circumstances in the other Nordic countries. The monograph is richly illustrated; some of the old dawings are published for the first time. Keywords: Lilium martagon L., krollilja, lilja, Martagon Lily, Turk's-cap Lily, lilies, Türkenbundlilie, Gold- wurz, växtintroduktion, historiskt växtmaterial, trädgårdsväxter, trädgårdshistoria, kompendie- tradition, växtnamnhistoria, växtnamn, ”ängens liljor”, ”lilies of the fields”, Linnaeus, Olof Rud- beck, Caspar Bauhin, Henrik Høyer, Carolus Clusius. 7 Sammandrag Lundquist, Kjell. 2005. Lilium martagon L. Krolliljans introduktion och tidiga historia i Sverige intill år 1795 – i en europeisk liljekontext. Acta Universitatis Agri- culturae Sueciae. Doktorsavhandling, No. 2005:19. ISSN 1652-6880, ISBN 91-576-7018-8, ??? ss. När kom krolliljan (Lilium martagon L.) till Sverige? Under medeltiden eller först under stor- maktstiden 500 år senare? Avhandlingen ifrågasätter den rådande föreställningen, den så kallade kompendietraditionen, om en medeltida introduktion av krolliljan i Sverige. En bred genomgång görs av framförallt det tryckta svenska botaniska och hortikulturella källmaterialet. Undersökningen sträcker sig från medeltiden och fram till slutet av 1700-talet och utgör en fallstudie. Parallella undersökningar av krolliljans introduktion görs även för de övriga nordiska länderna samt för de i sammanhanget mest relevanta europeiska länderna, främst England, Holland och Tyskland. I avhandlingen behandlas krolliljans namnhistoria och speciellt namnen lilium och martagon. Artens tidigvetenskapliga och fraseologiska namn tolkas från antiken fram till Linnés binära no- menklatur och binära benämning på krolliljan: Lilium martagon. En genomgång görs även av ar- tens tidigare svenska namn. En stor del av avhandlingen handlar om svårigheten att uppnå en korrespondens mellan namnen och de levande växterna genom historien. Krolliljans tidiga historia i Sverige tolkas och tecknas utifrån beläggen i de dokumentära käl- lorna. Parallellt tecknas porträtten för de övriga nordiska länderna. Den första krolliljan i Norden blommade i Bergen 1597. Genomgången av förhållandena i England, liksom på kontinenten, där både uppmärksam- mandet av krolliljan och introduktionen av den i trädgårdarna, sätter den svenska och nordiska introduktionen och historien i kontext. Med ett historiskt perspektiv tecknas krolliljans systema- tiska kategorisering och utveckling i relation till de andra europeiska liljearterna, samt dess morfologiska, ekologiska och genetiska förhållanden. I en omfattande bilagedel breddas, fördjupas och illustreras några av avhandlingens avsnitt och tankar, som t ex i bilagan om ”Bibelns liljor”. Avhandlingens slutsats är att krolliljan introducerades i Sverige under första halvan av 1600- talet. Tidpunkten överensstämmer väl med förhållandena i de övriga nordiska länderna. Mono- grafin är rikt illustrerad, några av de äldre akvarellerna publiceras för första gången. Sökord: Lilium martagon L., krollilja, lilja, Martagon Lily, Turk's-cap Lily, lilies, Türkenbundlilie, Gold- wurz, växtintroduktion, historiskt växtmaterial, trädgårdsväxter, trädgårdshistoria, kompendie- tradition, växtnamnhistoria, växtnamn, ”ängens liljor”, ”lilies of the fields”, Carl von Linné, Olof Rudbeck, Caspar Bauhin, Henrik Høyer, Carolus Clusius. 8 Förord Pröva icke vart varje ditt steg för dig: endast den som ser långt hittar rätt. 1 Dag Hammarskjöld, 1925-30 Jag är knappast den förste som fascinerats av liljorna och dristats till att skriva om dem, tvärtom. Men kan man annat? I så motto är denna avhandling inget annat än ett verk bland många, av både lärda och praktiska, allvarliga som lekfulla, skrifter, som ur alla tänkbara aspekter behandlat liljorna och deras dygder genom flera tusen år. Ett verk som till delar sammanfattar och traderar vad som varit känt sedan länge, en upprepning av vad andra redan erfarit och bringat i dagen. Kan verkligen en akademisk avhandling låta sig nöja med detta? Måhända inte fullt ut. Nu är dock inte ett långvarigt umgänge med och ständigt återkommande kärleksförklaringar till studieobjektet alltid en garanti för sanningsenlighet. Kärleken kan ju som bekant vara blind och de poetiska friheterna kan också ibland bli olovligt stora. Och, det är just i brottningen med en sådan kompendietradition visavi föremålet för denna studie, krolliljan, som denna avhandlings diskurs får sin näring. ”Innan man inlåter sig på ett företag, hvilket som helst”, skriver professor Theodor Magnus Fries 1895, ”fordrar ju vanlig försiktighet, att man söker göra sig reda för, huruvida det- samma kan lämna något resultat eller huruvida man därigenom endast förspil- ler tid och möda”. Må således förutsättningarna
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