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Análisis De Deformaciones Y Modelo Estructural Del Frente De Deformación Del Piedemonte Llanero De La Cordillera Oriental De Colombia

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Análisis De Deformaciones Y Modelo Estructural Del Frente De Deformación Del Piedemonte Llanero De La Cordillera Oriental De Colombia ANÁLISIS DE DEFORMACIONES Y MODELO ESTRUCTURAL DEL FRENTE DE DEFORMACIÓN DEL PIEDEMONTE LLANERO DE LA CORDILLERA ORIENTAL DE COLOMBIA. JORGE HERNANDO MONTAÑA CÁRDENAS Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad Ciencias, Departamento Geociencias, Maestría en Geología Bogotá, Colombia 2015 ANÁLISIS DE DEFORMACIONES Y MODELO ESTRUCTURAL DEL FRENTE DE DEFORMACIÓN DEL PIEDEMONTE LLANERO DE LA CORDILLERA ORIENTAL DE COLOMBIA. JORGE HERNANDO MONTAÑA CÁRDENAS Tesis de investigación presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magister en Ciencias - Geología __________________________ Director (a): Ph.D., ANDREAS KAMMER Línea de Investigación: Geología Estructural Grupo de Investigación en Geología Estructural y Fracturas Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad Ciencias, Departamento Geociencias, Maestría en Geología Bogotá, Colombia 2015 Agradecimientos La realización del presente trabajo fue posible gracias a los esfuerzos combinados de varios profesionales en geología. A los compañeros y amigos del Grupo de Geología Estructural y Fracturas: Alejandro Piraquive, Sebastián Díaz, Nelson Sánchez y Wilmer Espitia con quienes compartí diferentes experiencias de campo en el piedemonte llanero de Colombia y colaboraron con sus opiniones y sugerencias durante la realización de la investigación. Agradezco especialmente y con orgullo al profesor Andreas Kammer, quien a lo largo de mi formación académica me enseñó los fundamentos de la geología estructural, por su motivación en el trabajo de campo y orientación de la presente investigación. A la Universidad Nacional de Colombia por cumplir su objeto social y académico; por darme la oportunidad de estudiar y de formarme como profesional en un país donde la educación es un privilegio de pocos Agradezco especialmente a la Fundación Juan Pablo Gutiérrez Cáceres por la beca que me otorgó para realizar esta Maestría, sin este apoyo económico no habría podido estudiar este posgrado. Finalmente agradezco a mi familia Rosalba Montaña, Ana Montaña, María Leal y Ana María Castillo por su apoyo incondicional; a Carolina Jiménez por su amor y felicidad que le brinda a mi vida, las enseñanzas y colaboración en las diferentes etapas de desarrollo del trabajo, fueron indispensables. Resumen La evolución estructural del frente de deformación del Piedemonte Llanero de Colombia, ha estado relacionada con procesos de exhumación de la Cordillera Oriental, involucrando fallas de basamento reactivadas y la generación de una intensa deformación (Kammer, 1997; Mora, 2006). Para su caracterización fue aplicado el método Normalizado de Fry (Fry, 1979) en capas conglomeráticas del Grupo Farallones; además de un método gráfico basado en la retro-deformación de amonoideos de la Formación Lutitas de Macanal en Japhi 1.1. Estos análisis permiten definir los parámetros de las elipsoides calculadas, teniendo valores de deformación (R) y de orientación phi (ø). Basados en estos resultados, los dominios de deformación son interpretados y descompuestos en direcciones preferenciales N-S y SW-NE, presentando una relación directa con los elementos estructurales que se encuentran en el área. Adicionalmente, se elabora un modelo estructural aplicando el modelo de Tri-Shear, en los Anticlinales de Guayabetal y Buenavista en el Piedemonte Llanero, donde se integran las deformaciones medidas y modeladas en el software FaultFoldForward (Allmendinger, 1998). La integración del modelo estructural y el análisis de deformaciones nos permiten evidenciar las zonas con mayor deformación, relacionadas con los flancos verticales a invertidos de las estructuras y con zonas de falla. Las zonas de menor deformación se relacionan con los flancos poco inclinados de las estructuras. Palabras Clave: Piedemonte Llanero, Análisis de Deformación, Método Fry, Retro- deformación de amonoideos, Modelo estructural de Tri-Shear. Abstract The structural evolution of the deformation front of the Llanos Foothills of Colombia, has been associated with processes of exhumation of the Cordillera Oriental, involving reactivated basement faults and generation of an intense deformation (Kammer, 1997; Mora, 2006). In order to characterize strain the Fry method was applied (Fry, 1979) in conglomeratic layers of the Farallones group; and a graphical method based on the retro- deformation of ammonoids of Macanal Formation. These analyses define the parameters of the ellipses calculated; taking strain values (R) and orientation phi (ø). Based on these results deformation domains are interpreted and decomposed into preferential directions N-S and NE-SW, showing a direct relationship with the structural elements that occur in the area. Additionally, a structural model by applying the model of Tri-Shear, in the Guayabetal and Buenavista Anticlines in the Llanos Foothills is made; where measured strains are integrated and molded in FaultFoldForward software (Allmendinger, 1998). The integration of the structural model and strain analysis allow us to show more deformation zones, related to the vertical to inverted limbs of the structures and fault zones; less deformation zones relate to the normal limbs of the structures. Keywords: Llanos Foothills, Strain Analysis, Fry Method, Retro-Deformation of ammonoids, Structural model of Tri-Shear. Contenido Pág. Resumen ......................................................................................................................... IV Lista de Figuras ............................................................................................................ VIII Lista de Tablas .............................................................................................................. XII 1. OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................. 13 1.1 Objetivo General ..................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Objetivos Específicos ............................................................................................ 13 2. INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................... 14 3. MARCO GEOLÓGICO ............................................................................................. 17 3.1 Marco Tectono-Estratigráfico ......................................................................... 20 4. METODOLOGÍA ...................................................................................................... 22 4.1 Análisis de Deformaciones con la Aplicación del Método Fry......................... 22 4.2 Fósiles Marcadores de Deformación .............................................................. 27 4.3 Modelo Estructural ........................................................................................ 28 5. DATOS Y RESULTADOS ........................................................................................ 30 5.1 Análisis de Deformaciones y Método Fry en Conglomerados del Grupo Farallones ................................................................................................................ 30 5.2 Deformación en Amonitas de la Formación Lutitas de Macanal ..................... 34 5.3 Modelo Estructural de Tri-Shear .................................................................... 37 6. DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS .............................................................................. 39 6.1 Modelos Regionales de Deformación y Estratigrafía Mecánica del Piedemonte Llanero ..................................................................................................................... 39 6.2 Análisis de la Deformación Tectónica y su Relación con el Modelo Estructural del Frente de Deformación del Piedemonte Llanero ................................................. 43 7. CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................... 52 Bibliografía .................................................................................................................... 53 Lista de Figuras Pág. Figura 2-1: Localización de la zona de estudio en el frente de deformación del Piedemonte Llanero. A) Zona norte – Región del Guavio. B) Zona sur (Fuente Google Maps & Google Earth, 2015)………………………………………………………………..….16 Figura 3-1: Reconstrucción tectónica esquemática del bloque NW de Suramérica y sus placas adyacentes. COc: Cordillera Occidental; CC: Cordillera Central; CO: Cordillera Oriental; MA: Mérida Andes; BPA: arco de islas Baudo–Panama; SMBf: Falla de Santa Marta–Bucaramanga; GMA: Área de Guateque–Medina. (Branquet, et al. 2002)………………………………………………………………………………………………18 Figura 3-2: Mapa geológico del frente de deformación del Piedemonte Llanero (Modificado de Kammer 2011, Ingeominas 2008, Parra 2008 & Mora et al. 2006) Anticlinales de Guayabetal, Farallones - Santamaría y Fallas de Servitá, Mirador y Santamaría. A) Zona norte. B) Zona sur, en donde se desarrolla el modelo estructural…………………………………………………………………………………………19 Figura 3-3: Marco tectono – estratigráfico (Mora, 2013); junto con el diagrama esquemático que muestra la evolución tectónica de la Cordillera Oriental. (Horton et al 2010). El recuadro rojo indica los intervalos estratigraficos estudiados, especificamente el Grupo Farallones y la Fm. Lutitas de Macanal………………………………………………21 Figura 4-1: Diagramas de Fry A) Granos agrupados en rocas deformadas. B) Diagrama de Fry con la elipse central bien definida. C) granos con centros débilmente agrupados D) Diagrama Fry con la elipse
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