Influence of Salt in the Tectonic Development of the Frontal Thrust
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Deformation of Intrasalt Competent Layers in Different Modes of Salt Tectonics Mark G
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-49 Manuscript under review for journal Solid Earth Discussion started: 25 March 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Deformation of intrasalt competent layers in different modes of salt tectonics Mark G. Rowan1, Janos L. Urai2, J. Carl Fiduk3, Peter A. Kukla4 1Rowan Consulting, Inc., Boulder, CO 80302, USA 5 2Institute for Structural Geology, Tectonics and Geomechanics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany 3Fiduk Consulting LLC, Houston, TX 77063, USA 4Geological Institute, Energy and Mineral Resources, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany Correspondence to: Mark G. Rowan ([email protected]) 10 Abstract. Layered evaporite sequences (LES) comprise interbedded weak layers (halite and, commonly, bittern salts) and strong layers (anhydrite and usually non-evaporite rocks such as carbonates and siliciclastics). This results in a strong rheological stratification, with a range of effective viscosity up to a factor of 105. We focus here on the deformation of competent intrasalt beds in different modes of salt tectonics using a combination of conceptual, numerical and analog models, and seismic data. In bedding-paralell extension, boudinage of the strong layers forms ruptured stringers, within a 15 halite matrix, that become increasingly isolated with increasing strain. In bedding-parallel shortening, competent layers tend to maintain coherency while forming harmonic, disharmonic, and polyharmonic folds, with the rheological stratification leading to buckling and fold growth by bedding-parallel shear. In differential loading, extension and the resultant stringers dominate beneath suprasalt depocenters while folded competent beds characterize salt pillows. Finally, in tall passive diapirs, stringers generated by intrasalt extension are rotated to near vertical in tectonic melanges during upward flow of salt. -
Colombian Emeralds and Their &Quot
Colombian emeralds and their "oily" heritage Bruce E. Cox 40th Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium November 9-10, 2019,Socorro, NM pp.26-27 Downloaded from:https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/museum/minsymp/abstracts/home.cfml?SpecificYear=2019 The annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium provides a forum for both professionals and amateurs interested in mineralogy. The meeting allows all to share their cumulative knowledge of mineral occurrences and provides stimulus for mineralogical studies and new mineral discoveries. In addition, the informal atmosphere encourages intimate discussions among all interested in mineralogy and associated fields. The symposium is organized each year by the Mineral Museum at the New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources. Abstracts from all prior symposiums are also available: https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/museum/minsymp/abstracts This page is intentionally left blank to maintain order of facing pages. Colombian Emeralds and Their “Oily“ Heritage —David Stoudt, Santa Fe, New Mexico Colombia has a rich cultural history, ethic diversity, Colombian oil generating source rock that contained biodiversity, and is rich in natural resources, including increased amounts of Beryllium (Be), Chromium being the number one producer of fine emerald gem- (Cr), and Vanadium (V). All of those three elements stones for jewelry and mineral specimen collectors in play critical parts in the formation of the intense, the world. The presentation will explore the Colombi- rich green emeralds of Colombia. The produced oils an emerald-countryside found in the Oriental (eastern) from the Middle Magdalena Basin (west of the Muzo Cordillera Mountains and put forth a theory of emer- emerald mines) and the produced oils from the Llanos ald formation, not currently found in the voluminous, Basin (east of the Chivor emerald mines) have abnor- past and current literature.“ Esmeraldas de Colombia mal amounts of Beryllium, Chromium, and Vanadium (1992), Emeralds of the World (English Lapis 2009), in their analyses. -
Boletin 2953 De Registros Del 28 De Noviembre Al 04 De Diciembre De 2009
BOLETIN 2953 DE REGISTROS DEL 28 DE NOVIEMBRE AL 04 DE DICIEMBRE DE 2009 PUBLICADO 09 DE DICIEMBRE DE 2009 Para los efectos señalados en el artículo 47 del Código Contencioso Administrativo, se informa que: Contra los actos de inscripción en el registro mercantil que aparecen relacionados en el presente boletín proceden los recursos de reposición y de apelación. Contra el acto que niega la apelación procede el recurso de queja. El recurso de reposición deberá interponerse ante la misma Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá, para que ella confirme, aclare o revoque el respectivo acto de inscripción. El recurso de apelación deberá interponerse ante la misma Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá, para que la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio confirme, aclare o revoque el acto de inscripción expedido por la primera entidad. El recurso de queja deberá interponerse ante la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio, para que ella determine si es procedente o no el recurso de apelación que haya sido negado por la Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá. Los recursos de reposición y apelación deberán interponerse por escrito dentro de los cinco días hábiles siguientes a esta publicación. El recurso de queja deberá ser interpuesto por escrito dentro de los cinco días siguientes a la notificación del acto por medio del cual se resolvió negar el de apelación. Al escrito contentivo del recurso de queja deberá anexarse copia de la providencia negativa de la apelación. Los recursos deberán interponerse dentro del término legal, expresar las razones de la inconformidad, expresar el nombre y la dirección del recurrente y relacionar cuando sea del caso las pruebas que pretendan hacerse valer. -
Salt Tectonics and Its Effect on Sediment Structure and Gas Hydrate Occurrence in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico from 2D Multichannel Seismic Data
A Publication of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies www.gcags.org SALT TECTONICS AND ITS EFFECT ON SEDIMENT STRUCTURE AND GAS HYDRATE OCCURRENCE IN THE NORTHWESTERN GULF OF MEXICO FROM 2D MULTICHANNEL SEISMIC DATA Dan’l Lewis and William Sager Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, MS 3146, College Station, Texas 77843–3146, U.S.A. ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to investigate mobile salt and its effect on fault structures and gas hydrate occurrence in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Industry 2D multichannel seismic data were used to investigate the effects of salt within an area of 7577 mi2 (19,825 km2) on the Texas continental slope in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. The western half of the study area is characterized by a thick sedimentary wedge and isolated salt diapirs whereas the eastern half is characterized by a massive and nearly continuous salt sheet topped by a thin sedimentary section. This difference in salt characteristics marks the edge of the continuous salt sheets of the central Gulf of Mexico and is likely a result of westward decline of original salt volume. Be- neath the sedimentary wedge in the western part of the survey, an anomalous sedimentary package was found, that is described here as the diapiric, gassy sediment package (DGSP). The DGSP is highly folded at the top and is marked by tall, diapiric fea- tures. It may be either deformed shale or the toe of a complex thrust zone detaching the sedimentary wedge from deeper layers. The dataset was searched for the occurrence of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) because they are widely accepted as a geo- physical indicator of gas trapped beneath gas hydrate deposits that are known to occur farther east in the Gulf. -
Three-Dimensional Evolution of Salt-Controlled Minibasins: Interactions, Folding, and Megaflap Development
1 Aapg Bulletin Achimer September 2016, Volume 100 Issue 9 Pages 1419-1442 http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/03101614087 http://archimer.ifremer.fr http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00352/46328/ © 2016. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved. Three-dimensional evolution of salt-controlled minibasins: Interactions, folding, and megaflap development Callot Jean-Paul 1, *, Salel Jean-Francois 2, *, Letouzey Jean 3, *, Daniel Jean-Marc 4, *, Ringenbach Jean-Claude 5, * 1 Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Ave Univ, F-64013 Pau, France. 2 Total E&P USA, 1201 Louisiana St,Suite 1800, Houston, TX 77002 USA. 3 Univ Paris 06, Univ Paris 04, Inst Sci Terre Paris iSTeP, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France. 4 IFREMER, F-29280 Plouzane, France. 5 Total SA, Ctr Sci & Tech Jean Feger, Ave Larribau, F-64000 Pau, France. * Corresponding authors email addresses : [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; Abstract : A megaflap, or an overturned, folded, sedimentary-basin edge, is a classic feature of salt-controlled basins, formed during the inception of salt allochthony. To illustrate the relative importance of the balance between salt and sediment inputs, basin rheology, and tectonism resulting from basin interactions in the development of megaflaps, a set of analog experiments were performed in a computed tomography scanner. Sediments are modeled using both granular material and a mix of granular and viscous material and salt as purely viscous material. Uneven sedimentary loading and associated salt flow localize primary minibasins, which then migrate and expand laterally until sufficient thickness is reached to pin the downbuilding phase. -
Salt Tectonics: Some Aspects of Deformation Mechanics
Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 30, 2021 Salt tectonics: some aspects of deformation mechanics IAN DAVISON, IAN ALSOP & DEREK BLUNDELL Department of Geology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 OEX, UK This volume is dedicated to studies of the defor- Deformation mechanisms mation of evaporite rocks in pillows and diapirs, and the surrounding sedimentary overburden rocks Burliga, Davison et al., Sans et al., Smith and and sediments. Salt diapirs have become the focus Talbot & Alavi provide new insights into the in- of attention in the last forty years, because of their ternal deformation patterns in salt from mesoscopic observations in deformed bodies. Shear zones are strategic importance in controlling hydrocarbon commonly developed parallel to bedding in potassic reserves, and their unique physical properties enable storage of hydrocarbons and toxic waste. horizons (Sans et al.), where the salt becomes Their economic importance is unique on the Earth's gneissose with X:Z axial ratios of crystals reaching commonly around 4:1 in Zechstein salt (Smith), surface, as evaporites in the Middle East are and Red Sea diapirs (Davison et al., Fig. 1). responsible for trapping up to 60% of its hydro- carbon reserves (Edgell). Relatively undeformed halite layers are carried laterally (Smith) and upwards as rafts between Salt also produces some of the most complex and beautiful deformation features on the Earth's shear zones into diapirs (Bnrliga), and undeformed surface, although few of these surface exposures halite rafts are often transported in a highly-sheared have been examined in detail. The first section of sylvinite matrix (Sans et al.). -
How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Article Journal's Webpage in Redalyc.Org Scientific Information System Re
DYNA ISSN: 0012-7353 ISSN: 2346-2183 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Mariño-Martínez, Jorge Eliecer; Chanci-Bedoya, Rubén Darío; González-Preciado, Angélica Julieth Methane emissions from coal open pits in Colombia DYNA, vol. 87, no. 214, 2020, July-September, pp. 139-145 Universidad Nacional de Colombia DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v87n214.84298 Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49666177016 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative • Methane emissions from coal open pits in Colombia Jorge Eliecer Mariño-Martínez a, Rubén Darío Chanci-Bedoya b & Angélica Julieth González-Preciado a a Escuela de Ingeniería Geológica, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Sogamoso, Colombia. [email protected], [email protected] b Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética, Colombia. [email protected] Received: December 21th, 2019. Received in revised form: May 25th, 2020. Accepted: June 16th, 2020. Abstract From the agreements on climate change Colombia is committed to measuring and reporting emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), and among these, the coal mining fugitive emissions. The country has been reporting emissions from international tables-Level 1 of the IPCC, but this proposal is suggesting doing so from exploration of CBM-Level 2 using canisters desorption systems. For the Colombia open pit mining (provinces of Guajira and Cesar) the analyses from international tables and from CBM studies found that emissions from tables- Level 1 (106.02 Gg of methane) exceed the content found in direct measurements-Level 2 (75.92 Gg of methane) in 40%. -
Growth of Carbonate Platforms Controlled by Salt Tectonics (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria)
EGU2020-11176 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-11176 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Growth of carbonate platforms controlled by salt tectonics (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria) Philipp Strauss1,2, Jonas Ruh3, Benjamin Huet4,5, Pablo Granado2, Josep Anton Muñoz2, Klaus Pelz1, Michael König1, Eduard Roca2, and Elizabeth P Wilson2 1OMV Austria Exploration and Production GmbH, Trabrennstrasse 6-8, 1020, Vienna, Austria 2Institut de Recerca Geomodels, Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l’Oceà, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain 3Structural Geology and Tectonics Group, Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5. 8092 Zürich. Switzerland. 4Department of Hard Rock Geology, Geological Survey of Austria Neulinggasse 38, 1030 Vienna, Austria 5Department of Geodynamic and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria. The Mid Triassic section of the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA) is dominated by carbonate platforms, which grew diachronously on the Neo-Tethys shelf beginning in the Middle Anisian and ending in Lower Carnian times. The platforms grew isolated in previous deeper marine settings with high growth rates reaching 1.5 to 2 mm per year. The concept of self-controlled growth of carbonate systems on salt changes the understanding of Mid-Triassic NCA sedimentology. Conceptual models of the carbonate platform growth were done based on field observations, construction of cross-sections and subsidence analysis of selected carbonate mini-basins. To satisfy the observed boundary conditions of platforms growth in respect of timing, water depth and basin evolution, fast accumulation rates have to be assumed best represented by salt deflation and down-building of carbonate minibasins. -
The Impact of Salt Tectonics on the Thermal Evolution and The
geosciences Article The Impact of Salt Tectonics on the Thermal Evolution and the Petroleum System of Confined Rift Basins: Insights from Basin Modeling of the Nordkapp Basin, Norwegian Barents Sea Andrés Cedeño *, Luis Alberto Rojo, Néstor Cardozo, Luis Centeno and Alejandro Escalona Department of Energy Resources, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 May 2019; Accepted: 15 July 2019; Published: 17 July 2019 Abstract: Although the thermal effect of large salt tongues and allochthonous salt sheets in passive margins is described in the literature, little is known about the thermal effect of salt structures in confined rift basins where sub-vertical, closely spaced salt diapirs may affect the thermal evolution and petroleum system of the basin. In this study, we combine 2D structural restorations with thermal modeling to investigate the dynamic history of salt movement and its thermal effect in the Nordkapp Basin, a confined salt-bearing basin in the Norwegian Barents Sea. Two sections, one across the central sub-basin and another across the eastern sub-basin, are modeled. The central sub-basin shows deeply rooted, narrow and closely spaced diapirs, while the eastern sub-basin contains a shallower rooted, wide, isolated diapir. Variations through time in stratigraphy (source rocks), structures (salt diapirs and minibasins), and thermal boundary conditions (basal heat flow and sediment-water interface temperatures) are considered in the model. Present-day bottom hole temperatures and vitrinite data provide validation of the model. The modeling results in the eastern sub-basin show a strong but laterally limited thermal anomaly associated with the massive diapir, where temperatures in the diapir are 70 ◦C cooler than in the adjacent minibasins. -
Basin Development and Tectonic History of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera and Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia
BASIN DEVELOPMENT AND TECTONIC HISTORY OF THE LLANOS BASIN, EASTERN CORDILLERA AND MIDDLE MAGDALENA VALLEY, COLOMBIA by M.A.Cooper, F.T.Addison, R.Alvarez, M.Coral, R.H.Graham, A.B.Hayward, S.Howe, J.Martinez, J.Naar, R.Penas, A.J.Pulham and A.Taborda AAPG Bulletin, Volume 79, Number 10, October 1995, pages 1421-1443. BP Exploration (Colombia) Ltd., Carrera 9A no 99-02, Piso 9, A.A. 59824, Bogotá, Colombia Correspondence address, PanCanadian Petroleum, 150 9th Ave SW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 2S5 Telephone (403) 290 2964 E-mail [email protected] REFERENCES USED TO CONSTRUCT THE CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION DIAGRAMS AND PALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS OF GROSS DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS. The locations of the numbered sections that follow each reference are shown on the map of Colombia at the end of this document. The wells referred to are shown on Figures 4 and 5 in the paper. Alfonso, C.A., 1989. Stratigraphy and Regional Structure of the Western Flank of the Cordillera Oriental, Cimitarra Area, Middle Magdalena Basin, Colombia. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of South Carolina, 117pp. Section #1: Cimitarra area. BP Exploration, 1994. Internal well files, Pico-1, Toy-1 & Yavi-1. Wells: Pico-1, Toy-1 & Yavi-1 Bürgl, H., & Dumit, T. 1954. El Cretáceo Inferior En Los Alrededores De Villa De Leiva, Boyacá, El Cretáceo Superior En La Region De Girardot. Boletín Geológico, Ingeominas, Bogotá, v.2, p.23-48. Section #3: Villa De Leyva / Loma La Yesera. Section #4: Girardot - Nariño. Bürgl, H., 1960. El Jurásico e Infracretáceo del rio Batá, Boyacá. Boletín Servicio Geológico Nacional, Bogotá, Informe No. -
Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia
Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 846 Prepared in coopeTation ·with the lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-MineTas under the auspices of the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development) United States DepaTtment of State Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia By EARL M. IRVING GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 846 Prepared in cooperation ·with the lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-Min eras under the auspices of the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development) United States Department of State An interpretation of the geologic history of a complex mountain system UNITED STATES GOVERNlVIENT PRINTING OFFICE, vVASHINGTON 1975 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Irving, Earl Montgomery, 1911- Structural evolution of the northernmost Andes, Columbia. (Geological Survey professional paper ; 846) Bibliography: p Includes index. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16:846 1. Geology-Colombia. 2. Geosynclines----Colombia. I. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico Mineras.. II. Title. III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 846. QE239.175 558.61 74-600149 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402- Price $1.30 (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-02553 CONTENTS Page Pasre Abstract ---------------------------------------- -
Of the Workshop)
AGENCY PORWASHINGTON. INTERNATIONAL 0. C. 20521DEVELOPMENT FONLY BIBLIOGRAPHIC INPUT SHEET A..A. jrI..AP"I000A ATEMPORARYAM f (.1 ASSI. FICATION U. 5I 2. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Report and recommendations (of the Workshop) 3.A orksho p on Science and Technology in Development,Fusagasuga,Colombla,1968 4. DOCUMENT DATE S. NUMBER OF PAGES 6. ARC NUMBER 19681 64p.I ARC C0330.9861.N277 7. REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS NAS 8. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Sponeorlng Oh anlzat~onPubllee, Availability) (Contributed papers give th s jointly sponsored Colombla-U.S.Workshop,v.2 of the final Workshop report,avallable: PN-AAC-432) 9. ABSTRACT (ScI.& Tech. R&D) 10. CONTROL NUMBER 11. PRICE OF DOCUMENT PN-AAC-431 12. DESCRIPTORS 13. PROJECT NUMBER 14. CONTRACT NUMBER CSD-1122 GTS IS. TYPE OF DOCUMENT AID ,90-I 14.74) Report of the Colombia-U. S. Workshop on Science and Technology in Development February 26-March 1, 1968 FUSAGASUGA, COLOMBIA VOLUME I NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES In Cooperation with the COLOMBIAN MINISTRY OF EDUCATION This report records the topics discussed and conclusions reached at the Colombia-U.S. Workshop on Science and Technology in Develop ment held in FusagasugA, Colombia, February 26- March 1, 1968. It is compiled from reports of session rapporteurs, as well as staff notes. The workshop was jointly sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and the Colombian Ministry of National Education, under contract AID/csd 1122. This report will be presented to the Science Organization Development Board of the National Academy of Sciences and to the Agency for International Development, as well as to interested institutions in Colombia.