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O Regist Regi Tro Fós Esta Istro De Sil De C Ado Da a E UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DOO SUL INSTITUTO DE GEOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GEOCIÊNCIAS O REGISTRO FÓSSIL DE CROCODILIANOS NA AMÉRICA DO SUL: ESTADO DA ARTE, ANÁLISE CRÍTICAA E REGISTRO DE NOVOS MATERIAIS PARA O CENOZOICO DANIEL COSTA FORTIER Porto Alegre – 2011 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE GEOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GEOCIÊNCIAS O REGISTRO FÓSSIL DE CROCODILIANOS NA AMÉRICA DO SUL: ESTADO DA ARTE, ANÁLISE CRÍTICA E REGISTRO DE NOVOS MATERIAIS PARA O CENOZOICO DANIEL COSTA FORTIER Orientador: Dr. Cesar Leandro Schultz BANCA EXAMINADORA Profa. Dra. Annie Schmalz Hsiou – Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, USP Prof. Dr. Douglas Riff Gonçalves – Instituto de Biologia, UFU Profa. Dra. Marina Benton Soares – Depto. de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, UFRGS Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciências. Porto Alegre – 2011 Fortier, Daniel Costa O Registro Fóssil de Crocodilianos na América Do Sul: Estado da Arte, Análise Crítica e Registro de Novos Materiais para o Cenozoico. / Daniel Costa Fortier. - Porto Alegre: IGEO/UFRGS, 2011. [360 f.] il. Tese (doutorado). - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Instituto de Geociências. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências. Porto Alegre, RS - BR, 2011. 1. Crocodilianos. 2. Fósseis. 3. Cenozoico. 4. América do Sul. 5. Brasil. 6. Venezuela. I. Título. _____________________________ Catalogação na Publicação Biblioteca Geociências - UFRGS Luciane Scoto da Silva CRB 10/1833 ii Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais, André e Susana, aos meus irmãos, Cláudio, Diana e Sérgio, aos meus sobrinhos, Caio, Júlia, Letícia e e Luíza, à minha esposa Ana Emília, e aos crocodilianos, fósseis ou viventes, que tanto me fascinam. iii AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à morte, à vida, à imperfeição dos sistemas biológicos, à reprodução sexuada, à gravidade, aos agentes erosivos e transportadores, à subducção, à sedimentação, e à diagênese. Juntos, estes fatores levam à formação dos objetivos de pesquisa à qual escolhi pra minha vida: os fósseis e a Paleontologia. Um dia vou perecer e meus átomos voltarão ao universo, então vou ter uma chance de fazer parte da história que ainda está para ser contada... Agradeço principalmente ao prof. Schultz, amigo e orientador, pelo risco de ter me aceito como aluno. Agradeço também aos demais professores do IGeo/UFRGS, principalmente Marina, Michael, Paulo, Iannuzzi, Valesca e Coimbra. Agradeço aos servidores do PPGGeo, principalmente ao Robertinho, que me facilitaram muito avida, em questões burocráticas, principalmente relacionadas aos processos seletivos, qualificação e defesa do doutorado. Os amigos são muitos e de todos não me lembrarei agora. Quero agradecer aos momentos bons – os ruins a gente esquece! – e tudo que compartilhamos juntos ao longo desses 6 anos de pós-graduação. Agradeço também aos colegas de trabalho, que seja por troca de artigo, fotos ou mesmo discussões, gerou um ambiente agradável e saudável de pesquisa, e muitos destes colegas são na verdade amigos. Agradeço ao CNPq pela bolsa de Doutorado e à Capes pela bolsa de Doutorado Sanduiche. Agradeço ao prof. Brochu, por ter me recebido durante 10 meses em Iowa City, tempo em que vi como as coisas funcionam do lado de lá. E mais uma amizade foi feita. Agradeço aos curadores das mais de 30 coleções que visitei nos últimos 5 anos, pela dedicação em me receber e me ajudar a achar os materiais, e por me deixarem livre para tocar, analisar e fotografar centenas de espécimes que derem suporte a este trabalho. Agradeço muito aos meus parentes e à minha esposa Ana Emilia, pelo carinho. Uma etapa se finaliza aqui, e uma nova se inicia. MUITO OBRIGADO!!! iv So from his shell on Delta’s showerless isle Bursts into life the monster of the Nile; First in translucent lymph with cobweb-threads The brain’s fine floating tissue swells, and spreads; Nerve after nerve the glistening spine descends, The red heart dances, the aorta bends; Through each new gland the purple current glides, New veins meandering drink the refluent tides; Edge over edge expands the hardening scale, And sheaths his slimy skin in silver mail. Erewhile, emerging from the brooding sand, With tyger-paw he prints the brineless strand, High on the flood with speckled bosom swims, Helm’d with broad tail, and oar’d with giant limbs; Rolls his fierce eye-balls, clasps his iron claws, And champs with gnashing teeth his massy jaws; Old Nilus sighs along his cane-crown’d shores, And swarthy Memphis trembles and adores. Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) The Botanic Garden – a poem in two parts v RESUMO Os crocodilianos, como são chamados vernacularmente os membros de Crocodylia, tem uma origem mesozoica, datando do Campaniando da América do Norte e Europa. No final deste período, ou no início do Paleoceno, um grupo de aligatoroídeos dispersou para a América do Sul, dando origem a um dos dois grupos principais de Alligatoridae, os Caimaninae. Este grupo é pobremente registrado no continente durante todo o Paleogeno, apesar de ser o único grupo de Crocodylia presente na região durante este período. O Mioceno é marcado pela maior diversidade de Caimaninae, considerando qualquer época ou lugar. Além disso, a diversidade miocênica é constituída também por crocodilídeos e gavialoídeos, até então não registrados para o continente sul-americano. Este cenário muda na passagem para o Plioceno, quando estes últimos desaparecem por completo na América do Sul, e os caimaníneos, apesar de continuarem existindo, não deixaram registro fóssil. Os crocodilídeos miocênicos foram extintos no continente, mas é nesta Época que o gênero Crocodylus sofreu dispersão transoceânica da África para as Américas. O Pleistoceno é marcado por um registro fóssil fragmentário, apesar de serem encontrados crocodilídeos em diversas localidades por toda a América do Sul. No Holoceno são encontradas evidências de interação entre Homo sapiens e crocodilianos, representadas em pinturas rupestres e restos zooarqueológicos. Apesar da grande quantidade de fósseis já coletados e estudados, o conhecimento sobre o registro fóssil de Crocodylia na América do Sul está muito aquém do desejado. A presente Tese é formada por 5 artigos sobre novos registros de crocodilianos fósseis sulamericano. O primeiro artigo descreve uma nova espécie de Crocodylus, o primeiro registro para a América do sul. O segundo artigo extende a diagnose de Caiman brevirostris através da análise de um novo espécime, e realiza uma análise cladística dos Jacarea. O terceiro artigo apresenta os primeiros registros de crocodilianos para o Pleistoceno da Venezuela, descrevendo também uma nova espécie de Caiman. O quarto artigo reporta uma nova espécie pliocênica de Crocodylus, a mais antiga para as Américas. Além disso, a espécie é táxon irmão das espécies recentes de crocodilos do Novo Mundo. O quinto e último artigo descreve uma nova espécie de Eocaiman, para ao Paleoceno da Bacia de Itaboraí. Através destes novos registros, esta Tese contribui para o conhecimento sobre os crocodilianos da América do Sul. Palavras-chave: Crocodylia, Cenozoico, Caiman, Crocodylus, Eocaiman. vi ABSTRACT The crocodylians, as the members of the Crocodylia are vernacularly called, have an early origin, dating back to the Late Cretaceous. At the end of this period, or at the beginning of the Paleocene, a group of alligatoroids dispersed to South America, giving rise to one of the main groups within Alligatoridae, Caimaninae. This group is poorly recorded in this continent during the Paleogene, despite the fact that it was the only Crocodylia group in the region during this period. The Miocene is known for the greatest Caimaninae diversity, considering anytime or anywhere. Besides, the Miocene diversity is also formed by crocodylids and gavialoids, until then not recorded in South America. This scenario changed when passing to the Pliocene, when the crocodylids and gavialoids disappeared in South America, and the caimanines, although remained, they left no fossil record. The Miocene crocodylids were extinct in the continent, but was in that time when the genus Crocodylus dispersed from Africa to the Americas. The Pleistocene is known by a fragmentary fossil record, although being recorded a number of localities all over the South America. In the Holocene, interaction between Homo sapiens and crocodilians are found, represented by rock art and zooarcheological remains. In spite of the great number of collected and studied fossils, the knowledge on the Crocodylia Fossil Record is beneath expectations, but the perspectives for research are optimist. This thesis has 5 articles about new records of fossil crocodilians from South America. The first describes a new species of Crocodylus, the first for South America. The second extends the Caiman brevirostris diagnosis through a new specimen, and performs a cladistics analysis of the Jacarea. The third presents the first Pleistocene crocodilians from Venezuela, describing a new species of Caiman. The forth article reports a new Pliocene species of Crocodylus, the oldest record in the Americas. Also, this taxon is the sister group to the recent New World crocodiles. At last, the fifth article describes a new species of Eocaiman, from the Paleocene of Itaboraí basin. Through these new fossils, this Thesis contributes to the knowledge on the fossil crocodilians from South America. Keywords: Crocodylia, Cenozoic, Caiman, Crocodylus, Eocaiman. vii LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 Nomenclatura filogenética dos táxons que serão utilizados neste trabalho, 30 segundo Benton & Clark (1988), Norel et al. (1994), Salisbury & Willis (1996), Brochu (1997b, c, 1999, 2003), Sereno et al. (2001) e Vélez-Juarbe et al. (2007). Os espaços antes dos táxons são apenas para indicar a relação entre os agrupamentos, de acordo com a Figura 4. Tabela 2 Lista dos registros de crocodilianos fósseis para o Mioceno da Argentina. 60 Tabela 3 Lista dos registros de crocodilianos fósseis para o Mioceno da Bolívia. 70 Tabela 4 Lista dos registros de crocodilianos fósseis para o Mioceno do Brasil. 72 Tabela 5 Lista dos registros de crocodilianos fósseis para o Mioceno da Colombia.
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