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Dansksprogede Groenlaendere University of Copenhagen Dansksprogede grønlænderes plads i et Grønland under grønlandisering og modernisering Gad, Ulrik Pram Publication date: 2005 Document Version Tidlig version også kaldet pre-print Citation for published version (APA): Gad, U. P. (2005). Dansksprogede grønlænderes plads i et Grønland under grønlandisering og modernisering: En diskursanalyse af den grønlandske sprogdebat som identitetspolitisk forhandling. København: Afdeling for Eskimologi og arktiske studier, Københavns Universitet. (Eskimologis Skrifter; Nr. 19). Download date: 22. Aug. 2016 Dansksprogede grønlænderes plads i et Grønland under grønlandisering og modernisering. Den grønlandske sprogdebat som identitetspolitisk forhandling. Please refer to published version for citing and referencing: Gad (2005): Eskimologis Skrifter No. 19 Indleveret til Institut for Statskundskab, Københavns Universitet som speciale. Vejleder: Ole Wæver. Indleveret til Det humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet som besvarelse af Institut for Eskimologis prisopgavespørgsmål 2003; "Der ønskes en analyse af aktuelle sprogpolitiske problemstillinger i Grønland og/eller Nunavut." Ulrik Pram Gad, 15. januar 2004 Sofienhøjvej 10, st. mf. 2300 København S [email protected] Ortografiske noter: "xx": citationstegn markerer citat - enkelte længere citater er indrykket og kursiveret. 'xx': anførselstegn markerer et særligt udtryk eller en særlig vending, der ikke er direkte citat. [xx -/upg]: skarpe klammer og initialer markerer forklaring indsat i citat eller lignende. xx: kursiv markerer enten, at et nyt begreb introduceres - eller at der er tale om et grønlandsk ord, der er oversat i efter følgende parentes eller i note. [19xx]: årstal i skarpe klammer i reference til bog/artikel markerer, at det oprindelige udgivelsestidspunkt er af betydning for forståelsen af teksten, men at referencerne er til den senere udgave. Specialet må ikke udlånes før end bedømmelsen som såvel speciale som prisopgave er afsluttet, men vil herefter være tilgængeligt på www.upg.dk Specialets omfang er optalt til 34.851 ord = 99,6 normalsider. ii Forord Da jeg i sin tid startede på Roskilde Universitetscenters samfundsvidenskabelige basisuddannelse, tænkte jeg, at samfundsvidenskaben kunne være det sukker, der kunne hjælpe mig til at sluge den bitre pille at skulle lære at samarbejde. Efter to år flygtede jeg fra gruppearbejdet. På den baggrund er det bemærkelsesværdigt, at det har været specialeskrivningen - den ensomste proces i verden - der langt om længe har lært mig, at erkendelse er en kollektiv proces. Hver eneste gang, jeg har sat mig ved tastaturet, har jeg helt konkret kunnet se for mig, hvem der har været uundværlige for, at jeg kunne skrive netop det afsnit, jeg var i gang med. Enten fordi de har gjort mig opmærksom på nye indgange til stof eller udveje af problemer - eller fordi de har været i mine tanker som det publikum, der gjorde, at jeg var nødt til at forvandle mine uklare fornemmelser til klare sætninger (selvom det kun tilnærmelsesvist er lykkedes…).1 Dette speciale er resultatet af to erkendelsesprocesser: For det første har et politisk engagement tvunget mig til at argumentere for, at det er muligt - faktisk nødvendigt - at vikle sig ud af den historiske materialisme, for at kunne forfægte et progressivt standpunkt. Det er den - typiske - baggrund for specialets diskursteoretiske ramme. For det andet kan jeg retrospektivt konstruere en rød tråd i mit ophold ved forskellige universiteter: Det meste af det, jeg har beskæftiget mig med, handler på hver deres måde om, hvordan man skaber fællesskaber; det være sig etniske, nationale eller 'rent' politiske.2 Da jeg i 1998 blev ansat i Grønlands Hjemmestyre, var det derfor både mit politiske og mit akademiske engagement, der blev udfordret: Min selvforståelse var, at jeg sloges for undertrykte minoriteter. Nu var jeg som dansker i Grønland pludselig del af en på mange måder privilegeret minoritet - men ikke desto mindre en minoritet, der hele tiden får at vide, at den er uønsket. Specialet kan - selvom det ikke handler om hverken mig selv eller om danskere i Grønland som sådan - ses som resultatet af en form for terapeutisk efterbehandling af de 3½ år i Nuuk. Jeg håber, jeg kan give lidt af alt det, jeg har fået - først og fremmest af mine kolleger i Hjemmestyret - videre til 'min empiri'. Måske ikke i den form, det foreligger her – men så i en endnu mere gennemtygget udgave. Ulrik Pram Gad, 15. januar 2004 1 Alt det her summer sig op til, at jeg gerne vil sige tak til dem, der gjorde dette speciale muligt. Tak til Jakku for at have ført mig på afveje - både geografisk og fagligt. Tak til mine chefer og gode kolleger i Landsstyrets Sekretariat og Udenrigskontoret i Nuuk, fordi de turde ansætte mig som bachelor og fordi de dannede rammen om, at grønlandsk identitetspolitik pludselig var spændende for mig (af og til lidt for spændende). Tak til Hjemmestyrets Danmarkskontor, der gav mig husly i skriveprocessen. Tak til mine undervisere på Københavns Universitets institutter for statskundskab, sociologi, antropologi og eskimologi; på sam.bas. på RUC; på sociologi på Lunds Universitet; på ledelse, politik og filosofi på Handelshøjskolen i København; og på administration på Ilisimatusarfik/Grønlands Universitet, fordi de underviste i noget jeg ikke vidste, jeg behøvede. Man må ikke takke sin vejleder; han gør bare sit arbejde - studerer man mine fodnoter, kan man se, at han gør det godt. Tak til de sagesløse forskere, der har besvaret mine mails med spørgsmål om litteratur og teori. Tak til min læsegruppe på grunduddannelsen, som tog imod mig på mit nye universitet og som insisterede på at forstå diskursteori. Tak til min specialeskrivegruppe, mit Kvalitativ Metode-seminar-hold, interesserede deltagere i 7th Students Conference on Northern Studies, andre mere eller mindre frivillige medstuderende på diverse institutter og universiteter samt familie og venner for tålmodig gennemtykning af større og mindre stykker tekst. 2 Den erkendelsesproces, der nu foreløbigt kulminerer i dette speciale, har blandt meget andet konkret givet sig udtryk i et antal eksamensopgaver på kandidatdelen af statskundskabsuddannelsen. Den herskende fortolkning af studieordningen kræver, at jeg i specialet redegør for, hvor jeg trækker på tekst og tanker, jeg tidligere har fået merit for. Derfor er der spredt referencer til Gad (2002b; 2003a; 2003b) udover specialets kapitler. iii Abstract: The place of Danish speaking Greenlanders in Greenland during times of greenlandization and modernization This thesis studies the Greenlandic debate on language as an identity political negotiation. The focus is on the position of monolingual, Danish speaking Greenlanders, as Greenlandic identity discourse poses the Greenlandic language as a diacriticon, delimiting Greenlanders from Danes, and as a central, positive element of Greenlandic identity - while at the same time describing the Danish language as an indispensable means to education and modernization. Chapter 2 presents Greenlandic identity as discursive structure. While developing a concept of identity as discourse, which is at the same time relational, processual and heterogeneous, the chapter summarizes previous anthropological and historiographical research. Greenlandic identity is constructed in relation to 'Danishness' as the constitutive Other, while ability in the Greenlandic language has succeeded the ability in seal hunting as the most prominent diacriticon. Since the seventies, a re-invocation of the past has - as a reaction against the modernization policy of the fifties and sixties - combined the linguistic criteria with romanticization of aboriginality in general. A discursive repertoire depicting Greenlandic history as a decline of original culture thus dominates a repertoire depicting a history of development and modernization, even though the decline figure needs elements of modernization to be able to promise the reconstruction of aboriginal dignity. The specific articulation of elements of modernization into a discursive structure, basically legitimized by the decline figure, is negotiated under the heading of 'greenlandization'. This process of greenlandization, departing from sparsely defined 'Greenlandic conditions', is the way to approach a situation, in which Greenland is self governing and self supporting. Chapter 3 analyzes the Greenlandic debate on language as an identity political negotiation. The chapter initially makes theoretical room in the discursive structure for the Subject and its discursive actions. It then develops an analytic, focused on rhetorical threat constructions to catch the delimitation of identity, which takes place through the discursive interventions in the debate on language, pointing out referent objects as threatened by all sorts of threats, and pointing out means to counter the threats. A discourse analysis of the Greenlandic debate on language in 2002 identifies a number of discursive themes. The themes draw on the discursive repertoires of Greenlandic identity discourse and on other discursive repertoires, constructing different places for Danish speaking Greenlanders. The analysis points to the need to include elements of democracy and welfare in the description of Greenlandic identity; nobody envisions a future, in which Greenland is not a democratic welfare state. However, both the demand for self government and the demand for welfare, put strains on the central place of Greenlandic language in the identity discourse. A rather large proportion of the young
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