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Descargar Libro NORODOM SIHANOUK Y EL HERMANO NÚMERO ZERO La tragedia de Kampuchea Democrática 3 NORODOM SIHANOUK Y EL HERMANO NÚMERO ZERO La tragedia de Kampuchea Democrática GUILLERMO GARCÍA EDI S • TO O R I E D S O Ñ E U Q E P 5 Norodom Sihanouk y el Hermano Número Zero: La tragedia de Kampuchea Democrática [texto impreso] / Guillermo García 1ª edición. Pequeño Dios Editores, 2011. 236 páginas. 16,5 x 21 cm. R.P.I.: 201026 I.S.B.N.: 978-956-8558-06-2 © Guillermo García. R.P.I.: 201026 I.S.B.N.: 978-956-8558-06-2 © Pequeño Dios Editores Nueva de Lyon 19, departamento 21, Metro Los Leones, Providencia, Santiago de Chile 56-2-3356301 info@pequeñodios.cl www.pequeñodios.cl © Youk Chhang, de la introducción. © Guillermo García, de la fotografía portada. Diseño portada e interior: Antonia Sabatini. Impreso en Chile / Salesianos Impresores S.A. Primera edición 1.000 ejemplares. Santiago de Chile, marzo de 2011. 6 The only way that Cambodians can put their terrible past behind them –the tragedy of Democratic Kampuchea which describes Guillermo García- and begin to build a new future, is by revealing the truth. I was fourteen when the Khmer Rouge came to Phnom Penh in April 1975. At the time, I lived in Toul Kauk, a Phnom Penh suburb. I was home alone when young Khmer Rouge comrades came to chase me out of the house on the morning of 17 April. My mother, who’d been hoping to collect me later, had previously moved with the rest of the family to my uncle’s house for greater safety. Now it was too late. The young Khmer Rouge comrades had already forced me at gunpoint to join the crowds on the streets. I was too young to understand what was going on, and too innocent to be afraid of anything. But what I was to experience under the Khmer Rouge regimen would teach me that innocence was itself a crime for Angkar. I would witness a family murdered by young Khmer Rouge comrades at a public commune meeting in front of a pagoda, Wat Preah Neth Preah in Battambang province. I would watch hundreds of people die of starvation, including my own sister. It was on a sunny morning that I picked water grass for my pregnant sister, who had had no real food to eat for months. This act was considered criminal under the Khmer Rouge regime, so the young Khmer Rouge comrades hit me with an ax, pushed me to the ground, tied me up with rope, and put me in jail for weeks. My mother was afraid to cry in front of them while they were torturing me. Crying was also a crime under the regime. This book, the first to be published in Chile and South America, speaks about these Khmer Rouge comrades who tortured me and perhaps also executed my sister. The leaders of the movement claim that they do not be- lieve that almost two million Cambodian perished under their regime. I won- der if they have ever visited their own secret prison, S-21, now known as Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, where almost 20,000 prisoners were tortured and executed. For real peace, for real national reconciliation, for real development, and for real stability, Cambodia must confront the truth and find justice. The young Khmer Rouge comrades are ready to testify in court. The only way that Cam- bodians can put their terrible past behind them –the tragedy of Democratic Kampuchea which describes Guillermo García– and begin to build a new future, is by revealing the truth. Youk Chhang Director, Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam). www.dccam.org 7 “Un atentado puede planificarse. Un golpe de Estado puede planificarse. Una revolución, nunca. Toda revolución es un drama”. Ryszard Kapuscinski 9 11 12 13 Norodom Sihanouk, el más renombrado y controvertido líder asiático del siglo XX. Príncipe de la luz, Príncipe de la oscuridad. [Phnom Penh, 1952] 14 La invasión de Angkor por los Cham representa el fi- nal de la tradición hinduista que hasta entonces había animado la civilización khmer. De no haber sido por Marzo 1181 Marzo el rey Jayavarman VII, de quien poseo una cabeza de piedra en el living de mi casa, hubiera podido repre- sentar también el final de Camboya. Yo le explico esto todo el tiempo a María, mi mujer, pero ella no entiende e insiste en que guardemos la cabeza en la bodega. No obstante, para ello, hay que subir una escalera mal ilu- minada, luego jugar a la ruleta con un manojo eterno de llaves inservibles y, como si esto fuera poco, luchar contra un ejército de arañas que protegen los estantes. La victoria de los Cham asemejó a un cataclismo sobrenatural, un signo del hundimiento del orden tan preciado al que se había obedecido, puesto que era in- quebrantable e incluso impuesto por los dioses. No se perdona a un dios que sea vencido por los humanos. Se le repudia o, por lo menos, se deja de creer en él. Pero hubo un hombre que logró detener por un ins- tante el curso fatal del destino, colocando al país bajo el signo de Buda. Jayavarman es un personaje fascinante, sin duda el más poderoso de la historia del Imperio Khmer. Sus habilidades para extender su dominio lo hacen alcanzar los máximos límites de su historia. 15 El sánscrito desaparece de las inscripciones para ser reemplazado por el pali, vehículo del budismo Theravada. Así, la religión budista sustituye a la hin- duista y ambas se fusionan en los templos. En su lápida de piedra (Jayavarman VII [1125– 1215], el Rey Leproso) se puede leer: “Él sufrió más por las enfermedades de sus subalternos que por su propia enfer- medad, debido a que es el padecimiento del pueblo lo que hace sufrir a los reyes y no el suyo propio”. Los historiadores dicen que Jayavarman fue el más ambicioso y el más vanidoso de todos los reyes khmer, que ni un solo templo-montaña o fundación real se construyó luego de su muerte, que con él mue- re la idea del rey-dios. Se equivocan. Faltaba uno: Norodom Sihanouk. 16 Muchos años después, el hospital de niños de Siem Reap sería bautizado con el nombre de Jayavarman VII Children´s Hospital. Del presunto esplendor de Angkor sólo tenemos co- nocimiento de una descripción. Se trata del relato del chino Tcheu Ta-kuan, quien llegó allí en agosto Agosto 1296 Agosto de 1296, en una misión diplomática. Con un esti- lo chispeante, narra anécdotas de la vida diaria y describe las costumbres de los habitantes de Angkor. Cuenta que todas las noches, en una torre de oro, el rey debía unirse a una serpiente de nueve cabezas que cobraba la apariencia de una mujer. En palacio, las damas “blancas como el jade” llevaban moño y el 17 busto desnudo. En cambio, según su descripción, los habitantes eran “bastos, morenos y muy feos”. Los nobles paseaban en palanquines de oro e iban ataviados con ricas telas, cuyos diseños indicaban su rango. Sus ca- sas tenían techumbres de plomo y de tejas, “mientras que el pueblo sólo utilizaba la paja”. La agricultura se practicaba en las riberas del gran lago Tonlé. En la estación seca, las aguas se retiraban del bosque inun- dado en torno al lago, los campesinos bajaban de los montes y cultivaban en esas tierras arroz de secano y arroz flotante. Parece justificado creer que la malaria precipitó la caída de Angkor, sobre todo si se tiene en cuenta que aquella región sigue siendo hasta hoy, una de las más castigadas por las fiebres. Angkor, creada en un de- Octubre 1431 sierto gracias a una energía sobrehumana, vuelve a convertirse en desierto en cuanto aquella fuerza de- cae; el bosque vuelve a cubrir lo que un día fue la tierra mejor cultivada de Indochina. La decadencia vio su consumación en los devasta- dores ataques de los thai. En el año 1431, Paramaraja II de Siam conquistó la ciudad y prendió fuego a lo que quedaba. Los camboyanos dejaron Angkor para establecerse en el este del país, abandonando a la sel- va los gigantescos esqueletos de piedra, cuyas almas hacía ya dos siglos y medio que habían muerto. Los reyes se establecieron primero en Phnom Penh, fun- dado en el año 1434, y luego en Srei Santhor, donde residieron hasta 1505. Es lamentable que una enfermedad precipite la caída de un imperio, sobre todo si es transmitida por un mosquito. Pero éste no será ni el primer ni el últi- 18 mo reino en derrumbarse debido a causas médicas: la ciudad inca de Machu Picchu, ubicada en el corazón de Perú, a unos ochenta kilómetros de Cuzco, caería unos años después (1571) a causa de la sífilis. El puti- club de élite, donde vírgenes del sol y mujeres escogi- das levantaron el prostíbulo más bello de América, se desploma por una enfermedad de transmisión sexual. La ciudad de veraneo enclavada en verdes montañas y acantilados, donde arqueólogos encontraron en su inmensa mayoría restos de jóvenes mujeres, un tem- plo pequeño, muchas habitaciones y ausencia de ar- mas, desaparece a causa de una bacteria. El holandés Pieter Casteleyn, un impresor de libros del pueblo de Haarlem, presenta una pequeña publica- ción titulada “Extraños Eventos en los Reinos de Camboya y Mayo 1669 Mayo Laos (1635–1644)”. El libro está orientado a un público europeo que desea aprender sobre tierras distantes, ha- bitantes lejanos y sus extrañas costumbres. El texto es publicado luego de veinticinco años del último evento descrito.
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