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Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems Design and Operation a Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems: Design and Operation • 2005 Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems Design and Operation an Engineers Newsletter Live telecast © 2005 American Standard Inc. Today’s Topics Fundamentals Chiller–tower interaction Cooling-tower terminology, operation Design conditions Cooling-tower control options System optimization © 2005 Standard Inc. American Answers to your questions © 2018 Trane a business of Ingersoll Rand. All rights reserved Trane, in proposing these system design and application concepts, assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any 1 resulting system design. Design of the HVAC system is the prerogative and responsibility of the engineering professional. a Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems: Design and Operation • 2005 Today’s Presenters Dave Mick Lee Cline © 2005 Standard Inc. American Guckelberger Schwedler systems applications applications marketing engineer engineer engineer Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems Design and Operation Cooling tower fundamentals © 2005 American Standard Inc. © 2018 Trane a business of Ingersoll Rand. All rights reserved Trane, in proposing these system design and application concepts, assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any 2 resulting system design. Design of the HVAC system is the prerogative and responsibility of the engineering professional. a Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems: Design and Operation • 2005 Refrigeration Cycle 2-stage compressor evaporator condenser economizer © 2005 Standard Inc. American expansion expansion device device Pressure–Enthalpy (p-h) Chart subcooled liquid liquid + vapor mix superheated pressure A B vapor 5 psia © 2005 Standard Inc. American 15.5 Btu/lb enthalpy 92.4 Btu/lb © 2018 Trane a business of Ingersoll Rand. All rights reserved Trane, in proposing these system design and application concepts, assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any 3 resulting system design. Design of the HVAC system is the prerogative and responsibility of the engineering professional. a Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems: Design and Operation • 2005 2-stage centrifugal chiller Refrigeration Cycle 6 condenser 4 Pc expansion 5 economizer devices 2-stage P1 8 3 compressor 7 2 pressure P e 1 9 evaporator © 2005 Standard Inc. American enthalpy 2-stage centrifugal chiller Refrigeration Cycle condenser 4' Pc expansion 4 devices 2-stage P1 economizer compressor pressure P e evaporator 1 © 2005 Standard Inc. American enthalpy © 2018 Trane a business of Ingersoll Rand. All rights reserved Trane, in proposing these system design and application concepts, assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any 4 resulting system design. Design of the HVAC system is the prerogative and responsibility of the engineering professional. a Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems: Design and Operation • 2005 chiller–tower interaction Heat Rejection Tower determines return condenser water temperature Chiller determines required heat rejection rate of tower Evaporator load + Hermetic motor: 100% of electrical Compressor energy input © 2005 Standard Inc. American Open motor: electrical input × motor efficiency chiller–tower interaction Heat Rejection, Q Q = evaporator load + input energy or Q = evaporator load × (1 + 1/COP) © 2005 Standard Inc. American © 2018 Trane a business of Ingersoll Rand. All rights reserved Trane, in proposing these system design and application concepts, assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any 5 resulting system design. Design of the HVAC system is the prerogative and responsibility of the engineering professional. a Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems: Design and Operation • 2005 electric chiller Heat Rejection Example For 1 ton of evaporator load: Q = 12,000 Btu/h × (1 + 1/6.10) = 12,000 Btu/h × (1 + 0.16) = 13,967 Btu/h © 2005 Standard Inc. American electric chiller Heat Rejection Example T = Q (Btu/h) / (500 × gpm) For 1 ton of evaporator load, condenser water temperature rises … … 9.3°F at 3 gpm/ton T = 13,967 / (500 × 3) = 9.3F © 2005 Standard Inc. American … 14.0°F at 2 gpm/ton T = 14,000 / (500 × 2) = 14.0F © 2018 Trane a business of Ingersoll Rand. All rights reserved Trane, in proposing these system design and application concepts, assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any 6 resulting system design. Design of the HVAC system is the prerogative and responsibility of the engineering professional. a Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems: Design and Operation • 2005 chiller–tower interaction Heat Rejection Condenser water warms in proportion to heat rejection and condenser water flow rate Condenser pressure rises with condenser temperature Compressor work increases as condenser pressure rises © 2005 Standard Inc. American Cooling Tower “Heat transfer device, often tower-like, in which atmospheric air cools warm water, generally by direct contact (evaporation).” ASHRAE Terminology of HVAC&R © 2005 Standard Inc. American © 2018 Trane a business of Ingersoll Rand. All rights reserved Trane, in proposing these system design and application concepts, assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any 7 resulting system design. Design of the HVAC system is the prerogative and responsibility of the engineering professional. a Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems: Design and Operation • 2005 cooling tower Components propeller fan sprays louvers outdoor fill air © 2005 Standard Inc. American sump to from condenser cold water hot water condenser cooling tower Performance Factors Ambient wet-bulb temperature drives tower design and selection ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, “Evaporation” 0.4% value is most conservative … exceeded ~35 hours/year © 2005 Standard Inc. American © 2018 Trane a business of Ingersoll Rand. All rights reserved Trane, in proposing these system design and application concepts, assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any 8 resulting system design. Design of the HVAC system is the prerogative and responsibility of the engineering professional. a Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems: Design and Operation • 2005 cooling tower Performance Factors hot water temperature range tower flow rate cold water temperature approach © 2005 Standard Inc. American ambient wet bulb cooling tower certification CTI Performance Limits hot water < 125°F range > 4°F cold water temperature Cooling Technology Institute (CTI) approach > 5°F may certify tower performance © 2005 Standard Inc. American ambient 60°F–90°F WB © 2018 Trane a business of Ingersoll Rand. All rights reserved Trane, in proposing these system design and application concepts, assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any 9 resulting system design. Design of the HVAC system is the prerogative and responsibility of the engineering professional. a Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems: Design and Operation • 2005 example at standard rating conditions Tower Performance Base condition Flow rate, gpm 1500 Design WB, °F 78 Approach, °F 7 Hot water, °F 94.3 Cold water, °F 85 © 2005 Standard Inc. American Fan power, hp 40 example at standard rating conditions Same Tower, Lower Flow 96°F hot water range = 14°F 2 gpm/ton 82°F cold water approach = 4°F © 2005 Standard Inc. American 78°F WB design ambient © 2018 Trane a business of Ingersoll Rand. All rights reserved Trane, in proposing these system design and application concepts, assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any 10 resulting system design. Design of the HVAC system is the prerogative and responsibility of the engineering professional. a Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems: Design and Operation • 2005 example at standard rating conditions Tower Performance Base Same tower, condition lower flow Flow rate, gpm 1500 1000 Design WB, °F 78 78 Approach, °F 7 4 Hot water, °F 94.3 96 Cold water, °F 85 82 © 2005 Standard Inc. American Fan power, hp 40 40 example at standard rating conditions Same Approach, Lower Flow 99°F hot water range = 14°F 2 gpm/ton 85°F cold water approach = 7°F © 2005 Standard Inc. American 78°F WB design ambient © 2018 Trane a business of Ingersoll Rand. All rights reserved Trane, in proposing these system design and application concepts, assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any 11 resulting system design. Design of the HVAC system is the prerogative and responsibility of the engineering professional. a Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Cooling Towers and Condenser Water Systems: Design and Operation • 2005 example at standard rating conditions Tower Performance Base Same tower, Smaller tower, condition lower flow lower flow Flow rate, gpm 1500 1000 1000 Design WB, °F 78 78 78 Approach, °F 7 4 7 Hot water, °F 94.3 96 99 Cold water, °F 85 82 85 © 2005 Standard Inc. American Fan power, hp 40 40 25 cooling tower performance factors Approach and Range 16.0 12.0 approach = 7 8.0 100% load 4.0 50% load tower approach, deg approach = 4 © 2005 Standard Inc. American 0.0 50 60 70 80 ambient wet bulb, °F © 2018
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