297-Taxon-Total-Evidence Strict Consensus with Bootstraps
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Mapping the Distributions of Ancient Plant and Animal Lineages in Southern Africa
Mapping the distributions of ancient plant and animal lineages in southern Africa Ashlyn Levadia Padayachee 209514118 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, In the school of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban November 2014 Supervisor: Prof. Şerban Procheş 2014 Preface: Declaration of plagiarism I hereby declare that this dissertation, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science, to the University of KwaZulu-Natal, is a result of my own research and investigation, which has not been previously submitted, by myself, for a degree at this or any other institution. I hereby declare that this work is my own, unaided work; appropriately referenced where others’ work has been used. ________________________ _________________________ Ashlyn Levadia Padayachee Date ________________________ __________________________ Prof. Şerban Procheş Date ii Acknowledgements: The success of this study would not have been possible without the help, guidance and direction given to me by the members of staff of the School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science (University of KwaZulu-Natal), family and friends. I would like to acknowledge the following people: God Almighty for blessing me with the courage and determination to complete this project Prof. Şerban Procheş, my supervisor and the man with the brilliant ideas. Very sincere and heartfelt thanks for the motivation, guidance and direction throughout this project, for which without it, it would not have been accomplished. Thank you Prof, the ‘pep-talks’ which were much needed, especially towards the end. Dr. Sandun Perera, who in the absence of my supervisor, stepped into the role of ‘interim supervisor’. -
Species Limits in the Rhodocoma Gigantea
Species Emits in tlie Cl(liodocoma gigantea (1(untli) £ inder Compfex.. Paseka Mafa University of Cape Town Botany Honours Systematics Project Supervised by Prof. H. P. Linder University of Cape Town 1999 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town Abstract Rhodocoma gigantea and Rhodocoma foliosus have been recognised by earlier authors as separate species on the basis of perianth length and shape. Linder (1985) .s perficially lumped these two species under Rhodocoma gigantea arguing that the difference between the two appear to be brought by ecological gradient. Numerical phenetic analyses of 19 quantitative floral morphological characters investigated from 33 herbarium specimens reveal that Rhodocoma gigantea complex consists of two groups. One group correspon(Jo Rhodocoma gigantea, having longer and wider spikelets, perianth segments and bracts, while the other correspond to Rhodocoma foliosus having shorter and thinner female spikelets, bracts and perianth segments than the former. Minimum spanning tree also reveal the two groups are geographically isolated. The former group occur in the western part of the south coast along the Langeberg in Swellendam and Riversdale districts and the latter is widely distributed on the Outeniekwaberg, Tsitsikama mountains to Zuurberg with outliers reaching as far as Uitenhage. 8ritz river appears to be the geographical barrier between these two species. -
Vicariance, Climate Change, Anatomy and Phylogeny of Restionaceae
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (2000), 134: 159–177. With 12 figures doi:10.1006/bojl.2000.0368, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Under the microscope: plant anatomy and systematics. Edited by P. J. Rudall and P. Gasson Vicariance, climate change, anatomy and phylogeny of Restionaceae H. P. LINDER FLS Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa Cutler suggested almost 30 years ago that there was convergent evolution between African and Australian Restionaceae in the distinctive culm anatomical features of Restionaceae. This was based on his interpretation of the homologies of the anatomical features, and these are here tested against a ‘supertree’ phylogeny, based on three separate phylogenies. The first is based on morphology and includes all genera; the other two are based on molecular sequences from the chloroplast genome; one covers the African genera, and the other the Australian genera. This analysis corroborates Cutler’s interpretation of convergent evolution between African and Australian Restionaceae. However, it indicates that for the Australian genera, the evolutionary pathway of the culm anatomy is much more complex than originally thought. In the most likely scenario, the ancestral Restionaceae have protective cells derived from the chlorenchyma. These persist in African Restionaceae, but are soon lost in Australian Restionaceae. Pillar cells and sclerenchyma ribs evolve early in the diversification of Australian Restionaceae, but are secondarily lost numerous times. In some of the reduction cases, the result is a very simple culm anatomy, which Cutler had interpreted as a primitively simple culm type, while in other cases it appears as if the functions of the ribs and pillars may have been taken over by a new structure, protective cells developed from epidermal, rather than chlorenchyma, cells. -
'A Phylogeny for the African Restionaceae and New Perspectives on Morphology's Role in Generating
Hardy, C R; Moline, P; Linder, H P (2008). A phylogeny for the African Restionaceae and new perspectives on morphology's role in generating complete species phylogenies for large clades. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 169(3):377-390. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch University of Zurich Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. Zurich Open Repository and Archive http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: International Journal of Plant Sciences 2008, 169(3):377-390. Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich http://www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2008 A phylogeny for the African Restionaceae and new perspectives on morphology's role in generating complete species phylogenies for large clades Hardy, C R; Moline, P ; Linder, H P Hardy, C R; Moline, P; Linder, H P (2008). A phylogeny for the African Restionaceae and new perspectives on morphology's role in generating complete species phylogenies for large clades. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 169(3):377-390. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: International Journal of Plant Sciences 2008, 169(3):377-390. A phylogeny for the African Restionaceae and new perspectives on morphology's role in generating complete species phylogenies for large clades Abstract Difficulties with obtaining complete species-level phylogenies include (1) the accurate identification and sampling of species, (2) obtaining a complete species sampling, and (3) resolving relationships among closely related species.We addressed these in a study of 317 species and subspecies of the African Restionaceae. -
Rodents and Restios: Rodents and the Fates of Willdenowia Incurvata (Restionaceae) Seeds
Rodents and Restios: Rodents and the fates of Willdenowia incurvata (Restionaceae) seeds by Benjamin Weighill Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Science in Zoology at Stellenbosch University Supervisor : Prof. Bruce Anderson Co- supervisor : Prof. Theresa Wossler Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch Univeristy Private Bag X1 Matieland 7600 March 2017 1 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. This study forms part of a larger study on rodent assisted seed dispersal in the fynbos which was initiated by Professor Bruce Anderson. The seed tagging method has been used previously by Bruce Anderson and his former student Ursina Rusch. The rest of the study was designed and executed by myself unless otherwise stated. The chapters in this thesis have been prepared for publication, therefore some duplication is unavoidable. Chapter 2: entitled “The nightshift: Seed dispersal and consumption differences by rodents before and after dark” has been submitted and accepted for publishing in the South African Journal of Botany and is included in this thesis with only minor edits. Benjamin Weighill March 2017 Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved 2 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract The biodiversity hotspot of the fynbos offers a “natural laboratory” to study species diversification, particularly in flowering plants. -
Seed Predation and Potential Dispersal of Ceratocaryum Argenteum (Restionaceae) Nuts by the Striped Mouse (Rhabdomys Pumilio) University
University of Cape Town Faculty of Science Department of Biological Sciences Thesis Town Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Honours (BiologicalCape Sciences) 2013of Seed predation and potential dispersal of Ceratocaryum argenteum (Restionaceae) nuts by the striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) University Joseph Douglas Mandla White Supervisors: Dr. Gary Bronner (Biological Sciences, UCT) and Prof. Jeremy Midgley (Biological Sciences, UCT) 1 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University PLAGIARISM DECLARATION 1. I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another’s work and pretend that it is my own. 2. Each contribution to, and quotation in this research report from the work(s) of other people has been contributed, and has been cited and referenced. 3. This research report is my own work and has not previously in its entirety or in part been submitted at any other university for another degree. 4. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work. Town Signature: Cape of Date: University 2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to better understand the role of rodents as seed predators and dispersers in the fynbos biome at De Hoop Nature Reserve, South Africa in May and June, 2013. -
Effects of a Fire Response Trait on Diversification in Replicated Radiations
ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/evo.12273 EFFECTS OF A FIRE RESPONSE TRAIT ON DIVERSIFICATION IN REPLICATED RADIATIONS Glenn Litsios,1,2 Rafael O. Wuest,¨ 3 Anna Kostikova,1,2 Felix´ Forest,4 Christian Lexer,5 H. Peter Linder,6 Peter B. Pearman,3 Niklaus E. Zimmermann,3 and Nicolas Salamin1,2,7 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 2Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 3Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland 4Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, United Kingdom 5Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee´ 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland 6Insitute for Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland 7E-mail: [email protected] Received May 14, 2013 Accepted September 9, 2013 Fire has been proposed as a factor explaining the exceptional plant species richness found in Mediterranean regions. A fire response trait that allows plants to cope with frequent fire by either reseeding or resprouting could differentially affect rates of species diversification. However, little is known about the generality of the effects of differing fire response on species evolution. We study this question in the Restionaceae, a family that radiated in Southern Africa and Australia. These radiations occurred independently and represent evolutionary replicates. We apply Bayesian approaches to estimate trait-specific diversification rates and patterns of climatic niche evolution. We also compare the climatic heterogeneity of South Africa and Australia. Reseeders diversify faster than resprouters in South Africa, but not in Australia. -
Thamnochortus Insignis and T. Erectus, Restionaceae)
COMPARATIVE SEED AND REGENERATION BIOLOGY OF TWO THATCIDNG REED SPECIES (THAMNOCHORTUS INSIGNIS AND T. ERECTUS, RESTIONACEAE) Jaana-Maria Ball UniversitySeptember of Cape 1995 Town A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town ii SUM:MARY The effect of harvesting on the seed and seedling ecology and the effect of fire and harvesting on the population dynamics of two thatching reed species, namely Thamnochortus insignis and Thamnochortus erectus were studied. The study species are both perennial hemicryptophytes each with a different regeneration mode, the former being a non-sprouter and the latter a resprouter. Despite being increasingly harvested in the agriculturally marginal areas of the southern Cape coast, no information exists on population dynamics and population processes that depend on the distribution and behaviour of seeds. Furthermore, Restionaceae which are physiognomically and floristically characteristic of the fynbos have generally been poorly studied. Thus, this study aimed to increase our understanding of the effect of harvesting on the seed bank dynamics and the effect of fire and harvesting on population dynamics of these species, as well as to provide managers of thatch stands with guidelines for the sustainable utilization of the resource. -
Kirstenbosch NBG List of Plants That Provide Food for Honey Bees
Indigenous South African Plants that Provide Food for Honey Bees Honey bees feed on nectar (carbohydrates) and pollen (protein) from a wide variety of flowering plants. While the honey bee forages for nectar and pollen, it transfers pollen from one flower to another, providing the service of pollination, which allows the plant to reproduce. However, bees don’t pollinate all flowers that they visit. This list is based on observations of bees visiting flowers in Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, and on a variety of references, in particular the following: Plant of the Week articles on www.PlantZAfrica.com Johannsmeier, M.F. 2005. Beeplants of the South-Western Cape, Nectar and pollen sources of honeybees (revised and expanded). Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 17. Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa This list is primarily Western Cape, but does have application elsewhere. When planting, check with a local nursery for subspecies or varieties that occur locally to prevent inappropriate hybridisations with natural veld species in your vicinity. Annuals Gazania spp. Scabiosa columbaria Arctotis fastuosa Geranium drakensbergensis Scabiosa drakensbergensis Arctotis hirsuta Geranium incanum Scabiosa incisa Arctotis venusta Geranium multisectum Selago corymbosa Carpanthea pomeridiana Geranium sanguineum Selago canescens Ceratotheca triloba (& Helichrysum argyrophyllum Selago villicaulis ‘Purple Turtle’ carpenter bees) Helichrysum cymosum Senecio glastifolius Dimorphotheca -
A Phytosociological Study of the Cape Fynbos and Other Vegetation at Jonkershoek, Stellenbosch by M
Bothalia, 10, 4: 599-614 A Phytosociological Study of the Cape Fynbos and other Vegetation at Jonkershoek, Stellenbosch by M. J. A. Werger,* F. J. Krugerf and H. C. Taylor J A b s t r a c t The Braun-Blanquet phytosociological method was tested in the complex Fynbos vegetation of the South-western Cape Region of South Africa. In the Swartboschkloof Nature Reserve, Jonkers- hoek, the Fynbos, riverine scrub and forest vegetation was classified preliminarily into eight com munities, which are described floristically and related to habitat. The results hold promise, and the possibilities of classifying the Cape Fynbos in a formal phytosociological system are discussed. I ntroduction The Braun-Blanquet phytosociological method commonly used in Europe has remained relatively unknown in Southern Africa. Possible reasons for this are language difficulties, the need for more general, rather than more detailed information on the vegetation, and the general non-acceptance of the method by English and American plant ecologists. For many years the only source of information in the English-speaking world was Fuller & Conard’s (1932) authorised translation of Braun-Blanquet’s first edition of Pflanzensoziologie (1928), a work that omitted certain important details of the phytosociological technique. More detailed German works of the phytosociological school were largely inaccessible (for example Ellenberg, 1956; Braun-Blanquet, 1951. 1964). In recent years an English evaluation of the method was given by Poore (1955, 1956), although his main criticisms were shown by Moore (1962) to be largely unfounded. Becking (1957) reviewed the phytosociological school and its concepts, and Kiichler (1967) translated the tabulation techniques from Ellenberg (1956).1 Originally, nearly all vegetation surveys undertaken in Southern Africa were on a physiognomic or on a non-formal descriptive basis, with the exception of Acocks (1953) who used his own floristic technique to construct a system of veld types. -
The Potential of South African Indigenous Plants for the International Cut flower Trade ⁎ E.Y
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com South African Journal of Botany 77 (2011) 934–946 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb The potential of South African indigenous plants for the international cut flower trade ⁎ E.Y. Reinten a, J.H. Coetzee b, B.-E. van Wyk c, a Department of Agronomy, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag, Matieland 7606, South Africa b P.O. Box 2086, Dennesig 7601, South Africa c Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa Abstract A broad review is presented of recent developments in the commercialization of southern Africa indigenous flora for the cut flower trade, in- cluding potted flowers and foliages (“greens”). The botany, horticultural traits and potential for commercialization of several indigenous plants have been reported in several publications. The contribution of species indigenous and/or endemic to southern Africa in the development of cut flower crop plants is widely acknowledged. These include what is known in the trade as gladiolus, freesia, gerbera, ornithogalum, clivia, agapan- thus, strelitzia, plumbago and protea. Despite the wealth of South African flower bulb species, relatively few have become commercially important in the international bulb industry. Trade figures on the international markets also reflect the importance of a few species of southern African origin. The development of new research tools are contributing to the commercialization of South African plants, although propagation, cultivation and post-harvest handling need to be improved. A list of commercially relevant southern African cut flowers (including those used for fresh flowers, dried flowers, foliage and potted flowers) is presented, together with a subjective evaluation of several genera and species with perceived potential for the development of new crops for the florist trade. -
A Checklist of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Swartboschkloof, Jonkershoek, Cape Province
Bothalia 18,2: 261-270 (1988) A checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of Swartboschkloof, Jonkershoek, Cape Province D.J. McDONALD* and M. MORLEY* Keywords: checklist, ferns, flowering plants, Swartboschkloof ABSTRACT A list of Dowering plants and ferns of Swartboschkloof is presented. This list represents a combination of species recorded in Van der Merwe (1966), Werger, Kruger & Taylor (1972), McDonald (1983, 1985) and specimens collected from Swartboschkloof housed in the Government Herbarium, Stellenbosch (STE) and the Wicht Herba rium, Jonkershoek (JI ). The checklist is analysed and the flora of Swartboschkloof compared with the respective floras of Cape Hangklip and Cape Point (sensu Taylor 1985). UITTREKSEL ’n Lysvan blomplante en varings van Swartboschkloof word verskaf. Hierdie lys verteenwoordig ’n kombinasie van spesies aangeteken in Van der Merwe (1966), Werger, Kruger & Taylor (1972), McDonald (1983, 1985) en eksemplare wat in Swartboschkloof versamel is en in die Staatsherbaiium, Stellenbosch (STE) en die W'icht- herbarium, Jonkershoek (JF) gehuisves word. Die kontrolelys word ontleed en die flora van Swartboschkloof word met die onderskeie floras van Kaap Hangklip en Kaappunt (sensu Taylor 1985) vergelyk. INTRODUCTION made of species names with their respective collectors’ names and numbers for future inclusion in a master list. Checklists, although cumbersome to publish, have proved valuable to workers involved in vegetation research The checklist presented here is based 1, on the collec as well as to phytogeographers in their attempts to deter tions made by the senior author; 2, on collections made by mine the relationships within and between different Van der Merwe (1966); 3, on species contained in the floras (Kruger & Taylor 1979; Taylor 1979).