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Acarología Y Aracnología

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Acarología Y Aracnología ACAROLOGÍA Y ARACNOLOGÍA LOS ALACRANES DEL MUNICIPIO DE CHILAPA DE ÁLVAREZ DEL ESTADO DE GUERRERO, MEXICO José Guadalupe Baldazo-Monsivaiz1, Miguel Flores-Moreno2, Ascencio Villegas-Arrizón2, Alejandro Balanzar- Martínez2, Arcadio Morales-Pérez2 y Elizabeth Nava-Aguilera2. 1Unidad Académica Preparatoria No. 13, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. Av. Universidad S/N Col. El Limón, 40880, Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, México. Tel. 7555542950. [email protected]. 2Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. Av. Pino s/n, Colonia El Roble, 39640, Acapulco, Guerrero, México. [email protected] RESUMEN. El estado de Guerrero, debido a su relieve topográfico, presenta una gran diversidad de biomas y por lo tanto una alta biodiversidad de flora y fauna, que también se ve reflejada en la aracnofauna, en la cual los alacranes, ocasionan problemas de salud pública importantes en el estado, razón por la que se desarrolló el proyecto “Estrategias para disminuir la densidad de alacranes y picadura de alacrán dentro del hogar, en el municipio de Chilapa de Álvarez, Guerrero”. Se realizaron muestreos en el interior de las casas y patios de nueve comunidades previamente seleccionadas aleatoriamente posterior a estratificación. Se capturaron siete especies de alacranes, cuatro ya conocidas y tres nuevas para la ciencia. Palabras clave: alacranes, Centruroides, Vaejovis, Guerrero, México. ABSTRACT. The state of Guerrero presents a great biodiversity of flora and fauna due to its topographic relief and diversity of biomes. These environmental conditions are reflected in arachnid diversity. The scorpions within the arachnids are cause of important problems of public health in the estate of Guerrero and therefore the project “Strategies to diminish the density and mobility of scorpion bites inside the home, in the municipality of Chilapa de Alvarez, Guerrero” was developed. The sampling was carried out in nine communities randomly selected with previous stratification. Seven species of scorpions were captured, four species already known and three that represents new species for science. Key words: scorpions, Centruroides, Vaejovis, Guerrero, México. Introducción El estado de Guerrero se ubica bajo la influencia de las Regiones Biogeográficas Neártica y Neotropical. Presenta un relieve topográfico muy variado al ser atravesado por la Sierra Madre del Sur y parte del Eje Neovolcánico, lo que genera una gran diversidad de biomas y por lo tanto alta biodiversidad en flora y fauna, por lo que fue reportado por CONABIO en 1998 en cuarto lugar en biodiversidad en la República Mexicana. Esta diversidad, según los trabajos de Pocock, 1902; Díaz-Nájera, 1975; y Sissom, 1991, también se ve reflejada en la aracnofauna del estado. Los alacranes juegan un papel importante como predadores de plagas y fauna nociva, sin embargo, varias especies son tóxicas y pueden poner en riesgo la vida de personas que sufren su picadura. En México existen aproximadamente 250 especies (Ponce y Francke, 2011), entre las que se encuentra el género Centruroides Marx, 1890, con 35, algunas de importancia médica. México está considerado como el país con mayor índice de alacranismo, reportando anualmente 500,000 personas con intoxicación por picadura de alacrán (IPPA), y alrededor de 700 decesos (González-Rivera et al., Alacranismo 2004). En los 10 años anteriores a 2008, el estado de Guerrero ocupó el cuarto lugar en reportes de IPPA, detrás de Colima, Morelos y Nayarit, sin embargo, los casos se han incrementado año con año y en 2009 se ubicó en el tercer lugar, después de Morelos y Colima, con una tasa de 1,507 casos por 100,000 habitantes (Secretaría de Salud 2000-2009). Los factores geográficos, demográficos y socioeconómicos favorecen este problema (González-Rivera et ál., Alacranismo. 2004 y NOM-033-SSA2-2002). En el municipio de Chilapa se registraron 3,072 casos de IPPA en 2009, representando el 7% de los casos ocurridos en el Estado (Secretaría de Salud 2000-2009). Estudios epidemiológicos 33 muestran alta incidencia de picadura por alacrán dentro del hogar y su entorno exterior (Villegas A. et al., Alacranismo en Guerrero: un estudio epidemiológico en 20 comunidades. 1988 y Castillo-Pérez 2002) con la intención de conocer las especies de alacranes presentes en el municipio de Chilapa de Álvarez, se realizó el presente estudio entomológico. Ya desde 1902, Pocock, había reportado la presencia de Centruroides nigrescens, C. elegans y Vaejovis variegatus en Amula, cuya zona se localiza a 9.5 km al noroeste del municipio de Chilapa de Álvarez. Posteriormente Hoffmann (1932), señala la presencia de C. limpidus en Chilpancingo, Iguala y el Balsas indicando que esta especie se distribuye en toda la región central del estado de Guerrero. Díaz Nájera por su parte, en 1975, menciona la presencia de C. limpidus en el municipio de Chilapa. David Sissom en 1991, reporta a Vaejovis curvidigitus en Taxco, posteriormente Sissom y González Santillán en 2004, indican como nuevas localidades de V. curvidigitus a los municipios de Iguala, Tixtla (colinda al oeste con Chilapa) y Tlapa muy cercano al este de Chilapa. Materiales y Método Con el propósito de estimar la densidad e incidencia de picadura de alacrán en el hogar, en diciembre de 2009 personal del Centro de Investigación de enfermedades Tropicales (CIET) de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, realizó búsqueda nocturna de alacranes en nueve comunidades representativas del área rural del Municipio de Chilapa, Guerrero (Fig. 1), seleccionadas aleatoriamente posterior a estratificación con base en acceso a los servicios de salud y tamaño de la comunidad (100 hogares y más). La búsqueda de alacranes se llevó a cabo dentro del hogar y su entorno exterior, estableciendo un punto de inicio (la puerta de la vivienda) y siguiendo las manecillas del reloj. Para la búsqueda se usaron lámparas de luz negra con el apoyo de linternas de luz convencional a mano y la captura se efectuó con pinzas de disección de punta roma. Los especímenes se depositaron en frascos con alcohol etílico al 70% y se rotularon en el mismo lugar. La identificación de los especímenes se realizó con ayuda de un microscopio estereoscópico marca Olympus modelo SZXT, en los laboratorios del Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero y utilizando como apoyo los trabajos de Pocock, 1902; Hoffmann, 1932; Sissom, 1991 y Sissom y González Santillán, 2004. Las fotografías de los ejemplares completos se tomaron con una cámara digital Sony H5 con proyección de luz blanca. Resultados Al terminar de revisar el material capturado en las nueve localidades del municipio de Chilapa de Álvarez, Guerrero, se identificaron siete especies de alacranes, cuatro del género Centruroides Marx, 1890: C. limpidus (Karsch, 1879), C. nigrescens (Pocock, 1898), Centruroides sp. nov. 1 cercano a C. meisei Hoffmann, 1939; y Centruroides sp. nov. 2 cercano a C. ornatus Pocock, 1902; y tres del género Vaejovis Koch, 1836: V. curvidigitus Sissom, 1991; V. variegatus Pocock, 1898; y Vaejovis sp nov. cercana a V. subcristatus Pocock, 1898 (Cuadro 1). Tres de las especies de Centruroides tienen rayas en el dorso (grupo rayados), C. limpidus, que además presenta rayas en el carapacho al igual que C. sp. nov cercana a C. meisei, pero que presenta un tubérculo subaculear reducido, en cambio C. sp. nov. posee un tubérculo bien desarrollado. La tercera especie C. sp. nov cercana a C. ornatus, a diferencia de las dos anteriores presenta una mancha obscura uniforma a lo largo y ancho de todo el carapacho. 34 Figura 1. Distribución geográfica de las nueve comunidades del municipio de Chilapa de Álvarez donde se llevó a cabo el proyecto. El circulo con un punto en medio, es la cabecera municipal, allí no se realizó trabajo de campo, solo se utiliza como referencia. Cuadro 1. Especies de alacranes y comunidades donde se realizaron las capturadas, en el municipio de Chilapa de Álvarez, Guerrero. Especies Localidades El Refugio, Ahuixtla, Lodo Grande, Los Centruroides limpidus (Karsch, 1879) Magueyes y Xulchuchio El Refugio, El Jagüey, Conetzingo, Tlacoaxtla C. nigrescens (Pocock, 1898) y Xulchuchio. El Refugio, Tlacoaxtla, Xochitempa, C. sp. nov 1. cercana a C. meisei Hoffmann, 1939 Conetzingo, Los Magueyes y Ahuixtla. C. sp. nov 2. cercana a C. ornatus Pocock, 1902 Ahuixtla Lodo Grande, Xochitempa, Los Magueyes, Vaejovis curvidigitus Sissom, 1991 Tlacoaxtla y Xulchuchio. V. variegatus Pocock, 1898 Los magueyes y Xulchuchuio V. sp. nov. cercana a V. subcristatus Pocock, 1898 Los magueyes Discusión y Conclusiones Pocock (1902) señala la presencia de Centruroides elegans (Thorell) en la localidades de Acapulco y Amula, esta última se ubica alrededor de 10 km al noroeste de Chilapa, ambas comunidades (amula y Chilapa) presentan bosque tropical caducifolio y una altitud muy semejantes, por lo que seguramente se trate de C. sp. nov. cercana a C. meisei (actualmente en proceso de descripción). Esta especie fue colectada además del Refugio, los Magueyes y Ahuixtla, en Tlacoaxtla, Xochitempa y Conetzingo, en estos tres lugares no se colectaron ejemplares al interior de las casas de C. limpidus, por lo que se concluye que la especie causante de alacranismo en esas comunidades es Centruroides sp. nov. cercana a C. meisei (Fig. 2). Sobre Centruroides sp. nov. 2, cercano a C. ornatus, se requiere hacer estudios sobre la toxicidad de la especie ya que cohabita con C. limpidus y C. sp. nov. cercana a C. meisei. También es una especie nueva para la ciencia, nosotros colectamos ejemplares solo de Ahuixtla, 35 sin embargo, antes de este estudio, ya el Dr. Francke había colectado ejemplares en otro municipio del Estado de Guerrero (comentario personal), por lo que el registro de distribución abarca por lo menos dos municipios (Fig. 3). Con respecto a Veajovis sp. nov. (Fig. 4), solo se ha colectado en la comunidad de los magueyes (también se encuentra en proceso de descripción). En conclusión, para el municipio de Chilapa de Álvarez, Guerrero, se encuentran 2 especies de importancia en salud pública, quedando pendiente el estudio toxicológico de la tercera especie rayada C sp.
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