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Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Methodology Development Project (Rivamp)

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Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Methodology Development Project (Rivamp) UNITED NATIONS EP Distr. LIMITED United Nations UNEP (DEPI)/CAR WG.32/INF.14 Environment 8 April 2010 Programme Original: ENGLISH Fifth Meeting of the Interim Scientific, Technical and Advisory Committee (ISTAC) to the Protocol Concerning Pollution from Land-Based Sources and Activities in the Wider Caribbean Region (LBS) Panama City, Panama, 24 to 28 May 2010 Item 5 of the Provisional Agenda FINAL REPORT OF THE RISK AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (RIVAMP) In order to minimize costs, only a limited number of meeting documents will be printed. Delegates are invited to bring their copies of the Working and Information Documents to the Meeting and not to request additional copies. *This document has been reproduced without formal editing Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Methodology Development Project (RiVAMP) Linking Ecosystems to Risk and Vulnerability Reduction The Case of Jamaica Results of the Pilot Assessment March 2010 © 2010 United Nations Environment Programme Division of Environmental Policy Implementation (DEPI) Post-Conflict and Disaster Management Branch and Division of Early Warning and Assessments (DEWA) In collaboration with the Government of Jamaica through The Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIOJ) This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder provided acknowledgment of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNEP. The designation of geographical entities in this report, and the presentation of the material herein, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publisher or the participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Cover photo: Berm scarp along Long Bay beach. The constrained length of scarps can indicate beach replenishment © UNEP, October 2009 United Nations Environment Programme 11-13, Chemin des Anémones CH-1219 Châtelaine, Geneva Tel. : +41 (0)22 917 8530 Fax: +41 (0)22 917 8064 www.unep.org/conflictsanddisasters Table of contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... 2 Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 7 Glossary of Terms ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Section 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 10 Section 2. Country Context .................................................................................................................. 16 Section 3. Ecosystems and Environmental Change ..........................................................................25 Section 4. Linking Ecosystems to Shoreline Protection Against Sea Level Rise and Storm Surges: Results of the Spatial and Statistical Analyses.................................. 38 Section 5. Local Livelihoods and Vulnerability: Results of Community Consultations ................... 63 Section 6. Priority Issues and Proposed Solutions ............................................................................... 77 Section 7. Next steps ............................................................................................................................. 89 Endnotes ................................................................................................................................................... 91 References ................................................................................................................................................ 95 Annexes Annex 1 – Preliminary List of RiVAMP Criteria and Indicators Annex 2 – Pilot Assessment Process and Methodology Annex 3 – Details of the Scientific Analyses Annex 4 – List of Contributors to the RiVAMP Project Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Methodology Development Project (RiVAMP) Executive Summary develop a methodology that takes into account environmental factors in the analysis of disaster risk Over 2.2 million people have lost their lives in natural and vulnerability. While there are different types hazard-related disasters (excluding epidemics) of risk and vulnerability assessments, what is new over the last three decades (1975-2008). While about RiVAMP is that it recognizes ecosystems and population growth and migration to areas of high climate change in the risk assessment process. risk, such as urban centres and coastal areas, The purpose of RiVAMP is to use evidence- raise the number of people affected by hazards, based, scientific and qualitative research to environmental change and degradation further demonstrate the role of ecosystems in disaster contribute to disaster statistics. According to the risk reduction, and thus enable policymakers 2009 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk to make better-informed decisions that support Reduction, ecosystems degradation is one of the sustainable development through improved major drivers of disaster risk. As climate change ecosystems management. In this regard, the is expected to magnify disaster risk, there is targeted end-users of RiVAMP are national and emerging global interest to better understand the local government decision makers, especially role of ecosystems and environmental changes in land-use and spatial development planners, as influencing hazards and vulnerability. well as key actors in natural resource and disaster management. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) such as Jamaica, with their limited territories and often As a pilot initiative, the RiVAMP methodology is heavily populated coastal areas, are at the front intended mainly for application in SIDS or coastal line of experiencing ecosystems decline, natural areas, and focuses on tropical cyclones and their hazard-induced disasters and climate change secondary effects (coastal storm surges, flooding impacts. SIDS are amongst the countries most and strong winds). Accelerated sea level rise (ASLR) at risk from tropical cyclones, with the highest associated with climate change is also considered proportion of their population exposed. Sea level as an important factor contributing to risk of storm rise and deteriorating storm conditions exacerbate surges and beach erosion. impacts of storm surges and flooding associated with tropical storms and cyclones. While SIDS are Jamaica as a pilot country not major contributors to climate change, they can play a proactive role in adapting to climate Jamaica was selected as the first country for change and building resilience against the the RiVAMP pilot for several reasons, including: impacts of natural hazards. its high vulnerability to tropical cyclones and sea level rise; diverse ecosystems and rich Efforts to reduce the impact of natural hazards often biodiversity which are under pressure as a result of require risk information to identify potential hazards population growth, economic development and and vulnerability of human lives, livelihoods and a strong international tourism industry; high-level critical assets to the damaging impacts of those government commitment to hazard mitigation and hazards. Although numerous risk assessments are climate change adaptation; and strong partners available, common standards and guidelines through the University of the West Indies and UNEP’s have only been recently developed. Moreover, Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP) based in assessment methodologies do not yet adequately Kingston, Jamaica. identify how environmental factors influence patterns of risk and vulnerability. As a result, these Following a consultative process at the national- assessments fail to incorporate critical aspects of risk level, Negril located in the western end of and thus do not consider the potential of developing the country was chosen as the study area for ecosystem-based risk reduction options. the pilot assessment. Like many coastal areas around Jamaica, Negril’s natural environment About RiVAMP is under threat from growing urban and touristic development. The results of the pilot assessment The Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Methodology are thus applicable to other coastal, particularly Development Project (RiVAMP) was conceived to tourism-dependent areas in Jamaica. 2 Linking Ecosystems to Risk and Vulnerability Reduction: The Case of Jamaica Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Methodology Development Project (RiVAMP) The RiVAMP methodology which will provide a detailed, step-by-step guide on how to apply the methodology is scheduled to be The initial framework and guidance material for released in May 2010, following a formal evaluation the RiVAMP methodology have been developed of the pilot assessment. through consultations with environmental and risk assessment experts from around the world (see Annex Practical decision support outputs 4). The assessment framework is based on measuring four key components consisting of approximately ten Specific outputs generated from the RiVAMP pilot indicators (see Annex 1). The four
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