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Invasive Potential of Tamarix Ramosissima (Saltcedar) in Continental Climates of North America

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Invasive Potential of Tamarix Ramosissima (Saltcedar) in Continental Climates of North America University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2000 Invasive potential of Tamarix ramosissima (Saltcedar) in continental climates of North America Jason Patrick Sexton The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Sexton, Jason Patrick, "Invasive potential of Tamarix ramosissima (Saltcedar) in continental climates of North America" (2000). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5808. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5808 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of Montana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. ♦♦Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature** Yes, 1 grant permission No, I do not grant permission Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. 8/98 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INVASIVE POTENTIAL OF TAMARIX RAMOSISSIMA (SALTCEDAR) IN CONTINENTAL CLIMATES OF NORTH AMERICA by Jason Patrick Sexton B.S. Humboldt State University presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science The University of Montana 2000 Approved by Chairperson Dean, Graduate School 3-5U7-SIOOO Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP36609 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted, Also, If material had to be removed, a note will Indicate the deletion. UMT OwMrtation (HiUMitng UMI EP36609 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright In the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest* ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Sexton, Jason P., M.S., February 2000 Division of Biological Sciences Invasive potential of Tamarix ramosissima in dry, cold climates of North America Director: Anna Sala AS Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar), a shrub or tree native to Eurasia, has heavily invaded many wetland and riparian systems of the southwestern United States. Since its first reports in the 1960’s, saltcedar has spread throughout dry areas of most of the northern, colder states of the U.S. where its invasive potential is thought to be low. This study examines the invasive potential and spread of saltcedar in eastern Montana. T. ramosissima seeds from Arizona and eastern Montana, the extremes of its latitudinal range within the U.S., were grown together under high and low temperatures (representing Arizona and Montana climates respectively) to investigate growth, phenotypic plasticity, and genetic differentiation in response to temperature (Chapter 1). Low temperature significantly decreased gas exchange and biomass, and increased relative biomass allocation to roots in all populations. Montana seedlings had significantly shorter shoots than Arizona seedlings under high and low temperatures and invested more biomass into roots but only under cold temperatures. Shorter stature and increased plasticity in biomass allocation to roots for T. ramosissima ecotypes of eastern Montana may help overcome winter mortality and is possibly an adaptive response to climate variability. Phenotypic plasticity, ecotypic differentiation and high generic variability for all traits measured, indicate that Tamarix ramosissima has the potential to spread and to evolve in response to climate. Saltcedar’s dispersion patterns and dynamics over time were investigated in the field in eastern Montana (Chapter 2). Riparian communities where saltcedar was present were aged according to the oldest saltcedar individual and were sampled for plant community and abiotic changes over time. Data showed multiple infection origins along the Greater Yellowstone and Missouri River drainages. Saltcedar patches (or stands) increased in area and cover with time, and showed high proportions of young stems, indicating substantial vegetative recruitment. Further, native tree and shrub cover declined over time in communities where saltcedar was present. Soil pH decreased with saltcedar age and cover, and was the only abiotic factor that changed over time. Disturbances such as grazing and vegetation clearing in eastern Montana appear to greatly enhance saltcedar. 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Deep thanks go out to my advisor, Anna Sala, for her patience, guidance, trust and enthusiasm that made this thesis possible. I’d like to thank committee members, Ray Callaway and Tom DeLuca, for their advice and generous use of their lab resources; John McKay for friendship and his soon-to-be expert contributions on experimental and statistical design; Kevin Murray for assistance with field design and for keeping the skeeters away with those cigars; Roger Sheley for the use of maps and equipment; Vince Thomas for generosity, logistical help and funding my airplane ride in eastern Montana; Traycee Bowerman and Lauren Quinn for your hard work and friendship in the field; Zack and Shawn Cleveland, Jeremy Moran and Laurie Ashley for enduring the monotony and tedium that comes with saltcedar seeds; Nic Kostecki, Andrew Neushwander, Morgan Valliant, Deb Stout, Cynthia Buckalew, Glenda Hammond, Ellen Kuhling and Christian Richey and others for your generous gift of time during the experiment harvest; Bill Gannon, Stan Smith, Wes Niles and John Hubburd for inspiring me in the natural sciences; The Kolsters, Chris, Ethan and Dianne for support during the writing of this thesis and offering me wonderful living places; the Granite Brothers for everything you need to know for survive; Frank across the street for giving me the sunflower seeds; Giles, Hugh, Beth, October, Brad, Brett, K, Karen, Mike, Marion, Wendi and many other UM friends for being unique, wonderful people; my two dads for all of the valuable lessons; my mother for every and all things; and thank you my Monique, and for all of your love, inspiration and belief in me. Final thanks to saltcedar, Tamarix ramosissima. I’m sure you are a wonder in your native place. I ll Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .................................................................... ü Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................iü List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ vi C h a p t e r 1: Genetic and phenotypic responses to temperature in seedlings of Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., an invasive, woody species ...................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 Materials and Methods ...............................................................................................4 Results ......................................................................................................................... 8 Discussion ...................................................................................................................9 Literature Cited .........................................................................................................14 C h a p t e r 2: Invasive potential of Tamarix ramosissima in northern climates: latitudinal growth responses and plant community changes in eastern Montana ................. 24 Introduction ................................................................................................. 24 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................27 Results .......................................................................................................................31 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 35 Literature Cited ........................................................................................................42 IV Reproduced with permission
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