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Interspecific and Intraspecific Variability in Placoid Scale Morphology in Relation to Body Form Variability in Squaliformes

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Interspecific and Intraspecific Variability in Placoid Scale Morphology in Relation to Body Form Variability in Squaliformes W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1993 Interspecific and intraspecific ariabilityv in placoid scale morphology in relation to body form variability in squaliformes Christopher R. Tabit College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Fresh Water Studies Commons, Marine Biology Commons, Ocean Engineering Commons, and the Oceanography Commons Recommended Citation Tabit, Christopher R., "Interspecific and intraspecific ariabilityv in placoid scale morphology in relation to body form variability in squaliformes" (1993). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539616872. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-3hhf-db24 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permissionpermission of of the the copyright copyright owner. owner. Further Further reproduction reproduction prohibited prohibited without without permission. permission. Order Number 9407422 Interspecific and intraspecific variability in placoid scale morphology in relation to body form variability in squaliformes Tabit, Christopher Rob, Ph.D. The College of William and Mary, 1993 U-M-I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permissionpermission of of the the copyright copyright owner. owner. Further Further reproduction reproduction prohibited prohibited without without permission. permission. INTERSPECIFIC AND INTRASPECIFIC VARIABILITY IN PLACOID SCALE MORPHOLOGY IN RELATION TO BODY FORM VARIABILITY IN SQUALIFORMES A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy By Christopher R. Tabit 1993 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy \ o J 2 ^ r - isVopher R. Tabit Approved, October 1, 1993 n A. Commi t Chairman / Advisor Davi'cTA. 'Evans - k i t JL Evon P. Ruzecki William G. Raschi Bucknell University Lewisburg, Pennsylvania Geowge Burgess UmMersrty of Flori Gainesville, Florida Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................iv LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. v LIST OF PLATES .....................................................................................................................x ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. xi INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 HISTORICAL REVIEW ............................................................................................. 5 METHODS............................................................................................................................ 27 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................ 36 Body Shape Variability ............................................................................................. 36 Placoid Scale Variability .......................................................................................... 78 DISCUSSION .........................................................................................................................146 Body Shape Variability ...............................................................................................146 Placoid Scale Variability ............................................................................................ 189 A PPEN D ICES........................................................................................................................ 208 LITERATURE CITED .........................................................................................................260 VITAE ..................................................................................................................................... 267 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This section is generally thought to be the only portion written under no outside influence. However, few people take into consideration the time at which this section is finally written. It is the night before this dissertation is due at the libraries for binding, the printer beside me is whirling away at the final copies, and the last thing on my mind is the people that influenced this research over the past years. However, I will endeavor to at least mention the major players. First, I would like to express by gratitude to Dr. John Musick. Jack gave me the latitude and freedom to research a project of my own design and conception, and I am truly grateful. My committee members, William Raschi, Evon Ruzecki, David Evans and George Burgess all deserve thanks for their input, patience and fortitude in reviewing this manuscript. There is no way I would have gotten to this point without the students, staff and faculty of Jefferson Hall. They may not always be politically correct, but you can count on them to be there when all is said and done. Obvious to any Jeffersonian, special thanks go to Gloria Rowe for keeping me in line, up to date and when possible, out of trouble. One cannot mention Jefferson Hall without noting the Bubbas and the Brazilian contingency. Finally, I would like to extend my special thanks to Heidi Banford. For the past seven years she has stood along side me during the good times and bad. Heidi has taught me a lot about myself and the world we live in. I could not have done it without her. Now, after almost eight years here, it has come time to move on. In parting, I reminded of a line from Hunter S. Thompson; ’When the going gets weird, the weird turn pro.’ iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURE,S Figure Page 1. The placoid s c a le ......................................................................................................... 7 2. The forces acting on a swimming shark ................................................................ 17 3. Nine species of Squaliformes examined ................................................................30 4. Morphometric m easurem ents .....................................................................................31 5. Placoid scale sampling locations .............................................................................33 6. The relationship of body shape morphometry to standard length in Centrophorus granulosus .........................................................................................38 7. Mean and 95% confidence intervals for the fin aspect ratios of Centrophorus granulosus ........................................................................................ 40 8. The relationship of surface area to standard length in Centrophorus granulosus .........................................................................................42
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