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Historie a Činnost Spolku Sarajevských Sefardských Židů La Benevolencija

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Historie a Činnost Spolku Sarajevských Sefardských Židů La Benevolencija Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav slavistiky Balkanistika Lenka Volfová Historie a činnost spolku sarajevských sefardských Židů La Benevolencija Magisterská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Ladislav Hladký, CSc. 2013 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem magisterskou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. ..…………………………………………… 2 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala doc. PhDr. Ladislavu Hladkému, CSc., za ochotu vést práci na toto téma a připomínky ke koncepci práce. 3 Anotace Židé jsou jednou z nedílných součástí multietnického a multikonfesního prostředí Bosny a Hercegoviny a centra Sarajeva. Původně sefardská komunita, pocházející z Pyrenejského poloostrova, od 16. století spoluutvářela charakter i vzhled města, zatímco neklidné dějiny Balkánu naopak různým způsobem ovlivňovaly dění v tamní židovské komunitě. Předmětem této práce je představit historii židovského obyvatelstva na pozadí významných historických změn a událostí, zejména pak se zaměřením na organizaci La Benevolencija, která vznikla jako jeden ze židovských spolků koncem 19. století a během své téměř nepřetržité existence změnila podle potřeb situace několikrát charakter svého působení. Během občanské války v 90. letech 20. století se La Benevolencija svou humanitární činností významným způsobem podílela na pomoci obyvatelům Sarajeva. Dnes La Benevolencija existuje jako zastřešující kulturně osvětová organizace současné malé sarajevské židovské komunity. Klíčová slova Židé, sefardští Židé, La Benevolencija, Bosna a Hercegovina, Sarajevo Abstract Jews are one of the integral part of a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its centre Sarajevo. Originally a Sephardic community that came from the Iberian Peninsula has participated in the formation of the character and appearance of the city since the 16th century, while the troubled history of the Balkans affected the local Jewish community in different ways. The objective of this thesis is to present the history of the Jewish population in the background of significant historical changes and events, particularly focusing on the La Benevolencija organization, which emerged as one of the Jewish associations in the late 19th century and during its almost continuous existence changed the nature of its activities several times according to the needs of the situation. During the Civil War in the 1990s, La Benevolencija contributed significantly to the help to Sarajevo residents with its humanitarian work. Today La Benevolencija exists as an integrating cultural and educational organization for the present small Jewish community in Sarajevo. Keywords Jews, Sephardi Jews, La Benevolencija, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo 4 Obsah Úvod ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Sarajevští Židé – krátký historický přehled ......................................................................................... 9 Sarajevská židovská komunita ......................................................................................................... 9 Rakousko-uherská nadvláda .............................................................................................................. 12 Rakousko-uherská okupace Bosny a Hercegoviny ........................................................................ 12 Vznik spolku La Benevolencija ..................................................................................................... 14 Sarajevští Židé a sdružení La Benevolencija za první světové války a v době meziválečné ............. 20 První světová válka a rozpad Rakouska-Uherska .......................................................................... 20 Spolek La Benevolencija za první světové války a v poválečném období .................................... 21 Rozkvět v meziválečném období ................................................................................................... 22 Nástup antisemitismu ..................................................................................................................... 26 Druhá světová válka ........................................................................................................................... 30 Druhá světová válka a postavení Židů v Evropě ............................................................................ 30 Židovská komunita v Bosně a Hercegovině .................................................................................. 31 „Když sousedé byli lidmi“ ............................................................................................................. 34 Spolek La Benevolencija za druhé světové války .......................................................................... 37 Židovské oběti druhé světové války ............................................................................................... 37 Památníky židovským obětem druhé světové války ...................................................................... 38 Osud sarajevské Hagady během druhé světové války ................................................................... 41 Doba po druhé světové válce a La Benevolencija v socialistické Jugoslávii ..................................... 43 Bosna a Hercegovina po druhé světové válce ................................................................................ 43 Obnova spolku La Benevolencija a jeho činnost v socialistické Jugoslávii .................................. 45 Židovská komunita a spolek La Benevolencija v období války v 90. letech ..................................... 48 Občanská válka v Bosně a Hercegovině – obléhání Sarajeva ....................................................... 48 Sarajevští Židé a spolek La Benevolencija během války 1992 – 1995 .......................................... 52 Bohorety – ženská sekce Židovské obce města Sarajeva ............................................................... 59 Sarajevští Židé a spolek La Benevolencija v současnosti .................................................................. 62 Závěr .................................................................................................................................................. 65 Prameny a literatura ........................................................................................................................... 67 Fotografická příloha ........................................................................................................................... 70 5 Úvod Bosna a Hercegovina je jednou z multikulturních zemí světa a je to především její hlavní město Sarajevo, které dodnes do jisté míry představuje příklad soužití několika různých kultur, národů a náboženství. Obvykle jsou v tomto ohledu uváděny tři největší národnostní skupiny, které představují Bosňáci, Srbové a Chorvaté. Tyto tři národy se svým odlišným náboženským vyznáním podílely na historickém vývoji a utváření podoby dnešního Sarajeva největší měrou, avšak nezanedbatelný vliv na město měli i Židé. Konkrétně se jedná o takzvané sefardské Židy, kteří zde již po několik staletí žijí v sounáležitosti s ostatními národy. Nedílnou součást města představují zejména typické židovské stavby nacházející se převážně v centru Sarajeva, které multikulturní charakter města ještě více podtrhují. Nejsou to však pouze budovy, které přítomnost židovského živlu potvrzují. Židovské obyvatelstvo se totiž v nemalé míře po celou svoji historii podílelo i na bohatém kulturním a společenském dění Sarajeva. Historií sefardských Židů v Sarajevu jsem se již podrobněji zabývala ve své bakalářské diplomové práci, během jejíhož zpracovávání jsem se okrajově věnovala i místním židovským spolkům. V období před první světovou válkou i v době meziválečné existovalo v Sarajevu židovských spolků hned několik, avšak do dnešního dne se zachoval pouze jediný z nich, sefardský spolek La Benevolencija. Jako jediný dokázal tento spolek překonat tragický osud židovského národa v době válečných konfliktů a především holokaustu, a rozvíjet svou činnost až do současnosti. Historii samotného spolku nebylo doposud věnováno mnoho odborných prací (v českém prostředí žádná), proto jsem se rozhodla volně navázat na svoji bakalářskou práci a zpracovat dějiny spolku La Benevolencija, který je v současné době pevně spjat se současným životem a doufejme také s budoucí existencí Židů v Sarajevu. Samotnou práci jsem se rozhodla rozdělit do sedmi samostatných kapitol, které na pozadí obecných dějin představují dění v židovské komunitě v Sarajevu a spolku La Benevolencija, 6 přičemž nejobsáhleji se zabývám obdobími druhé světové války a ozbrojeného konfliktu z 90. let 20. století, která do života sarajevských Židů zasáhla nejvýrazněji. V první kapitole představuji sefardské Židy jako specifické konfesijní a v moderní době i národnostní společenství a v krátkém historickém přehledu nastiňuji okolnosti jeho příchodu na Balkán a usídlení v Sarajevu, kde se zaměřuji na sefardskou komunitu od jejího příchodu, působení v rámci osmanské říše až do období krátce před rakousko-uherskou okupací. Okupaci Bosny a Hercegoviny Rakouskem-Uherskem popisuji v kapitole druhé, jelikož se z pohledu židovského národa jedná o velmi významné období, do něhož spadá i vznik sefardského spolku La Benevolencija. Následující tři kapitoly pojednávají o časovém úseku od první do konce druhé světové války s přesahem až do období socialistické Jugoslávie. V jednotlivých podkapitolách
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