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Squaw Sachem of Concord1 THE SQUAW SACHEM OF CONCORD1 “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY 1. In a mural painted by Aiden L. Ripley of Lexington in 1924 on a wall of the Winchester Public Library, John Winthrop is caught in the act of bargaining with Squaw Sachem for land. You will note that he is wearing the signature buckle shoes that in fact Puritans never wore (except of course in cartoons). HDT WHAT? INDEX SQUAW SACHEM SQUAW SACHEM 1612 In New England, illness was taking off 9 out of 10 of those being served by headman Nanepashemet. “[A]fter the plague few Sagamores had three hundred subjects, some but fifteen, some only two.” After the epidemic Nanepashemet moved from Lynn to Medford MA and lived near a circular fort of poles thirty feet high which must have given him some good measure of reassurance, but nevertheless in 1619 human enemies would find him there and kill him. His spouse would become the leader of the band, and be known as the “Squaw Sachem” (when eventually she would remarry, with Webbacowet, she would retain leadership of the band). According to the Peabody Essex Museum, this was her mark: When the English settlements first commenced in New England, that part of its territory, which lies south of New Hampshire, was inhabited by five principal nations of Indians: — the Pequots, who lived in Connecticut; the Narragansetts, in Rhode Island; the Pawkunnawkuts, or Womponoags, east of the Narragansetts and to the north as far as Charles river;2 the Massachusetts, north of Charles river and west of Massachusetts Bay; and the Pawtuckets, north of the Massachusetts. The boundaries and rights of these nations appear not to have been sufficiently definite to be now clearly known. They had within their jurisdiction many subordinate tribes, governed by sachems, or sagamores, subject, in some respects, to the principal sachem. At the commencement of the seventeenth century, they were able to bring into the field more than 18,000 warriors; but about the year 1612, they were visited with a pestilential disease, whose horrible ravages reduced their number to about 1800.3 Some of their villages were entirely depopulated. This great mortality was viewed by the first Pilgrims, as the accomplishment of one of the purposes of Divine Providence, by making room for the settlement of civilized man, and by preparing a peaceful asylum for the persecuted Christians of the old world. In what light soever the event may be viewed, it no doubt greatly facilitated the settlements, and rendered them less hazardous.4 MASSACHUSETTS BAY 2. I have long supposed that the Indians living south of Charles river did not belong to the Massachusetts tribe. Chickatabot, sachem of Neponset, and Obatinuat acknowledged submission to Massasoit in 1621, and were at enmity with Squaw Sachem. No instance within my knowledge is recorded of a petty sachem going to war with his own tribe. It is also worthy of remark, that these sachems and their descendants executed deeds of lands within Massasoit’s territories, but never in the Massachusetts territories. As the country became settled by the English, and the jealousies between different tribes were forgotten, all the Indians living within the Massachusetts patent were rather erroneously classed among the Massachusetts Indians. Hence the statements of Winthrop, Gookin, and other historians. See Prince, Annals, 1621. 3. Massachusetts Historical Collection vol. i. HDT WHAT? INDEX SQUAW SACHEM SQUAW SACHEM 1619 Headman Nanepashemet had moved from Lynn to Medford and lived near a circular fort of poles thirty feet high which must have given him some good measure of reassurance, but in this year his enemies found him there and killed him. His spouse became the Squaw Sachem of the band in his place and eventually would remarry, to Webbacowet, while retaining leadership of the band. Musketaquid, the original Indian name of Concord and Concord River, for a long time before it was settled by our fathers, had been one of the principal villages of the Massachusetts tribe. Nanepashemet was the great king or sachem of these Indians. His principal place of residence was Medford, near Mystic pond. “His house was built on a large scaffold six feet high, and on the top of a hill. Not far off, he build a fort with palisades 30 or 40 feet high having but one entrance, over a bridge. This also served as the place of his burial, he having been killed about the year 1619 by the Tarrantines, a warlike tribe of eastern Indians at another fort which he had built about a mile off.” He left a widow, Squaw Sachem and five children. Squaw Sachem succeeded to all the power and influence of her husband, as the great queen of the tribe. Her power was so much dreaded, when she was first visited by the Plymouth people in 1621, that her enemies, the sachems of Boston and Neponset, desired protection against her, as one condition of submission to the English. She married Wibbacowitts, “the powwaw, priest, witch, sorcerer or chirurgeon” of the tribe. This officer was highest in esteem next to the sachem; and he claimed as a right the hand of a widowed sachem in marriage; and by this connexion became a king in the right of his wife, clothed with such authority as was possessed by her squawship. Both assented to the sale of Musketaquid, though Tahattawan, hereafter to be noticed, was the principal sachem of the place. This tribe was once powerful. Before the great sickness already mentioned, it could number 3,000 warriors. That calamity, and the small-pox, which prevailed among them with great mortality in 1633, reduced it to nearly one tenth of that number. The Musketaquid Indians suffered in common with the brethren of their tribe elsewhere. When first visited by the English, their number was comparatively very small.5 MASSACHUSETTS BAY 4. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study.) 5. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study.) HDT WHAT? INDEX SQUAW SACHEM SQUAW SACHEM Speaking of female royalty, in this year Sir Henry Wotton addressed a poem addressed to the popular Elizabeth of Bohemia, daughter of James I and the wife of the ill-fated Frederick V, Elector Palatine and for a short time in this period the king of Bohemia (until driven away by Spain and Austria): You meaner beauties of the night, That poorly satisfy our eyes More by your number than your light; You common people of the skies, What are you when the sun shall rise? You curious chanters of the wood, That warble forth Dame Nature’s lays, Thinking your voices understood By your weak accents; what’s your praise When Philomel6 her voice shall raise? You violets that first appear, By your pure purple mantles known, Like the proud virgins of the year, As if the spring were all your own; What are you when the rose is blown? So, when my mistress shall be seen In form and beauty of her mind, By virtue first, then choice, a queen, Tell me, if she were not design’d Th’ eclipse and glory of her kind? NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT 6. Philomel = nightingale HDT WHAT? INDEX SQUAW SACHEM SQUAW SACHEM 1637 May: The General Court granted to Concord “liberty to purchase lande within their Limits of the Indians ; to wit : Attawan and Squaw Sachem.” This was the “marke of the Squa [Squaw] Sachem Awashunckes [Awashonks]”7: It was the beginning of the fighting season: having found that their new homeland was “then covered with nations of barbarous Indians and infidels, in whom the ‘prince of the power of the air’ did ‘work in a spirit’,” a few hundred miles to the southwest, in Connecticut, the Puritan fathers were surrounding and putting to the torch a Pequot fort in a swamp containing not only warriors but their wives and their children. The doleful, ghostly, ghastly Reverend Cotton Mather would later report, in MAGNALIA CHRISTI AMERICANA; OR THE ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF NEW-ENGLAND, that: In a little more than one hour, five or six hundred of these barbarians were dismissed from a world that was burdened with them. MATHER’S MAGNALIA, I MATHER’S MAGNALIA, II Another white historian has commented that the proximate cause of this sad slaughter could only have been the sin of pride: Thus by their horrible pride they fitted themselves for destruction. “As the star of the Indian descended, that of the Puritans rose ever higher.” — Tourtellot, Arthur Bernon, THE CHARLES, NY: Farrar & Rinehart, 1941, page 63 7. The “shonks” or “shunks” or “suncks” portion of this name was an honorific, signifying leadership. Her intimates would have called her Awa. HDT WHAT? INDEX SQUAW SACHEM SQUAW SACHEM HDT WHAT? INDEX SQUAW SACHEM SQUAW SACHEM This being the race politics which was going down only a few hundred miles to the southwest, there was no reason to anticipate that Attawan and Squaw Sachem would be anything other than very very polite and very very cooperative when approached alongside the gently flowing Musketaquid by groups of courteous armed men bearing sackfulls of hostess gifts.
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