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For More, See 'Migrant Smuggling from East and Southeast Asia to The Chapter 3 0LJUDQWVPXJJOLQJIURP(DVWDQG Southeast Asia to the United States and the European Union Counterfeit Goods (EAP to Europe and US) $24.4 bn Illegal wood products from EAP $17 bn Heroin within EAP $16.3 bn Methamphetamines within EAP $15 bn Fraudulent medicines (EAP to SEA and Africa) $5 bn IIllegal e-waste to EAP $3.75 bn Illegal wildlife in EAP $2.5 bn Migrant smuggling (E and SE Asia to Europe and US) $1.55 bn Migrant smuggling (GMS to Thailand) $192 m Sex trafficking (GMS to Thailand and Cambodia) $181 m Migrant smuggling (S and W Asia to Australia and Canada) $97.3 m Illegal ODS to EAP $67.7m $ bn = US$ in billions $ m = US$ in millions Labour trafficking (GMS to Thailand) $33 m 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 25 dƌĂŶƐŶĂƟŽŶĂůKƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚƌŝŵĞdŚƌĞĂƚƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚͲĂƐƚƐŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞWĂĐŝĮĐ NATURE OF THE THREAT 1. Deadly risks and loss of human 2. Human rights abuses – irregular life – smuggled migrants are exposed to status of migrants creates vulnerabilities to deadly risks, including loss of life, en route discrimination, exploitation, and trafficking to destination. Thousands of migrants in persons. Smuggled migrants often end die each year during the process of illegal up with dangerous jobs. They are often migration. excluded from health, education and other social welfare provisions. 3. Economic impact – the illegal 4. Threat to state security – migrant economy creates unfair competition, and smuggling is a high-profit / low-risk crime. undermines wages and social protection, loss It empowers criminals and undermines state of legitimate tax revenue for governments. security due to links with organized crime, violence, and corruption. People cross borders without the host states’ consent and knowledge. 5. Corruption – fuels corruption among 6. Cost of law enforcement – costs public officials. to the state to improve border security measures, conduct search and rescue operations (e.g. with maritime smuggling), and provide protection and assistance. 26 Chapter 3 1. What is the nature of the market? The exact destination of these migrants is not determined by economics alone. Most venture Due to the prominence of China and Viet Nam as forth to join existing diaspora communities where source countries typifying these flows, this chapter they have family, friends or contacts. According to will focus almost exclusively on these two states. remittance flows, the largest Chinese communities in Europe are in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Though migration to Europe and the United States The largest Vietnamese communities are in France, is nothing new, China’s economic reforms of the Germany, and the Czech Republic. 1980s greatly increased migrant flows. The Chinese- born population in the United States, for example, Figure 2: Real GDP growth has grown five-fold since 1980 (see Figure 1), rising 15 1 to 2.2 million people in 2010. Viet Nam is, in 13 many ways, following in the footsteps of China. 11 Its economy is growing nearly as fast, and export- 9 7 oriented industries have fed emigration. 5 3 Most of this migration is legal, but some is not. In 1 Real GDP GDP Real growth(%) 2010, an estimated 10.8 million irregular migrants -1 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 were living in the United States, of which 130,000 -3 were from China.2 Based on the difficulties of -5 making the journey successfully, it is reasonable to USA Euro area Viet Nam China assume that most of those who entered through ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗/D&͕World Economic Outlook͕ϮϬϭϭ irregular channels employed the assistance of migrant smugglers. The largest flow of remittances to China and Viet Nam are from migrants residing in the United States China and Viet Nam are two of the most rapidly (see Figures 3 and 4). In 2010, over US$12 billion growing economies (see Figure 2), and have – in in remittances was sent from the United States to fact – recently experienced labour shortages.3 In China and over US$4 billion from the United States contrast, both North America and Europe are still to Viet Nam. Pulled towards existing communities, struggling with the recession brought about by the remittances and well established smuggling networks financial crisis of 2008. Irregular migration from enable others to migrate or be smuggled. In the Latin America to North America and from Africa case of China, smuggled migrants are largely from to Europe has declined dramatically in response to Sichuan, Hunan, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, and diminishing job prospects.4 Zhejiang.6 Both population data and deportation figures suggest that the main destinations are France, Figure 1: Size of the Chinese-born population in Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. the United States The Fujian province of China is the point of origin 2,500,000 for many irregular migrants destined for the United States,7 most of whom head for California or the 2,000,000 greater New York area.8 1,500,000 Except for Sichuan and Hunan, these source areas 1,000,000 are located in Eastern China and are among the more affluent provinces, which means that residents 500,000 may be able to afford high smuggling fees.9 These 0 six provinces, especially Fujian and Guangdong, 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗DĐĂďĞϮϬϭϮĂĂŶĚϮϬϭϮď5 6 UNODC communication with the Joint Analysis and Strategy Centre 1 This estimate is based on Census data and includes people born in on illegal Migration (GASIM) 2011; UNODC communication with the Taiwan (Province of China). See McCabe 2012a. UK Border Agency (UKBA) 2011. 2 Hoefer and others 2011 7 UNODC communication with the Human Smuggling and Trafficking 3 The World Bank 2011a Center (HSTC), United States 2011. 4 For example, see Orozco 2009; Passell and Cohn 2010. 8 McCabe 2012a 5 These estimates include Taiwan (Province of China). 9 Skeldon 2011 27 dƌĂŶƐŶĂƟŽŶĂůKƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚƌŝŵĞdŚƌĞĂƚƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚͲĂƐƚƐŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞWĂĐŝĮĐ Figure 3: Remittances to China in 2010, by the detected Vietnamese smuggled migrants shows a country of origin (Top ten) narrower age range: 85% are between the ages of 10 14 14,000 and 39 years of age. 12,205 12,000 10,000 Even within a national group, the profile of the 8,000 smuggled migrant depends on the destination. 6,000 Research indicates that the Vietnamese detected US$ millions 3615 15 4,000 in Germany are fairly well-educated. French 1303 2,000 893 837 646 authorities report that the smuggled Vietnamese 595 545 264 120 117 0 migrants they detect are both younger than in Germany (most in their late 20s) and less educated.16 There are a number of possible explanations for this ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗dŚĞtŽƌůĚĂŶŬϮϬϭϭď difference. The Vietnamese population in Germany is well established, originating from a formal worker exchange programme in the 1980s, and this Figure 4: Remittances to Viet Nam in 2010, by community may attract better-educated migrants. country of origin (Top ten) Many of those detected in France may be destined 4500 4186 for the United Kingdom, some to become workers in 4000 indoor cannabis cultivation operations.17 3500 3000 2500 +RZLVWKHVPXJJOLQJFRQGXFWHG" 2000 US$ millions 1500 1000 616 The image most commonly associated with Chinese 446 340 500 85 77 49 45 44 42 33 migrant smuggling is that of the Golden Venture, a 0 cargo ship that foundered off the coast of New York in 1993. The ship had embarked from Thailand and spent 112 days at sea before running aground ^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗dŚĞtŽƌůĚĂŶŬϮϬϭϭď with its cargo of 186 Chinese migrants. Ten of these people died attempting to swim ashore.18 also have well-established histories of migration and residents have travelled for hundreds of years to find Although the sea route is still used, new trends in the work in the United States and Europe.10 smuggling business have emerged since the Golden Venture tragedy. Today, most smuggled Chinese and The majority of smuggled Vietnamese migrants, Vietnamese migrants fly as close as possible to their in particular to the United Kingdom, are from the destination, landing in countries where they can northern provinces of Hai Phong and Quang Ninh.11 enter without a visa or where visa controls are weak, and then move clandestinely the rest of the way. The As the source region or province varies, so does the smugglers help with both phases of the journey – the profile of the smuggled migrants detected in the preparation of the necessary paperwork and the illicit destination countries. German authorities report that border crossings. most detected Chinese smuggled migrants are adults between 20 and 49 years of age,12 but one-third are Migrant smuggling from China proceeds along a children nine years old and younger.13 The profile of number of well-established paths, although the exact route a migrant will take is rarely predetermined. 14 UNODC communication with GASIM 2011 15 UNODC communication with GASIM 2011 10 Zhang 2008 16 UNODC communication with the Office Central de Répression de 11 UNODC communication with Vietnamese Immigration Department, l’Immigration Irregulière et de l’Emploi d’Etranger (OCRIEST) 2011. Ministry of Public Security. 17 Europol 2011b 12 UNODC communication with the Human Smuggling and Trafficking 18 Zhang 2008. For example, Zhang reports that smugglers are using Center (HSTC), United States 2011; UNODC communication with the peripheral locations for migrant smuggling, such as the U.S. Virgin Austrian Federal Criminal Intelligence Service 2011. Islands, Guam, Mexico, and Canada. Often these ships or fishing 13 UNODC communication with GASIM 2011. trawlers leave from Hong Kong (China). 28 Chapter 3 Vietnamese indoor cannabis cultivation Vietnamese organized crime groups are gaining a reputation as specialists in cannabis cultivation, particularly indoor cultivation. Vietnamese cannabis farms have been detected in Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States.
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