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A Rage Without a Home: Toryism in Restoration Ireland

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A Rage Without a Home: Toryism in Restoration Ireland A Rage Without a Home: toryism in Restoration Ireland Stephen H. M. Furlong School of Histories & Humanities University of Dublin, Trinity College Supervisors: Professor David Dickson and Professor Aileen Douglas A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 Declaration I declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other university and it is entirely my own work. I agree to deposit this thesis in the University’s open access institutional repository or allow the Library to do so on my behalf, subject to Irish Copyright Legislation and Trinity College Library conditions of use and acknowledgement. ____________________________________ Stephen Furlong 07/09/2018 ii Summary The present work is a study of toryism and rappareeism, especially with regards to their place in public discourse, between the years 1660 and 1695, encompassing Restoration Ireland, the War of the Two Kings and the initial years of the Williamite dispensation. Beginning with an overview of relevant historiography and an historical introduction, the study proceeds to analyse the toryism of the 1660s in the context of early Restoration politics, with particular reference to the crisis years of 1666-7. Chapter two reviews the progress of toryism in the second decade of the Restoration with special concern for counterinsurgency tactics and the strategies of state- building deployed by a succession of Stuart viceroys. Chapter three deals with the role of literary texts in setting the tone of late Restoration toryism, using the lens of one text in particular. Chapter four spans the reign of James II as well as the War of the Two Kings and traces the history of toryism as it became increasingly radicalised to the point that it earned a new title, that of rappareeism. The study analyses toryism in its historically contingency, while exposing the subject to the theory and methodologies developed in the study of cognate modalities of dissent, especially banditry and forms of insurgency. The work concludes by noting the significant shift in counterinsurgency practice from that influenced by Stuart royalist ideology to that of Protestant constitutionalism at the beginning of the long eighteenth century. iii Acknowledgement I would sincerely like to thank my supervisors Professor David Dickson and Professor Aileen Douglas for their advice, support and guidance throughout this study. A special thank you also to the Burrows brothers, Henry and Andrew, for unsplitting my infinitives, Aisling Phelan, for her long, long-standing support, and Mum and Dad, for everything. I am also grateful to the Foundation Scholarship from Trinity College Dublin and to the Irish Research Council for funding this study. Finally, to the other teachers, academics and members of the Trinity Long Room Hub who helped facilitate this study, thank you. iv Table of Contents Abbreviations 1 Introduction 3 I. Historiography 3 Tories and their historians 3 Theory and methodology 7 II. Ireland before the Restoration 11 Pre-Stuart Gaelic Ireland 11 Tudor intervention and the end of Gaelic Ireland 19 Early Stuart Ireland: the kern in New English colonial discourse 21 1641 and the Wars of Religion: popular insurgency and toryism 34 Cromwell’s Ireland: the tory in Parliamentarian discourse 44 Chapter One: Toryism & the vernaculars of early Restoration Ireland 54 Introduction 54 I. The Scramble for Restoration Ireland 54 New game, new rules 54 The Old Protestants draw first blood 57 Old Protestants in power 62 A Catholic solution to a Catholic problem 72 The Restoration land settlement 74 Blood’s Plot and the end of Old Protestant hegemony 76 The Costigans and early Restoration toryism 79 II. Troubled Water 82 Sir George Rawdon and the gathering storm 82 III. The Insurgency of 1666-7 97 The strange case of Edmund Nangle 97 The Catholic Declaration 109 Dudley Costello brings toryism home 113 The tory insurgency in context 119 Costello’s death and the tory as public transcript 125 Conclusion 129 Chapter Two: Toryism and Restoration state-building, 1670-1677 131 Introduction 131 I. Berkeley & Plunkett’s New Politics 131 v Downsize, Outsource 131 Rapprochement 139 A Match Made in Heaven? 150 II. Arthur Capel’s Kingdom of Men 158 Picking Sides 158 Essex’s Wartime Counterinsurgency 162 Counterinsurgency by the Book 177 Conclusion 185 Chapter Three: Print, plots and tories in the late Restoration 186 Introduction 186 I. Becoming Redmond 188 Summary 188 Analysis 189 II. A Life of Crime 200 Summary 200 Analysis 202 III. Doing Violence 213 Summary 213 Analysis 215 IV. Tying the Knot 238 Summary 238 Analysis 239 Conclusion 241 Chapter Four: Tories and rapparees in the reign of James II and the War of the Two Kings 243 Introduction 243 I. Picking Sides 244 Sir John Perceval gets on with it 244 William Hamilton dies by the sword 254 Richard Orpen at old world’s end 262 II. Two Sides go to War 269 Return of the king, rise of the half-pike 269 The rapparee war 275 III. The Post-Revolution Order 296 All the king’s men 296 New paradigms 301 vi Conclusion 305 Conclusion 307 Bibliography 310 Primary Sources 310 Secondary Sources 318 vii Abbreviations Carte MSS Report - Charles William Russell, John P. Prendergast, Thomas Carte and the Bodleian Library, The Carte Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, Oxford: A Report Presented to the Right Honourable Lord Romilly, Master of the Rolls. London: Printed by Eyre and Spottiswoode for H.M.S.O, (London, 1871). Clarendon Papers - Calendar of the Clarendon State Papers, preserved in the Bodleian Library, (Oxford, 1970). CSPD - Calendar of the State Papers Preserved in the Public Record Office, Domestic Series, (London, 1860-1965). CSPI – Calendar of the State Papers Preserved in the Public Record Office, Relating to Ireland, (London, 1905-10). Dictionary of Irish Biography - James McGuire and James Quinn (eds.), Dictionary of Irish Biography, (Cambridge, 2009). EEBO Periodical – All periodicals or newssheets prefixed as such are to be found on the online database EEBO: Early English Books Online [http://eebo.chadwyck.com.elib.tcd.ie/periodicals_date_browse/datebrowse.pl?EXP AND=&YEAR=&MONTH=] HMC Buccleuch and Queensberry - HMC, Report on the Manuscripts of the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, (London, 1899). HMC Egmont - Manuscripts of the Earl of Egmont, (London, 1923). 1 HMC Ormond - Calendar of the manuscripts of the Marquess of Ormonde, K.P., preserved at Kilkenny Castle, New Series, presented to Parliament by command of His Majesty Great Britain, Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, (London, 1902-20) [Searchable Text Edition]. HMC Portland - 13th Report, Appendix, Part 1, The Manuscripts of his Grace the Duke of Portland, (London, 1891). HMC Sixth Report - The Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, Sixth Report, (London, 1887). Rawdon Papers - Edward Berwick (ed.), The Rawdon Papers, consisting of letters on various subjects, literary, political, and ecclesiastical, to and from Dr. John Bramhall, primate of Ireland, including the correspondence of several most eminent men during the greater part of the seventeenth century, (London, 1819). The Proclamations of Ireland - James Kelly with Mary Ann Lyons (eds.), The proclamations of Ireland: 1660-1820, two volumes (Dublin, 2014). Thurloe Papers - John Thurloe, A Collection of State Papers of John Thurloe, Esq., T. Birch (ed.), seven volumes (London, 1742) [Digital ‘Searchable’ Edition]. 2 Introduction I. Historiography Tories and their historians To a great extent, the academic study of Irish toryism has always been determined by its choice of beginnings, its ‘start dates’. It has proven extremely consequential, for example, that the first serious attempt at the scholarly characterisation of toryism, provided by the Herculean archivists of late Victorian Irish historiography, was shaped by a chronological paradigm that viewed the mid-seventeenth century Cromwellian conquest and the ensuing land settlement as the defining rupture between modern and pre-modern Irish history. For John Prendergast, James Froude and William Lecky, the tories were fundamentally the creatures of this epochal moment in Irish history. According to the picture painted by these formative historians, the tories were the sparks that flew up when Cromwell’s New Model Army broke Gaelic Ireland upon its anvil, first with war and later with plantation. According to the Victorian narrative, the tories were ‘bands of desperate men’1, chiefly staffed by the unreconstructed Gaelic aristocracy – ‘ejected proprietors whose names might be traced in the annals of the Four Masters’2 – who led a despairing ‘war of plunder and assassination’3 against those who displaced them. The grandees of Victorian Irish historiography were not unanimous on every point. Whereas Prendergast took a somewhat romantic view of the activity, Froude was less predisposed to be kind, referring to the tories disdainfully as ‘disorderly elements’ whose ‘extirpation was a tedious process’.4 Meanwhile, Lecky steered a middle course between these two standpoints. Yet each of these historians nonetheless imposed an essentially negative definition on the activity, representing the tories as the dying embers of an old-world order who, though already confined 1 John Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, (Dublin, 1875), p. 190 2 William Lecky, A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, five volumes, vol.1 (London, 1892), p. 355 3 James Froude, The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, three volumes,
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