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The European Commission has set up a network in the United Kingdom to provide information on its policies and programmes. The network consists of INFO CENTRES (EICs) and EUROPEAN DOCU• MENTATION CENTRES (EDCs). EICs serve their local business com• munity with up to date information on funding and legislation. EDCs cater mainly for students and academics by maintaining a stock of all major official publications for consultation. The Information Services Unit of the European Commission at 8 Storey's Gate, London SWIP 3AT publishes a leaflet giving the location of the network centres.

There is also a complete catalogue of EC publications and documents available on CD-ROM. It is called EUROCAT and contains records from 4 official databases. It is co-published by The Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Chadwyck-Healey and ELLIS Publications.

If you want to fathom the meaning of the endless acronyms and titles such as JOPP, THERMIE, CEDEFOP, LEDA and so on, there is a compre• hensive list in a booklet Sources of European Community Funding, 2nd Edn. London: Representation of the European Commission in the United Kingdom, 1995. Index

accession Baltic states 29, 73, 78, 307 Austria, Finland and Sweden 45 220, 228-9 Cyprus and Malta 67-8 Banking Directive 1989 180 Greece, Spain and Portugal 66, Baring Brothers 54 238 Berlin blockade 42 new members 87 Beveridge Report 31 United Kingdom, Denmark and Bevin, Ernest 36 Ireland 50, 66 border controls 23 acquis communautaire 68, 74, 328 Bosnia 4, 60, 98, 307 additionality principle 240 Bretton Woods 174, 182, 180-1, advocates-general 273 188 African, Caribbean and Pacific Bruges Group 98 (ACP) countries 20, 48 Bruges speech 23 Agricultural Guarantee and Brussels agreement (1988) 99 Guidance Fund (EAGGF) Brussels Treaty 36-8, 43-4 234 budget 98-113 passim agriculture 115-47 passim 1980 13, 101 levies 100 1992-5 104-8 payments, controlling 98 contributions 63, 104-9 products, nature of demand 121 problem 108 support prices 145 buffer stocks 128, 181 surpluses 99 Bundesbank 200, 202, 228 see also Common Agricultural bureaucracy 96-7 Policy Agrimonetary Compensation CAP see Common Agricultural Mechanism 144 Policy anti-Common Market faction 57 capital movement controls 18, 179 Arctic and sub-Arctic areas carbon dioxide emissions 268, 235-6 270 Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA) carbon tax 263, 267-9 172 catalytic converters 22 Association agreements 271 Cecchini, Paolo 22, 317 asylum 18-19 Central and Eastern Europe 19, Austria 27, 38, 246 77-8, 312

341 342 Index

Central European Free Trade Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) Association (CEFTA) 78 3, 69, 72 Channel Tunnel 314--5 Common Foreign and Security Charter of Fundamental Social Policy (CFSP) 7, 16 Rights for Workers 70, 245-6 Commonwealth of Independent Chirac, President 89, 163, 228, States (CIS) 38, 135, 165, 332 307, 309 chrysalis principle 333 Commonwealth Preference 57 Churchill, Sir Winston 37, 41 Commonwealth Sugar CIS see Commonwealth of Agreement 57, 63 Independent States Community citizenship, European 328 budget problem 98 City of London 54, 176, 204-5, bureacracy 96-7 229 law 271-3, 277-9 coalition governments 91 Tower of Babel? 113 cobweb theorem 117, 119 comparative cost advantage codecision procedure 11, 16, 80, 48-9 83 competition and monopoly control Cohesion Fund 4, 6, 67, 71, policies 54 162-3, 238-9, 261, 264, 313 Conciliation Committee 83 colonial powers 56 confederation 40 Comecon 32 Conference of the Parliaments Commission 2, 9, 15, 98, Ill, 283 282, 296--9 Conference on Security and composition 9, 281, 296-8 Cooperation in Europe officials 79 (CSCE) 38 President 300 conglomerates 53 Report for the Reflection Conservative Party 6, 65 Group 328 Consilium 300 Commissioners 79 constitutional law 278 Committee of Permanent consulative committees 282 Representatives (COREPER) consumer price (CPI) 11, 16, 79, 281, 300, 330 213 Committee of the Regions 12-13, Conventional Forces in Europe 81, 282 37 Common Agricultural Policy convergence criteria 25, 211-16, (CAP) 115-47 passim 3, 15, 219-21, 225-7, 229, 305 62, 85, 188,254,317 cooperation procedure 8, 11, agrimonetary compensation 80-83 mechanism 144--6 COREPER see Committee of commodity intervention 128 Permanent Representatives EAGGF 131 coresponsibility levies 140 free markets 116-26 CORINE 262 less favoured areas 133 Costa v. ENEL 278 reform 138 Council of Economic and Finance success of CAP 115-16 Ministers (ECOFIN) 209, 215 success of reforms 142-4 Council of Europe 11-12, 36, surpluses 126-30, 132-8 38-9, 43 Index 343

Council of Ministers 2, 10, 79, Economic and Social Committee 81, 85-6, 92, 272, 281, 294, 12, 81, 234, 246, 282 299-300, 302, 309, 330 economic growth, causes 154 Presidency 299, 309 economic miracle 21 qualified majority system 85-8 economic performance 148-9 surrendering sovereignty to 92 economies of scale 52-3, 55, 165 transparency 16, 302 ECSC 13-15, 41-2 unanimity in 85 ECU (European Currency Unit) Working Groups 11, 281 104, 186, 187-91, 196, 216 Court of Auditors 12, 95-6, 111, 'basket' 189 295, 298, 325 composition 190 Court of First Instance 12, 302 private market 188 Court of Justice 14, 101, 271-3, Treasury Bills 188 275, 277, 325, 330 value of 104, 190 Croatia 307 Eden, Sir Anthony 37, 56 'crowding out' 184 EEA see European Economic currency, single 18, 207-232 Area passim EFTA see European Free customs duties 7, 46, 100 Trade Association customs union 46-8, 57, 59 election results 285-8 Czechoslovakia 36 EMCF see European Monetary Cooperation Fund De Gaulle, Charles 37, 57-60 EMI see European Monetary decisions 14 Institute deficiency payments 62 employment comparisons 158 Dehaene, Jean-Luc 86, 296 EMU see Economic and Delors Committee Report 189, Monetary Union 207-10, 219, 222 energy 259 Delors I 99 energy tax 263, 267, 269 Delors,II 99 English language 20, 113-4, 293 Delors, Jacques 26, 68, 73, 86, enlargement 2, 334 149, 161-2, 206-7, 296 environment 22, 254-70 passim Delors White Paper on Growth action plans · 260 4, 161-3, 319 Conference, 1995 G7 258-61 demand and supply, inelasticity 124 lobby 262 democratic deficit 83, 90, 96, 282 policy, Community 263 Denmark 92, 215 Treaty on Union and 264-5 developing countries 34, 48, 126 ERM see directives 14, 204 Mechanism Directorate-General 298 Esperanto 300 divergence indicators 191, 195 Euratom see European Atomic Dublin Declaration 261 Energy Community dumping 49 Euro, the 216, 228 Eurocorps 310 Earth Summit 258 Eurojargon 70, 300 eco-1abels 265 Eromyths 303 Economic and Monetary Union Europe 2000 318-19 186, 193, 207-32 passim Europe, federal state of 5 344 Index

Europe Agreements 73, 77, 297 Monetary Institute (EMI) 13, Europe, multi-speed 24 186--8, 196,204-5,211-15, Europe of regions 334 219-20, 229, 305 Europe, United States of 41 Monetary System (EMS) 144, Europe, variable geometry 24 174, 180, 186 European Parliament 2, 9, 11, 27, 81, 83, Agricultural Guidance and 85, 94--6, 98, 279, 283-96, Guarantee Fund (EAGGF) 298, 329-33 131, 234 Parliament and Regions Atomic Energy Community 8, Conference 282 13, 39, 42, 44, 234 Payments Union (EPU) 188 Central Bank (ECB) 13, 18, Police (Europol) 3, 324-5 187, 205-6, 208, 211, 215, Political Cooperation (EPC) 220-22, 226-7, 306 306 Coal and Steel Community Political Union 87 (ECSC) 13, 39, 41, 44, 85, Recovery Programme 33-4, 39, 188, 233 43 Communities Act (1972) 62 Regional Development Fund Convention for the Protection (ERDF) 234-8, 313 of Human Rights and Social Fund 234-6 Fundamental Freedoms 272, Stability Pact (1995) 36, 309 279 Strategy for Employment 224 Council 4, 11, 109, 300 Structural Funds 234--38, 313 Court of Auditors 9 System of Central Banks Court of Human Rights 12 (ESCB) 13, 208-9, 221 Court of Justice 2-3, 9, 12, 69, Unit of Account (EUA) 104, 245, 297-8, 311 184 Currency Unit 144, 186-7, 206 Defence Community 37, 42, 44 decision-making in 9 Development Fund 20, 48 defence force 309 Directive, 'European' (1994) expansion of 17 252 foreign and security policy 4, Economic Area (EEA) 34, 59, 40, 88, 98, 306-9, 312, 328 67-73, 172, 180, 314, 318 future of 304-35 passim Economic Community 6, 8, 13, institutional relationships 9 39, 42, 44 legal basis of 2 election results 284-8 nomenclature 9 Energy Charter 260 tax 99 Environment Agency 261-2 Free Trade Association Europol 3, 324--5 (EFTA) 34, 42, 47, 55, Eurosceptics 57, 87, 94, 203, 59-60, 67-76 215 Information and Observation Eurosclerosis 15, 327 Network 262 'eurospeak' 300 Investment Bank (EIB) 13, 71, Eurostat 169 188, 239, 320 exchange controls 178 Monetary Cooperation Fund Exchange Equalisation Account (EMCF) 186--7 181 Index 345 exchange rate crisis (1992) 182 'Growth, Competitiveness and Exchange Rate Mechanism Employment', Delors White (ERM) 23, 25, 174, 180, Paper 161-3, 225 186-7, 190--3, 196-203, 209, growth, costs of 149 220, 224, 226 growth performance 152-61 exchange rates, floating 182, 185 Gulf crisis (1990-1) 68, 306 exhaust emissions 22 extensification 138 Hague Conference 37 external costs and benefits 266 Hague summit (1969) 61, 100 'hard' ECU 189 federal government 2, 26, 39-40, harmonisation 306 89 Heath, Sir Edward 61, 64 Finland 27 hedging 178 First World War 29 Highlands and Islands 25, 235 fisheries 61 Home, Earl of 58 Fisheries Guidance, Financial human rights Instrument (FIFO) 235 European Commission 39 flanking policies 70-71 European Convention 39, 43, Fontainebleau summit (1984) 66, 88 109, Ill European Court 39, 44 foreign policy see European revision of Treaty on Union 3 Union Universal Declaration 88 foreign exchange markets 176-8, Hurd, Douglas 326, 331 180-1 fortress Europe 4, 17-18, 20, 27 IGC see Intergovernmental France 4, 42, 332 Conference Frankfurt 205 immigration 18-19 fraud 3, 12, Ill, 113 impossibility theorem 199 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) income elasticity of demand 59 122-3 freedom of information 302 Indian independence 30 INF Treaty 35 General Agreement on Tariffs and inferior goods 122 Trade (GATT) 17, 47, 135 infrastructure 50-51 General Agreement on Trade in Integrated Mediterranean Services (GATS) 205 Programmes (IMP) 238 Geneva Convention 88 integrated pollution control Geneva Treaty 37 (IPC) 257 Germany 5, 41-2, 54, 60, 89, interest rates 184 96, 109, 196, 250, 307, 330, Intergovernmental Conference 332 (IGC) (1996) 1, 2, 19, 25, 28, Germany, reunification 35, 44, 40, 73, 78, 83, 87, 94-5, 246, 164, 172, 200, 258, 283, 313 299, 304, 325-34 Greece 25, 66-7, 87 intergovernmental cooperation 2, green pound 145 4, 7, 19, 86-7, 329, 331, 333 Greenland 94 International Bank for Gross Domestic Product per Reconstruction and head 151-5, 157-8 Development (IBRD) 31 346 Index

International Labour Organisation Luxembourg compromise I5, (ILO) 158 85-6 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 31, I81, 306 Maastricht 2, 45 interpreting services II3 Maastricht Treaty referendum 20I intervention Macmillan, Harold 56, 58 board 134-5 MacSharry reforms I39 buying IOI Major, John 6, 23-4, 87, 93, 206, prices I36 228 stocks I28 majority voting I5, 85-8 Intrastat I69 Malta 68 investment in EU I62 Marshall Plan 32-3, 39, 43 invisibles I69 MCAs see monetary Ioannina compromise 88, 299 compensatory amounts IRENE 11I-I2 MEPs 284, 29I-4 Merchant Shipping Act I988 69 Japan 17, 20, 32, 50, 54, I55, 164 Mercosur 165, I72 job creation I62 mergers, diversifying 53 joint supply I32 Merseyside 25, 235 Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) Messina 42 7, 16, 325 minimum wage, national 243 Mitterrand, President 3, 149, Kennedy round (I962-7) 47, IOO 179, 23I Kohl, Chancellor I, 25, 200, 227, Molitor committee 23 23I, 283, 33I monetarism I75, I83 monetary compensatory amounts Labour Party 6, 63-5 (MCAs) I44-5 labour, price of 3I5 monetary union (EMU) Lamont, Norman 202 costs in creating 223 language stage I 209-10, 305 English 20, I13-14, 293 stage 2 I86-7, 193, 209-I6 official I13 stage 3 6, 13, 205, 209-I6, 305 working 1I4 money 174-232 passim Lawson, Nigel 23, I98 Monnet, Jean 4I League of Nations 29-30, 43 Montreal Protocol 261 legislation delegated I5 NAFTA see North American European Union 13 Free Trade Association Leiden speech 23-4 Nassau Agreement 58 Less Favoured Areas I32 national income measurement lobbyists I6 149 location of industry 313, 316 NATO see North Atlantic Treaty Lome 5, 20 Organisation Lome Convention 20-1, 47-8, Netherlands I, 332 I26, I72, 188, 26I, 27I Nevin, Edward 49 London, City of 54, I76, 204-5, 'New' Labour Party 6 229 New Zealand 57, 63 Luxembourg II 'non-Europe' cost of 22 Index 347

North American Free Trade purchasing power parity theory Association (NAFTA) 172 (PPP) 174-5 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 4, 32, 34-5, Qualified majority vote (QMV) 37-8, 42-3, 306, 310-12 11, 15, 85-8, 253, 264, 299, North Sea oil 51, 153 327 Northern Ireland 60, 63, 90, 284 extension of 329-32 Norway 45, 151 super 88, 327

Ombudsman 301 railways 314 One Market, One Money 222 RECITE programme 319 opportunity cost 316 recommendations and opinions 14 optimum currency area, theory recycling, 1994 Directive 255 of 225 referendum Organisation for Economic French 203 Cooperation and UK (1975) 61-63 Development (OECD) 31, UK on EMU? 229 34, 43, 154 Reflection Group for 1996 IGC Organisation for Security and 98, 326-7, 332 Cooperation in Europe refugees 18-19 (OSCE) 38, 312 Regional Development Fund Organisation for European (ERDF) 25, 161, 234, 236, Economic Cooperation 318-19 (OEEC) 31, 39, 43 Regions, Committee of 234 own-resources financing 100 Regulations 14 rent, theory of 130 Pacific rim countries 51 research and development Pan-European Movement 30, 43 (R & D) 155 Pareto optimality 117 retaining 161 Partnership and Cooperation road transport 55 Agreements (PCAs) 77 Rome, Treaty of 6, 13, 15, 44, Peace Pledge Union 30 59, 67, 85, 116, 244, 277 PEDIP 238 royal prerogative 280 PHARE 78, 258 RPIX 213 pig cycle 117, 119, 124 Russian Federation 77 pillar system 7-9, 28, 326--7, 333 Saarbrucken Agreement 322 Pleven, Rene 3 7 Santer, Jacques 25, 87, 296 Poland 146 Schengen Agreement 7, 24, Political Union Treaty 89 320-24, 329 population 255, 257 Schengen Convention 322, 324 pressure groups 16, 94, 96 Schengen Information System 324 price Schuman, Robert 37, 41 elasticity 123-4 Scotland 90, 335 intervention 129 Second World War, causes 31 target 128-9 separation of powers 280 proportional representation 94, service sector 163 279-80, 291 set-aside 138, 140, 142-3 348 Index single currency 5, 180, 206, Third World 20, 47, 185 207-32 passim Tokyo round (1980--6) 100 Single European Act (SEA) 2, trade 6--7, II, 15-16, 21-2, 44, 81, comparisons 164 85, 92, 294 European Union 169, 171 single European market 5, 97, 102 external 166 single transferable vote 94, 284 intra-Community 165 'snake in the tunnel' 182, 191 invisible 171 Social Chapter 3, 5--6, 60, 246, visible 169-71 250--1, 253 trans-European networks Social Charter 27, 161, 243, (TENS) 12-13, 51, 162, 234, 245-7, 250--1, 253 239, 259, 314, 319, 321 social dumping 250--1 Transatlantic Economic Space 312 Social Fund 22, 161, 234, 236 translation and interpretation social policy 233, 241, 244 services 298 Social Policy, Agreement on 246 transparency 16, 301-3 Solemn Declaration on European Treaty of Accession (1972) 62 Union (1983) 15 Treaty of Paris 1, 85 sovereignty Treaty of Rome 13, 15, 67, ll6, economic 228 244, 277 issue of 88-94 Treaty of Versailles 29 loss of 3, 5, 91 Treaty on (European) Union national 22, 27, 41, 88 11-13, 26, 45, 83, 272, 280-3, parliamentary 61, 92 291, 294, 324 Soviet Union 78 operation of 27 Spaak, Paul 42 pillars of 7-9,28,326--7,333 Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) revision of 1, 3 188 Trialogue 13 speculation 177-8 Turkey 67, 87, 151 Stabex 20, 48 Stages, I, 2 and 3 see monetary unanimity 85-8 union unemployment 4, 158-161 Stockholm Convention (1960) 59 Union, European structural funds 158, 236, 240 administrative cost 96 subsidiarity 26--7, 90, 93, 219, bureaucratic? 96 247 deepening and widening 4-5 sugar levies I 00 future of 304-35 passim supply-side economics 185 United Kingdom surpluses of food 126, 134, 136 accession 66 Sweden 4, 27, 38, 332 budget contributions 109 Switzerland 38, 44, 68, 71 changing political attitudes 56 Sysmin 20, 48 economic case for joining 55 impact of MEPs 294 TACIS 78, 258 net deficit 109 TARGET 205 opposition to VAT tariffs 47-9, 100 harmonisation 103 Thatcher, Margaret 6, 22-4, 64, opt-out from stage 3 220--l, 66, 98, 109-10, 198, 206-7, 257 227 Index 349

United Kingdom (Cont'd.) French 58 opt-out on social policy 251-3, individual country's power 15 329 visas 19 parliament 91-2 Visegrad 78 second application to join 59 United Nations 149, 306, 310 Wages Councils 160 United States 4-5, 48, 60, 89, Wales 90, 284 155, 164, 172, 185, 206, 311 Warsaw Pact 35, 42 United States of Europe 30 Westendorp, Carlos 326 Uruguay round (1986--94) 17, 20, Western European Union (WEU) 27, 47, 100, 129, 138, 141, 4, 33, 36--8, 310-11, 332 147, 173, 205, 297 Wilson, Harold 58, 63-4 wine 134 Van Gend & Loos 278 working hours 155 VAT 7, 101-2, 109, 306 Works Councils 243, 251-2 Directive (1977) 101 World Trade Organisation minimum standard rate 103 (WTO) 17, 47, 49, 135, 173 receipts 99 revenues 99 Yugoslavia 307, 335 Very Short Term Financing Mechanism (VSTF) 196 Zurich 41 veto