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GIS Business ISSN: 1430-3663 Vol-15-Issue-6-June-2020 Abdulla Qodiriy’s “Bygone Days” – The Insistent Light of World Recognition Qodiriy Mahzuna Shavkataliyevna Uzbekistan State University of World Languages English Teacher Tashkent, Uzbekistan [email protected] Annotation: This article discusses the possibility of achieving effective results on the contribution of a work to world literature by studying issues of advanced creative psychology, a creative concept, aesthetic taste, beliefs in world literature using the example of Abdulla Qodiriy.One of the most important issues is the study of the life and work of AbdullaQodiriy, who covered the criteria of literature in his works and contributed to our national literature. In addition, the fact that the work of Abdulla Qodiriy “Bygone Days” has not lost its relevance today and is gaining popularity in world literature is a reflection of the fact that our national traditions are spread all over the world. Key words: jadidism, classical literature, intellectuals, enlightenment, women in society, andisha (humility from Uzb.), methodological approach. One excellent feature of the historical novel is that it, in one respect, gives the reader an interest in the form of an artistic work, in the second, slightly challenges the reader’s world view with historical events... Abdulla Qodiriy. With the relatively recent establishment of a sovereign Uzbekistan,a wide range of opportunities have been created to study, promote and perfect the profound cultural and spiritual heritage of our great ancestors, who have contributed to the achievements of the world culture.The independence of a people and the subsequent formation of their worldview are inherent conditions for the formation of democracy and the primary animus towards a nation’s spiritual development. Thus, the government of an independent Uzbekistan focuses special attention on the problems of spiritual reconciliation and purification. This effort is P a g e | 106 Copyright ⓒ 2020Author GIS Business ISSN: 1430-3663 Vol-15-Issue-6-June-2020 a response to the growing interest of our people to know their history and culture with the study of material culture of the Uzbek people being of great importance. Contemporary Uzbek intellectuals’ interest in the legacy of Jadidism lies in their awareness of the parallels that period holds for their own pride in Uzbek history, culture and civilization. The importance of the Uzbek language, classical literature, and education of the people are the main focus of today’s Uzbek intellectuals; and, in a similar fashion, Abdulla Qodiriy, Cholpon, and Fitrat also played a central role in promoting and reforming these same concerns. Today Jadid ideas on education, modernisation and religious revivalism remain the main sources of current political and cultural activities in Uzbekistan. Naturally many Uzbek intellectuals look towards Abdulla Qodiriy, Cholpon and Fitrat for ideological and spiritual inspiration and leadership. So, we use the term Jadid to describe a broad social phenomenon that first became apparent in Central Asia in approximately the mid-nineteenth century and continues to this day. But we should also understand that the Jadid movement worked in tandem with other post-colonial movements throughout the world. We can easily categorize Qodiriy as a Jadid reformer in order to articulate for ourselves where he stood among the hundreds of social “categories” that were vying for survival at the time. We use the term to describe a moment in history. One of the luminaries of the Jadid milieu was Abdulla Qodiriy. His two main novels, Bygone Days or in Uzbek O’tkan Kunlar and Scorpion from the Mehrab or MehrobdanChayonset the standard for Uzbek prose and provided the benchmark for aspiring Uzbek authors. As one translator of the O’tkanKunlar wrote: To prepare for my exams, I was tasked with translating the first three chapters of Abdulla Qodiriy’sO’tganKunlar (Bygone Days). Once I began, I became completely obsessed with finding out how the novel ended, and so I read the whole thing. P a g e | 107 Copyright ⓒ 2020Author GIS Business ISSN: 1430-3663 Vol-15-Issue-6-June-2020 I quickly learned during my time in Tashkent that everybody in Uzbekistan has an opinion about O’tganKunlar (Bygone Days). It became clear that Qodiriy was a beloved literary figure and that I was gaining insight into an aspect of Uzbek culture that very few people ever learn about.( Mark Reese)[http://www.theuzbekmodernist.com,The Muloqot Cultural Engagement Program ,Facebook ] As Qodiriy himselfwrote: All languages also take “the borrowings” from languages. It is impossible without it. The work turns out dry, without an essence, if it is written only in its own language. The writer must thoroughly study the language and folklore of his people, and it is a virtue that he knows several languages, especially theneighboring languages. Only then the language becomes rich, the work comes to life. ( AbdullaQodiriy).[Abdulla Qodiriy, Selected Works, Tashkent, Sharq Publishing House - Editor-in-Chief of Matbaa Joint Stock Company, 2014]. A few words about the translation of the novel into different languages: according to data collected, Bygone Days/ O’tkan Kunlar translated into dozens of world languages, including: Russian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Tatar, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Tajik, Turkmen, Uyghur, Karakalpak, German, Turkish, English (2 times) and Chinese. Many of the issues that Central Asians faced in the early part of the 20th century hold eerie parallels to our own period. What is the role of Islam in society or government? What is the role of women in Islam? How should we counteract corruption? What defines a marriage? How will we define ourselves? How will we define others? In Qodiriy’s case,especially, in doing so, how do we maintain our humanity? If we read Bygone Days/ O’tkan Kunlar we can notice both linguistic and elevating patterns in the masterpiece: P a g e | 108 Copyright ⓒ 2020Author GIS Business ISSN: 1430-3663 Vol-15-Issue-6-June-2020 One noteworthy example at the end of O’tkanKunlar (Bygone days) is when Qodiriy’s hero Otabekdeploys a significant religious expression: “In fact, who can hear the calling “hayyaalalfalaq” in the cemetery”. According to the Qodiriy’s commentary the meaning of the expression “hayyaalalfalaq” stands for “an urgent call for assistance, to offer support”. The word “Cemetery” is a metaphor. It is an image of the Motherland during both the mid- 19th century and Qodiriy’s period of the early 20th century. Jadids, especially Abdulla Qodiriy,often called upon their nascent nation to become familiar with the reforms taking place around the world, in order to avoid regression to outdated methods, in order to reconcile internal conflicts and nepotism, and to fight for the flourishing of the Motherland. Otabek, who referred to his people as those who reside “in a cemetery”; in other words countrymen who have not awaken from the sleep of ignorance by the call of the morning prayers. The hero of the novel hoped for the Khans and Beks to implement mothers of new government policy and save them from the harm of colonization. In turn both author and his hero are prototypical Jadids, or proponents of enlightenment. The author also noted his religious beliefs, ironically, through the words of the character Homid that Central Asia is behind other nations with: Allah, has turned this world to camphor. What this could be taken to mean is that European nations have overtaken their homeland and reflects the views of AbdullaQodiriy himself. Finally, in the last chapters of the novel YusufbekHojirelays to his sonOtabek: “…Our Turkistan, where we buried the sacred bodies of our ancestors, we – the dogs who are going to turn it into pigs’ stywill certainly meet to God’s wrath! Leaders like TemurKuragon, Conquerors as MirzoBobur, scientists as Farobiy, Ulugbek, Abu Ali Ibn Sino who brought up and served for this land, people who is going to drive it into danger certainly worth of God’s anger, my son! Killing P a g e | 109 Copyright ⓒ 2020Author GIS Business ISSN: 1430-3663 Vol-15-Issue-6-June-2020 sinless merges, cruel people who destroyed orphanage house, worms and birds will meet scold of grown grasses, my son! …”.[Abdulla Qodiriy. O’tkankunlar.“Sharq” Joint stock publishing house company head office. Tashkent. -1995. p.22 ] In the first case, the wise and far-seeingYusufbekHojiportends the turning the land into a “pig sty”, is a self-blame towards “we the dogs” who represent the Khan, Beks and government officials who administered the country during that period and did not understand the need to implement reforms. Secondly, he provides a sharp critique, one that likely meant the death of his author, toward the illegal and repressive policies of colonists. It is clear that the novel clearly depicts that the more forward-thinking intelligentsia of Qodiriy’s period understood their predicament not just of the mid-nineteenth century but their own period - a situation that denied them their own dreams for change. We know from world history the role and importance of the educational development of women in creating change within society. Our specialists of pedagogy believe that it is impossible to reform society, to systematically reform it, without changing the attitude of women in society—reform is not possible without the increasing the importance of a woman’s social status in family and society. In this light, the Jadids advocated for the creation of women’s’ rights, the renewal of a legal framework of families. The active participation by women in educational and enlightenment processes with the belief that ultimately the fate of the nation, of society, and the state depends upon the spiritual health of women thus families. If we look at the history of our literature, the above concerns are covered by Uzbek writers and poets through their unique contributions.
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