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Home , Bayard Rustin, Direct action, George Houser, Harry Belafonte, Vernon Jordan, Walter Reuther

Poverty & Race

PRRAC POVERTY & RACE RESEARCH ACTION COUNCIL

January/February 2009 Volume 18: Number 1

Bayard Rustin and the by Daniel Levine

Bayard Rustin is most remem- the story of a man finding out that child and adult, always included blacks bered as the organizer who made the moral crusades, no matter how righ- and whites. He was a superb student 1963 on Washington happen. teous, are futile unless combined with in high school, a talented singer and He organized or did himself the day- actual power, political power. athlete. He went for a year or two to to-day grunt work like arranging Rustin came to the Civil Rights several colleges, but did not graduate transportation and renting facilities. He Movement from the international paci- from any. At City College of New also worked on grand plans and vision fist movement, where he had intimate York, he was, for about a year and a for that day. But he was much more knowledge and experience of non-vio- half, a member of the Young Com- than that. He had been one of the very lent . As a member of the munist League, because the YCL op- few to adapt the theory and practice pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation posed American entry into World War of Non-Violent Direct Action (NVDA) (FOR) in the 1930s and 1940s, he ran II. Rustin was a pacifist who had joined to race relations in the . NVDA workshops all over the coun- the Society of Friends (the church of NVDA was created for quite different try, sometimes actually trying out the his great-grandmother) in 1936. When circumstances and was counter to method by challenging in de- Hitler attacked Russia and the Com- American traditional culture, so the partment stores or restaurants. munist Party abandoned , process was a slow one. After 1965, Throughout the Civil Rights Move- Rustin abandoned the Party. Rustin favored moving “From ment, Bayard Rustin was always there. He would not serve in the military to ,” the title of his most fa- He was there in the 1940s, when the nor co-operate in any way with Selec- mous article. He was always an inte- struggle for black equality seemed dis- tive Service, although in later years grationist who stood strongly against couragingly small. He was there as the he said that if he had known about the ideas of separatism or black national- movement accelerated in the . Holocaust, he would have served in ism. He tried, and only partly suc- He was with in Montgomery and some non-combat capacity. In the ceeded, to unite the labor movement with the students when they revital- 1940s, he and other “non-cooperators” with the drive for racial justice, be- ized the movement in the . When went to prison. Bayard Rustin was a cause he believed both were primarily he was not physically at the center, difficult prisoner. He was constantly issues of economic class. His is also people who were would be constantly challenging , and he on the telephone with him. (Please turn to page 2) Daniel Levine (dlevine@bowdoin. edu) is Professor of History Emeritus at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Rustin’s Background CONTENTS: Maine, where he has taught since 1963. He drew this article from his Rustin was born in 1912 in West Bayard Rustin ...... 1 2000 book, Bayard Rustin and the Chester, Pennsylvania, but lived most Fair Housing Commn. . 3 Civil Rights Movement (Rutgers of his life in , only briefly Freedom Budget ...... 9 Univ. Press). Among his other books in . Since his mother was only Apology/Reparations 10 16 and unmarried when he was born, is Poverty and Society: The Growth PRRAC Update ...... 11 of the American Welfare State in In- he was raised by his grandparents, Resources ...... 12 ternational Comparison. (Rutgers whom he always thought of as “ma Univ. Press, 1988). and pa.” His circle of friends, as a

Poverty & Race Research Action Council • 1015 15th Street NW • Suite 400 • Washington, DC 20005 202/906-8023 • FAX: 202/842-2885 • E-mail: [email protected] • www.prrac.org Recycled Paper (RUSTIN: Continued from page 1) but in the border states. There was a NAACP was there, and FOR sent bit of violence in Chapel Hill, North Houser and Rustin. The latter two drew was an active homosexual. He had dis- Carolina. Bayard and others were ar- up a sensible practical proposal for the covered his homosexuality as a teen- rested, and the Journey went on, but Cicero Committee of the Chicago ager, and was for decades tortured no further south than Tennessee, then Council Against Racial and Religious about it. He considered homosexual- back to Washington. If Rustin, Houser Discrimination, a private group, say- ity wrong, in religious terms, a sin. and the others hoped to bring segrega- ing that mob violence must not be al- In prison, he was punished for it by tion to national attention, they failed. lowed to prevail. The proposal was isolation. His isolation was in the The Journey was only noticed by the ignored, and the black family felt they prison library, which in fact was a Afro-American press, but it became had to move out. Mob violence pre- wonderful opportunity, given his pas- the for the “Freedom Rides” of vailed. Later, however, the police sion for learning. In 1945, Rustin and 1961 chief and several town officials were other pacifists were stunned by news Rustin’s trial was a year later. Af- convicted under federal law for not of the atomic bomb. They felt that all ter a 15-minute deliberation, he and doing their duty. other crusades had to be suspended in another rider were convicted and given NVDA had failed on the Journey the face of this threat to all life. He a sentence of 30 days on a chain gang. of Reconciliation, but the threat of became a model prisoner, and was re- The verdict was of course appealed. succeeded in the leased in March of 1947. campaign to end segregation in the The half dozen years after his re- Rustin made the 1963 military. NVDA had failed in Cicero, lease were ones of whirlwind activity. March on Washington but eventually there was progress with He moved into an apartment on Mott happen. federal help. Rustin was gradually Street in , a building coming to the conclusion that NVDA filled with reformers and activists. He needed the aid of political power to began talking with , Also in 1947, Rustin ran, and A. make any progress. who was also thinking about how Philip Randolph chaired, a “League NVDA had been developed in an NVDA could be applied to race rela- for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience anti-colonial campaign. Perhaps it tions, about a “Journey of Reconcilia- Against Military Segregation.” In could be further developed in other tion,” a bus trip through the segregated March of 1948, President Truman met anti-colonial battles, perhaps . South by an interracial group. The with a number of “Negro” leaders, in- In 1952, under the auspices of the Supreme Court had outlawed segre- cluding Randolph, and issued a some- American Friends Service Committee gation on interstate travel in 1946, but what ambiguous order desegregating (AFSC) and FOR, Bayard attended the decision was not enforced. A the military. Randolph thought the or- another world conference in “Journey of Reconciliation” would der was adequate, and the League dis- England, then a quick stop in Paris, challenge state segregation laws and banded. then to Africa, particularly the Gold perhaps bring the whole question of While the appeal of his North Coast (later renamed ), to meet segregation to national attention. The Carolina conviction was going on, and other African Journey began in Washington in April Rustin traveled to , via London, leaders. But it would be hard to find of 1947, going not into the deep South, to a conference. This was any effect on the anti-colonial process the first of many trips to London, and from the American NVDA effort. he developed an English accent, which Rustin returned to the United States Poverty and Race (ISSN 1075-3591) he could turn off and on. When and and resumed his writing and lecturing is published six times a year by the Poverty & Race Research Action Coun- why he spoke with that accent is not all over the country. He was by now cil, 1015 15th Street NW, Suite 400, clear. In India, Rustin traveled and the leading theorist and practitioner of Washington, DC 20005, 202/906- spoke widely, becoming a much ad- Non-Violent Direct Action in the coun- 8023, fax: 202/842-2885, E-mail: mired figure, and met the major In- try, was in fact “Mr. NVDA.” He was [email protected]. Chester Hartman, dian leaders. A few weeks later, he an obvious choice for a leadership po- Editor. Subscriptions are $25/year, was on the chain gang in North Caro- sition in FOR or some organization in $45/two years. Foreign postage extra. lina. He served, with “good time,” the growing Civil Rights Movement. Articles, article suggestions, letters and general comments are welcome, as are 22 days. His account of those days, as Then he was arrested in Los Ange- notices of publications, conferences, reported in the New York Post, Au- les, not for any pacifist or civil rights job openings, etc. for our Resources gust 22-26, 1949, was one factor activity, but on a “morals” (that is, Section. Articles generally may be re- which led to abolition of the chain homosexuality) charge. In January of printed, providing PRRAC gives ad- gang in the state. 1953, he was convicted and sentenced vance permission. During the Summer of 1951, a to prison. He was devastated; again © Copyright 2009 by the Poverty black family rented an apartment in overcome by guilt. His friends and as- & Race Research Action Council. All rights reserved. Cicero, Illinois, and was greeted by a sociates, far from being supportive, white mob. Walter White from the (Please turn to page 6)

2 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • January/February 2009 “The Goal of Inclusive, Diverse Communities”: Introduction to the final report of the National Commission on Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity

The National Commission on Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity’s recently released final report includes significant new recommendations for reforming fair housing enforcement and federal housing policy to promote housing choice and reverse continuing trends of residential segregation. The Commission, co-chaired by former HUD Secretaries Henry Cisneros and Jack Kemp, was created through the partnership of four leading national civil rights organizations: the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Education Fund (LCCR/EF); the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights under Law (LCCRUL); the National Fair Housing Alliance (NFHA); and the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF). PRRAC served as one of the consultants to the Commission. The key recommendations in the final report include: • Moving fair housing enforcement (investigation and prosecution of discrimination complaints) from HUD to a new independent agency, advised by a Commission appointed by the President, with day-to-day operations overseen by a career staff (in the near term, while this structural change is being implemented, the Commission also recommends separating HUD’s current Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity into two offices, the Office of Fair Housing and the Office of Civil Rights—in order to prioritize and strengthen both fair housing enforcement and internal agency compliance). • Revitalizing the President’s Fair Housing Council to coordinate fair housing activities throughout the federal gov- ernment, as provided by Executive Order 12892. • Strengthening the Fair Housing Initiatives Program by increased funding to $52 million immediately, with a longer- term goal of supporting a private fair housing group in every metropolitan region in the country. • A renewed commitment to “affirmatively furthering fair housing” among HUD grantees that includes enforceable time frames, comprehensive agency review of community plans and sanctions for non-compliance. • Incorporating a fair housing analysis in the response to the foreclosure crisis, requiring HUD and Treasury to affirmatively further fair housing in mortgage rescue activities and marketing foreclosed properties. • Restoring the central role of fair housing in the design and implementation of federal housing programs, including major HUD housing programs (Section 8, public housing, HOME, CDBG), the Low Income Housing Tax Credit and USDA housing programs. • Providing a renewed emphasis on the value of diverse, inclusive communities in national media campaigns. Commission members—in addition to former Secretaries Cisneros and Kemp—included Okianer Christian Dark, Associ- ate Dean for Academic Affairs at the College of Law; Gordon Quan, Houston, Former Mayor Pro Tem and Chair of the Housing Committee for the City of Houston; Pat Combs, past President of the National Association of Realtors; Myron Orfield, Professor at the School of Law; and I. King Jordan, President-Emeritus of Gallaudet University. A copy of the full Commission report is available at www.prrac.org and on the websites of each of the sponsoring civil rights organizations. The following excerpt (notes omitted) sets out the Commission’s vision for inclusive, diverse communities.

Forty years after the passage of the ing discrimination and its origins, its Fair Housing Act in 1968 and 20 years connection with policy after the Fair Housing Amendments and practice, and its effect on Ameri- Act of 1988, the National Commis- can communities. In this report, the sion on Fair Housing and Equal Op- Commission calls for renewed efforts We dedicate this issue of Pov- portunity (Commission) was convened to end both old and new patterns of erty & Race to the wonderful mu- to address the significant and ongoing housing discrimination through better sical/political career of Odetta, national crisis of housing discrimina- enforcement, better education, and who passed away in early Decem- tion and residential segregation. The systemic change. ber at the age of 77. Her power- Commission conducted regional hear- When the Fair Housing Act was first ful, rich voice was there, in per- ings in Chicago, Los Angeles, Bos- passed, racially and ethnically diverse son and on recordings, at so many ton, , and Houston, to collect neighborhoods were generally dis- important civil rights events. information and hear testimony about cussed only in terms of benefits to ra- the nature and extent of illegal hous- (Please turn to page 4) January/February 2009 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • 3 (HOUSING: Continued from page 3) where housing and schools are stable community services that brings both and well supported; where employment benefits and threats to existing resi- cial or ethnic minorities. Today, many is accessible; and where all racial and dents. Each of these community con- recognize that diverse neighborhoods ethnic groups, and persons with dis- texts demands different types of sup- have tangible benefits for all people abilities, are an integral part of the port in order to maintain a stable, in- who live in them and that true diver- larger community. clusive, diverse character. sity is more than just “racial integra- What are some of the characteris- Congress passed the Fair Housing tion.” Rather, a diverse community tics of these communities? Act in 1968 to guarantee the right to is one where all residents are included, • Inclusive, diverse communities choose where to live without facing where no group is privileged above have quality schools with diverse discrimination or legally imposed ob- any other group, and where everyone student bodies that enhance out- stacles. This is a core value that needs has equal access to opportunity. comes for all children. no additional justification. But it is also The goal of the fair housing move- • Inclusive, diverse communities important to recognize the other ben- ment is to support and promote these have a healthy, robust housing efits and values that are promoted by inclusive, diverse communities of market that competes for buyers inclusive and diverse communities: choice: communities and neighbor- and renters from all racial and hoods where families choose to live; ethnic groups in a region and Diversity in communities leads to di- cannot be easily targeted by versity in schools. predatory lenders. A diverse, inclusive learning en- Resources • Inclusive, diverse communities vironment is one of the most impor- contribute to the regional tant benefits of fair housing. In most www.aricherlife.org economy with a range of hous- parts of the country, housing and ing choices for workers of all www.integrationagenda.org school segregation are closely linked. income ranges, and help to pre- Kirwan Institute for the Study of Most school districts rely on geogra- vent the harmful concentration of Race and Ethnicity, The Geogra- phy to assign students, resulting in racially isolated poverty at the phy of Opportunity: Review of school demographic patterns tracking core of the metropolitan region. Opportunity Mapping Initiatives residential patterns. School diversity • Inclusive, diverse communities (July 2008)—available at http:// has been shown to reduce racial preju- www.prrac.org/projects/fair incorporate accessible design and dice, increase racial tolerance, and housingcommission.php (Los An- housing options that maximize even improve critical thinking skills. geles exhibits) inclusion of persons with disabili- Minority students who attend diverse ties in the built environment and NAACP Legal Defense and Edu- schools are more likely to graduate in communications. cation Fund, Inc. & Civil Rights from high school, attend and graduate • Inclusive, diverse communities Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles from college, and connect to social and Still Looking to the Future: Vol- successfully sprawl and its labor networks that lead to higher earn- untary K-12 School Integration negative social and environmen- ing potential as adults. (2008)—available at www. tal impacts by consolidating ldf.org growth for a mixed income, di- Inclusive and diverse communities can verse population along efficient Smart growth links: www.smart break down social divisions. growthamerica.org, www.policy transportation corridors and by link.org bringing workers closer to re- The deep geographic racial divide Brookings Institution Metropoli- gional job centers. in the United States feeds a sense of tan Policy Program (www. fear, suspicion, and alienation. In his brookings.edu/metro.aspx): Alan We also recognize that these inclu- testimony, Professor john powell high- Berube, How to Reverse the Trend sive and diverse communities can be lighted the impacts of this racial di- of Concentrated Poverty (2008); formed in different ways. They may vide on economic inequality, and the Bruce Katz, Neighborhoods of include predominantly White suburban sense of unfairness and resentment that Choice and Connection (2005); towns that are becoming more eco- geographic separation can foster: Anthony Downs, “The Relation- nomically and racially diverse; or in- [I]n many regions, we are polar- ship Between Affordable Housing tegrated older inner-ring suburbs fac- and Growth Management” (2003) izing into socially, economically ing high rates of foreclosure, which and racially isolated enclaves of Testimony and exhibits from the may need infrastructure and market- extreme high and low opportu- hearings of the National Commis- ing support to maintain a stable, di- nity. A range of high and low sion on Fair Housing and Equal verse population over time; or lower opportunity areas is to be ex- Opportunity are archived at http:/ income urban neighborhoods experi- pected; people and places are di- /www.prrac.org/projects/ encing and the accom- verse. The challenge for us, for fairhousingcommission.php panying influx of new money and our democracy, and for our chil-

4 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • January/February 2009 dren is not that a range of com- employment, health, and other mea- munities exist, but that the gulf sures. between the high- and low-op- In the 1980s, the Gautreaux As- Be sure portunity areas today is often so sisted Housing Program demonstrated to visit wide as to hardly be transcended. that families benefited by moving from Often, the highest performing high poverty, racially isolated neigh- the PRRAC schools, the healthiest air and borhoods to very low poverty, racially website at: groceries, the most active social networks critical to finding sus- integrated suburban communities. tainable employment are concen- These new areas also happened to be trated together and removed from areas of high opportunity, with high www.prrac.org the vast majority of residents. quality schools and richer employment These “favored quarters” dot our offerings, which led to positive results regions and threaten to under- for many Gautreaux movers and their mine a sense of shared commu- children (including higher rates of em- nity. ployment for mothers and academic housing markets, share common eco- benefits for children). There was also nomic destinies.” But segregation has Just as school integration can reduce evidence that these moves to higher- a detrimental impact on the competi- racial prejudice among children, we opportunity areas gave residents a tiveness of metropolitan areas in our can expect a similar result in shared “new sense of efficacy and control” increasingly global economy. A true communities and neighborhoods. For and more interracial contact, leading rebirth of distressed areas (and the cit- example, recent research shows that to a reduction in racial stereotypes. ies in which they are located) will only sustained cross-racial contact lowers occur if we make these places “neigh- stereotyping and prejudice, even on a Inclusive and diverse communities borhoods of connection that are fully subconscious level. support smart growth and environ- linked to metropolitan opportunities” mental values. for individuals and families with a Inclusive and diverse communities broad range of incomes. “Smart growth” planning empha- provide a base for family economic A recent report about Minneapolis/ sizes mixed use, mixed income, higher success. St. Paul explains the consequences of density, pedestrian-friendly communi- our nation’s current course that is re- A home is the major asset for the ties that are accessible to public trans- flective of the situation throughout the vast majority of American families and portation, enjoy ample open space and nation: “Without serious attention to the primary means of building equity recreational opportunities, and reduce the next generation of workers, who and passing wealth from one genera- traffic congestion, energy consump- are more likely to be minority, and tion to the next. Yet segregation has tion, concentrated poverty, and more likely to be poor, the Twin Cit- made minority families more vulner- sprawl. Many smart growth advocates ies workforce will be smaller and less able to predatory lending practices as have rejected a no-growth approach to skilled than currently, presenting the well as to the devastating social and limiting sprawl and have embraced af- possibility of a less competitive fu- depreciation impacts associated with fordable housing as a key element of ture.” Reducing disparities between foreclosures concentrated in a commu- socially equitable smart growth plan- individuals of different backgrounds nity. ning. Affordable housing develop- and socioeconomic statuses is critical Inclusive, diverse communities at- ment distributed equitably across com- to economic competitiveness and “can tract a wider range of potential buyers munities in a region furthers smart promote a strong future workforce, from throughout the metropolitan growth goals by increasing housing improve the region’s fiscal situation, area, which sustains housing prices and densities, encouraging transit-oriented and build a healthier region.” leads to more balanced appreciation in development, bringing low-wage All over America, thoughtful ad- home value. Diverse communities are workers closer to jobs, and shifting vocates, community organizers, and also less likely to be targeted for preda- land use planning from the local to the families are working to find ways to tory or subprime loan products. regional level. build equal opportunity in housing. In this report, we build upon that inno- Inclusive and diverse communities Inclusive and diverse communities vation, those ideas, and the spirit of provide access to opportunity for lower support regional and global competi- change, offering concrete recommen- income families. tiveness. dations for actions that we believe are Racial segregation separates lower America’s economy is now centered critical to move us forward toward our income African-American and Latino in metropolitan areas that “encompass vision of creating and sustaining stable, families from opportunity in metro- large cities, old and new suburbs, and diverse, inclusive neighborhoods politan areas, which predictably leads even exurban and rural areas that, by across America. ❏ to depressed outcomes in education, virtue of their interwoven labor and

January/February 2009 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • 5 (RUSTIN: Continued from page 2) became better known, and also NVDA, formally to exist, and Randolph be- four initials hitherto virtually unknown came known as “Mr. March.” This added their criticism to his own sense to most Americans. “non-march” was the beginning of of distress. “I know now,” he wrote On a subsequent visit to Montgom- Rustin’s experience organizing dem- in 1953, “that for me sex must be sub- ery, Rustin suggested to King that or- onstrations. limated if I am to live with myself.” ganizing in one Southern city was not In one of Rustin’s “Working Pa- On his release, he resigned from FOR enough. There needed to be a South- pers” for what became the Southern (or was asked to), but with the sup- wide organization protesting against Christian Leadership Conference, he port of FOR’s chairman, A.J. Muste, segregation in its many forms and in recommended that the emerging orga- sought a “cure” with the help of a psy- many places. Probably other people nization should stress the need for in- chiatrist. The psychiatrist, Robert were thinking along the same lines, and creased Negro voting—which would Ascher, concluded that Rustin would after various meetings and confer- require federal support. The first ac- not change, and the two ended up dis- ences, the Southern Christian Leader- tion of the SCLC was therefore a cussing simply how Rustin might be ship Conference was founded in 1957. “Prayer Pilgrimage” in May of 1957. more discreet. He was now unaccept- No one paid much attention, and vir- Randolph, Wilkins and Martin Luther able to FOR, and even to the theoreti- tually no one realized that SCLC King were co-chairs, and Bayard cally tolerant Society of Friends. He would become perhaps the best known Rustin and , a vigorous eventually found a home with another of the direct action organizations of long-time NAACP organizer, in fact tiny pacifist organization, the War Re- the Civil Rights Movement. While the organized it. The Prayer Pilgrimage sisters League. During the next few was still going on, Rustin took place on May 17, 1957, with years, Bayard Rustin came more to wrote a series of Working Papers. In perhaps 15,000 people attending. accept himself without guilt. one of these, he analyzed why the Martin Luther King delivered the most movement was succeeding and sug- memorable speech. “Give us the right to vote,” he cried. National media took Martin Luther King and He worked out a large almost no notice of the pilgrimage, and A. Philip Randolph program of public the right to vote was not guaranteed works, The Freedom by federal action until 1965. At about the same time, a then un- Budget for all known young minister in Montgom- ery, Alabama was chairing a bus boy- Americans. Organizing Marches cott and something called the Mont- gomery Improvement Association. A. gested that these rules applied to other As the Civil Rights Movement Philip Randolph, long-time activist actions: The protest must be related to gathered momentum, as Southern op- and head of the largest “Negro” union, the objective; the participants must be position to school integration mounted, The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Por- those actually aggrieved; the partici- Randolph, as official chairman, but ters, and some other Northern activ- pants must constantly talk about meth- again with Bayard doing the actual ists thought there ought to be some way ods and rededicate themselves to the planning, organized a Youth March to help. Since the boycott was a non- theory and practice of NVDA. If these for Integrated Schools in 1958. It was violent action, it was obvious that principles were ignored, as they fre- essentially a Northern operation, with “Mr. NVDA” might be helpful. Rustin quently were, particularly in the North, strong support from labor unions. went to Alabama. In Montgomery, the protest action often failed. Bayard would always continue to be- Rustin and King hit it off immedi- When, in 1963, A. Philip Randolph lieve that the labor movement and Civil ately, and the two talked for many chose Bayard Rustin as Deputy Direc- Rights Movement could be allies. The hours about the theory, theology and tor of the March on Washington, he March on October 15 had about 10,000 practice of Non-Violent Direct Action. chose the person who had the ability participants. There were stirring Rustin always denied that he taught and experience to carry out a success- speeches, including one by Martin King about NVDA, but King admit- ful demonstration. Randolph had Luther King, read by Coretta Scott ted he had not thought deeply about it threatened such a march in 1941 in King, because her husband was in the before. Soon Rustin had to leave, as order to get “Negro” workers into the hospital recovering from an assassina- local authorities and the Montgomery defense industries, and Rustin had been tion attempt in Harlem by a deranged newspaper began to find out about this the “Youth Organizer” for that march. black woman. , who, outsider, this ex-Communist and ho- That march did not have to take place, along with and Jackie mosexual who was helping the boy- because President Roosevelt issued an Robinson, had also delivered rousing cott. So Rustin returned to New York Executive Order (8802) which offi- speeches, led a delegation to the White and with others created “In Friend- cially prohibited House. President Eisenhower did not ship,” a Northern group supporting in defense plants, but the “March on receive them, nor even send a staff King. Gradually, Martin Luther King Washington Movement” continued member. They left a message with a 6 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • January/February 2009 guard at the gate. Rustin organized a Second Youth Thank you for your generous contributions to PRRAC! March for Integrated Schools for April 1959. This time, there were over 300 Richard & Bonnie Willis Hawley Allan Rodgers buses and perhaps 25,000 people. Bieder Olati Johnson William Rubenstein Again, the event was hardly noticed Bradford Brown Charles Judd Juliet Saltman by the national media. Again, Martin Sheryll Cashin Henry Kahn Anthony Sarmiento Luther King gave a rousing speech. Anthony Downs Henry Korman John & Laura Lee Again, Harry Belafonte led a delega- Judith Eisenberg Betsy Krieger Simon tion to the . This time Robert Ellis Spence Limbocker David Smith they were received by Gerald P. Mor- Rashi Fein John Maher Girardeau Spann gan, the only black member of Herbert Gans Thomas Mortenson Greg Squires Eisenhower’s staff, who assured the Jack Geiger John & Sandra William Taylor delegation that the President was sym- Daniel Goldstein O’Donnell Margaret Weir pathetic to ending discrimination. Jerry Goldstein Suzanne Post Jody Yetzer Rustin told the crowd, “When we come back with 50,000, I promise you, the President will be in town. And Rustin had talked about four years be- “This Nigger Had Fun,” and he did. when we bring 100,000, Congress will fore. The headquarters on West 130th There was opposition to the march sit in special session.” Street in Harlem was a beehive of ac- and of course to Rustin himself, mostly Beside SCLC, other civil rights tivity: arranging bus schedules, rent- but not entirely from Southerners. organizations were springing up or get- ing the public address system, being President Kennedy at first opposed the ting renewed energy, based on the sure there were enough portable toi- march, but then tried to capture it. ideas and methods of NVDA. There lets. and, probably the most time-con- Roy Wilkins came to the headquarters was the Student Nonviolent Coordi- suming, raising the money. Of course one day and said that Kennedy wanted nating Committee in the Spring of to speak. But the march was supposed 1960, inspired by Rustin’s friend Ella He believed the labor to be the people speaking to the Presi- Baker, and the 1961 Freedom Rides, and civil rights move- dent, not the other way around. After spearheaded by a revived Congress of ments could be allies. a brief pause, during which Rustin pre- (CORE), based explic- tended to go to the restroom, he told itly on the Journey of Reconciliation. Wilkins that some Negroes might SCLC was no longer just a few Bap- the NAACP contributed, but most of stone the President, a point Rustin in- tist ministers, but was a presence in the civil rights organizations had no vented on the spot—and the request the national consciousness. There was money. Contributions came in from from Kennedy disappeared. the confrontation in Birmingham, with the , the Inter- Early on the day of the march, police dogs and water cannon directed national Ladies Garment Workers Rustin, in fact full of doubts, was in- against the demonstrators. President Union, and the largest single donation terviewed on the Washington Mall. Kennedy introduced what became the was from the Archdiocese of Wash- The reporters pointed out that not many . The Civil ington, DC. people were there yet. Rustin con- Rights Movement had become the The march was tightly controlled. sulted papers on a clipboard and said most important series of events on the Other groups could not blur the mes- in his best English accent, “Every- national scene. sage. All placards had to be approved thing is precisely on schedule.” In fact, By 1963, Randolph, Rustin and oth- by the central office: “We march for the paper was a blank sheet. But soon ers were considering a new march, Jobs and Freedom,” “End Segregation the people began to come. We know with more general support, for racial Now,” and the like. The marchers now that the march was a triumph. justice, to be part of this burgeoning were to come, march, hear music and There were perhaps 250,000 people stream. And Bayard Rustin was the ob- the speeches, and then leave the city. there, black and white. And yet, what vious man to make the march happen. Rustin knew that any potential white really changed? There was the longest Randolph’s original idea had been a disruptions would come from outside Congressional filibuster in American march to protest widespread “Negro” the city, so he arranged with the Wash- history against Kennedy’s bill, there unemployment. In June, President ington police department to have white was the bombing of the girls attend- Kennedy introduced what became the officers on the periphery of the down- ing Sunday school in Birmingham. Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the aims town. The civil rights demonstrators in of the march broadened. Randolph There was also great fun at head- Selma, Alabama were beaten. “It again was the titular head, but Rustin quarters. Rustin was a great joker, proved,” said Rustin, “that we were would do the actual work. high-spirited. He once joked that what capable of being one people.” But was This was to be the big one, the one he wanted on his tombstone was, (Please turn to page 8)

January/February 2009 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • 7 (RUSTIN: Continued from page 7) eloquent case. Lyndon Johnson, wor- much of that frustration stemmed ried about a Southern walk-out, of- from economic as well as racial injus- anything else accomplished? fered, through subordinates, two seats tice. With Leon Keyserling, formerly With the success of the march, “at large”—that is, not representing any chair of the President’s Council of Rustin became a national figure. He state. The question was, should the Economic Advisors, he worked out a spoke to many groups, often colleges. MFDP accept? Rustin, Martin Luther large program of public works which His talks were moving, but rationally King and other national leaders urged they called the “Freedom Budget for moving. With his six-foot two height, acceptance at a meeting of the MFDP All Americans” [See accompanying he might lean over the podium and on August 26 in the basement of a article, p. 9.] Thousands of copies of might say, “There are three points we nearby Baptist Church. While Rustin a pamphlet detailing the program were have to remember,” then would raise was making his case, someone from sent out, but the Freedom Budget got one finger, then after a sentence or two the delegation shouted, “You’re a trai- nowhere. get to point two, two fingers, a few tor, Bayard, a traitor. Sit down!” The Kennedy came to support the Civil more words, then three fingers. He MFDP turned down the “compromise” Rights Movement both tactically and, would never have to pause to say and went home. But the national as he said, as a moral issue. Lyndon “umm” or to find a word. After the Democratic Party resolved that in the Johnson looked into the TV camera talk, he would often stay up late talk- and announced, “.” ing with the students, perhaps sitting He was the leading The Civil Rights Movement was now in the student union, smoking, with theorist and practitioner part of the Democratic Party. Bayard his long legs stretched out in front of of Non-Violent Direct Rustin understood that the realities of him. American politics had changed, and Action. the Civil Rights Movement had to change too, as he wrote in “From Pro- Post-March on future they would not recognize any test to Politics” (Commentary 39: Feb- Washington delegation chosen on a segregated ruary 1965, 25-31). Rustin, the basis. This was the beginning of Rustin former pacifist, was even ambiguous In the Spring and Summer of 1964, and the Civil Rights Movement diverg- about the War. We were now civil rights activists, mostly black but ing. part of the process, he argued, and we with some white participation, orga- In the Summer of 1964, Harlem should no longer act as outsiders. nized the Freedom Demo- exploded with fires, smashing store When his pacifist friends were out- cratic Party. The MFDP’s aim was to windows, looting. Rustin, walking raged at his support of a man waging challenge the all-white segregated Mis- around the streets, realized he did not a war in Vietnam, he responded, “You sissippi delegation to the National know any one. His work had been with don’t understand power. You guys”— Democratic Convention in Atlantic other parts of society. Noting racism and he meant the whole pacifist move- City that August. The MFDP appeared in the North, Martin Luther King ment— “can’t deliver a single pint of before the Credentials Committee, and wanted to move SCLC north, say to milk to the kids in Harlem, and made an Chicago. Bayard was against it, and Lyndon Johnson can.” Many of his the attempt proved futile. In fact, while former allies thought he had been se- King’s international reputation was duced by power and gone over to the Civil Rights Photos/ growing—he was awarded the Nobel other side, the establishment side. Art Exhibit Peace Prize in 1964, and Bayard ac- Rustin was always interested in actual results more than moral purity. And Any of you coming to DC for companied him to Oslo—his stature in in fact the “establishment,” in the per- the Inauguration (or for other rea- the United States, as well as the whole son of J. Edgar Hoover, thought he sons before March 9) should take NVDA phase of the Civil Rights was enough of a radical threat that the in the excellent 2-part exhibit at Movement, was in decline. In 1965, F.B.I. tapped his telephone. the Smithsonian’s Ripley Ctr. (on King, against Rustin’s advice, went out Rustin was a vigorous anti-commu- the Mall, 1100 Jefferson Dr.)— to Los Angeles after the Watts . nist, but he still had a basically class- “Road to Freedom: Photographs Rustin went with him, and the two based view of social issues. A. Philip of the Civil Rights Movement, found that they were regarded as irrel- Randolph, the AFL-CIO and others, 1956-1968" and “After 1968: evant by the young people in the in the hopes of uniting the civil rights Contemporary Artists & the Civil streets. and labor movements, founded the A. Rights Legacy.” Catalogues can What was in ascendance was some Philip Randolph Institute in 1965. The be ordered from 202/786-2147, form of nationalism or separatism. aim of the APRI was to train young [email protected]. The former is 160 Rustin understood how frustration blacks to pass the apprenticeship ex- pp., $25; the latter, 64 pp., $10, might lead that way, but called the ams of various unions, particularly the both + s/h. movement “frustration stupidity.” Rustin was convinced that construction trades. These unions had

8 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • January/February 2009 been obstinate in resisting enrollment many, but now concentrated on refu- era, one is tempted to say, “If only. . of black members. The program gees all over the world, particularly . .” If only the March on Washington proved so successful that soon it be- Southeast Asia. He was often in Thai- coalition could have held together; if came a separate organization and re- land, for example, bringing attention only integration had been more real ceived aid from the U.S. Department and aid to Vietnamese . He and less token; if only NVDA could of Labor. But Rustin was perceived was also a frequent election observer have been successfully modified to suit by members of the civil rights groups as democracy, or at least elections, Northern conditions; if only the War as being pro-labor—that is, support- spread around the world. Rustin was on Poverty could have been expanded; ive of a group antagonistic to racial now a celebrity, perhaps, but no longer if only loud black voices for separat- justice. They would have preferred an engaged participant in social ism had been more quickly rejected; quotas mandated by the federal gov- change. if only conservative politicians had not ernment. Rustin argued that working In 1987, he traveled to Haiti as an exploited racial fears. And yet there with the unions would, in the long run, election observer. On his return, he has been slow progress, mostly on the be more productive than creating the seemed to sicken, and not improve. basis that Bayard Rustin was predict- sort of antagonism that quotas would He was taken to the hospital, where, ing. He could not have foreseen the bring. He knew that means and ends early in the morning of August 24, he election of , but he were inextricably intertwined. The died of cardiac arrest. would have been in Grant Park that training program was ended when Looking back on the civil rights night, with tears in his eyes. ❏ became President. Rustin was further alienated from the new Civil Rights Movement by the controversy in Ocean Hill-Browns- ville, a black neighborhood in Brook- A Freedom Budget for All Americans lyn. The City tried to “decentralize” the schools by establishing local school by Chester Hartman boards with somewhat ill-defined power. In May of 1968, the school The incoming Obama Adminis- as the Institute’s President. (See P&R board for Ocean Hill-Brownsville fired tration, John Podesta’s Center for cover article.) The Foreword is by (or “reassigned”) several teachers American Progress and others seeking Martin Luther King, Jr. without the due process required by to vastly reduce or eliminate poverty The Freedom Budget’s seven basic the contract with the United Federa- in America—39 million of our fellow objectives (details of the program of tion of Teachers. To Randolph and countrymen-, -women and -children course cannot be described here) were: Rustin, the issue was clear: Union live in poverty, according to the ob- members had been fired illegally. solete government measure that under- “1. To provide full employment for Also, Rustin pointed out, community states the problem—would do well to all who are willing and able to control could become the equivalent look to and emulate a half-century-old work, including those who need of states’ rights, whereby white com- model: A Freedom Budget for All education or training to make munities could conspire against black Americans. them willing and able. teachers. To black activists, the Ocean It was the work of economist Leon 2. To assure decent and adequate Hill-Brownsville board had exercised Keyserling and Bayard Rustin, the leg- wages to all who work. their rights—a case of Black Power endary civil rights and non-violent re- 3. To assure a decent living stan- manifest. The issue was further com- sistance activist best known for his role dard to those who cannot or plicated by the fact that most teachers as organizer-in-chief of the 1963 should not work. in New York City were Jewish. There March on Washington, then-Executive 4. To wipe out slum ghettos and were clear anti-Jewish statements from Director of the A. Philip Randolph provide decent homes for all supporters of the local school board. Institute, named to honor the equally Americans. Rustin supported the union, and that legendary head of the Brotherhood of 5. To provide decent medical care assured his permanent schism with Sleeping Car Porters and who served and adequate educational oppor- what seemed to be the Northern ver- tunities to all Americans, at a cost sion of the civil rights organization. they can afford. In fact, Bayard Rustin no longer Chester Hartman is PRRAC’s Di- 6. To purify our air and water and had a place in racial politics. He turned rector of Research and editor of the develop our transportation and again to the international realm. He forthcoming Mandate for Change: natural resources on a scale suit- loved to travel anyway, and joined the Policies and Leadership for 2009 and able to our growing needs. International Rescue Committee. The Beyond (Lexington Books). The Free- 7. To unite sustained full employ- IRC had been originally established to dom Budget (Jan. 1967 Summary ver- ment with sustained full produc- aid Jewish refugees from Nazi Ger- sion) is available at www.prrac.org. (Please turn to page 11)

January/February 2009 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • 9 Apologies/Reparations

We periodically offer a compendium of recent reports dealing with apologies and reparations around the world—for whatever lessons and models they might provide here at home. The most recent appeared in our March 2007 issue. We’ll be happy to send you a collection of all earlier such versions; just send us a SASE (59¢ postage).

• Rev. Bob Jones Univ., the fundamentalist Christian cans and African slaves. (Wash. Post, 9/25/08) school in Greenville, South Carolina, issued an apology for past racist policies that included a ban until 2000 on • The Spanish government, in a “law of historic memory,” interracial dating and its unwillingness until 1971 to admit has offered citizenship to the descendants of those exiled blacks. (NY Times, 11/22/08) from Spain during the and the dictatorship of Gen. . A half million • Pres. Bush signed a bill giving the Army authority to people, many of them in Argentina, Venezuela, and award back pay with interest to 28 black soldiers wrongly elsewhere in Latin America, are expected to file for citi- convicted of rioting—an Army board overturned the con- zenship. The same law provides public financing to un- victions, citing lack of due process—in one of the largest earth the mass graves of thousands of Spaniards buried court-martials of World War II. Only one of the soldiers is during the war. (NY Times, 12/29/08) known to survive. (NY Times, 10/15/08) • Tens of thousands of Mexicans who toiled as railroad • A group of about 200 prominent Turkish intellectuals— workers and farm laborers—braceros—in the U.S. from academics, journalists, writers, artists—issued an apology 1941-46 will be allowed to collect back pay under the terms on the Internet for the World War I-era massacre of more of a settlement of a long-fought class action lawsuit, origi- than a million Armenians in Turkey by the Ottoman Turk nally filed in 2001. Under the program, 10% of their pay government. (NY Times, 12/16/08) was deducted and transferred to the Mexican government, to be given to the workers when they returned to Mexico, • A delegation of British Baptists apologized in but many said they never received the pay or even knew for Britain’s role in the transatlantic slave trade. “We have about the deduction. Each bracero, or surviving heirs, will heard God speaking to us. We repent of the hurt we have receive $3,500. Many are living in , , Il- caused.” (Wash. Post, 5/31/08) linois and other parts of the U.S. (NY Times, 10/16/08)

• Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, in an address • The Magic of an Apology, by Deborah Howard of Guid- to the House of Commons carried live across Canada, ing Change, examines the potential for apologies to pre- apologized to Canada’s native people for the long-time vent rather than create litigation. http://guidingchange.org/ government policy of forcing their children to attend blog/2008/05/29/the-magic-of-an-apology/#more.64 state-funded schools designed to assimilate them. Phil Fontaine, national chief of the Assembly of First Nations, • “Paid in Full? A Federal judge closes the door on a wearing a traditional native headdress, was allowed to speak reparations suit,” by Mick Dumke, appeared in the Winter from the floor in response. The government has offered 2005-2006 issue of ColorLines. The suit, brought by 19 those taken from their families compensation for the years plaintiffs from across the country, accused Aetna, CSX, they attended the residential schools, as part of a lawsuit JP Morgan Chase and 14 other companies of “unjust en- settlement. Several months earlier, Australian Prime Min- richment” and crimes against humanity, noting how the ister Kevin Rudd made a similar gesture to the so-called firms’ predecessors had owned, traded, insured and trans- Stolen Generations—thousands of aborigines forcibly taken ported enslaved Africans—and demanded disclosure of all from their families as children under assimilation policies such involvement and establishment of a trust fund to pay that lasted from 1910 to 1970. ( Chronicle, an unspecified amount of restitution. (For a copy, send a 6/12/08). [See related articles in Nov./Dec. 2008 P&R.] SASE to Chester Hartman at PRRAC.)

• A church in St. Augustine, FL, in a “service of recon- • The Irish Republican Army apologized to relatives of ciliation,” apologized for turning away blacks in 1964 and about a dozen people it murdered and buried in hidden honored two women who, as child civil rights activists, graves over the 30 years of Northern Ireland’s sectarian accompanied by an elderly white woman, were barred ad- conflict. (NY Times, 10/25/03) mission. (SFGate, 6/14/04) • The Christian Brothers, a Roman Catholic order that • Ellis Island is adding a new Peopling of America Cen- ran many Irish schools throughout the , apolo- ter, to be completed in 2011, expanding its story of U.S. gized for the actions of a brother convicted of sexually immigration history, adding for the first time Native Ameri- abusing boys from 1959-74. (NY Times, 11/27/03)

10 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • January/February 2009 • “The Reparations Bandwagon,” by Salim Muwakkil, • “Long March to an Apology,” an op-ed by Mindy on the acceleration of the national movement to gain repa- Kotler, on the justice due to American prisoners of war rations for descendants of enslaved Africans, appeared in taken prior to the Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor attack (mem- the Sept. 2006 issue of In These Times. (For a copy, send bers now of the American Defenders of Bataan and a SASE to Chester Hartman at PRRAC.) Corregidor), appeared in the 5/28/08 NY Times. (For a copy, send a SASE to Chester Hartman at PRRAC.) • New York City’s Museum of Natural History, in a cer- emony attended by nearly 4 dozen members of the Tseycum • Two real estate developers in Stonewall, MS, having First Nation in British Columbia, in traditional dress at the just purchased a shuttered cotton mill, discovered the edge end of a 3,000-mile journey, is repatriating the remains of of a buried swimming pool, learning that “in its heyday, 55 of their ancestors, guessed to be at least 2,000 years old the kids lived there all day long”—the white kids, that is. and at the museum for about 100 years—ending a 7-year In the early 70s, the mill owners filled the pool with dirt campaign. (NY Times, 6/18/08) rather than integrate it. Now the (white) developers are spending about $250,000 to excavate and restore the pool • The American Medical Association made a public ad- and open it up to kids (and adults) of all races. (AARP dress to the National Medical Association (the black phy- Bulletin, Dec. 2006). (For a copy of the article, send a sicians’ group formed in 1895 in response to their exclu- SASE to Chester Hartman at PRRAC.) ❏ sion from the AMA and its constituent societies), apolo- gizing for a century of “past wrongs.” (NY Times, 7/29/ 08)

(BUDGET: Continued from page 9)

tion and high economic growth. PRRAC Update The Freedom Budget proposed an outlay of $185 billion in 10 years— • At our recent 20th anniversary cel- tion of Yale Alumni, honoring out- which “sounds like a great deal of ebration, PRRAC honored one of its standing individual service to the money, and it is a great deal of founding Board members, Florence University (where he got his under- money.” But it presumed, indeed Wagman Roisman, who is retiring graduate degree). called for, an expansion of the nation’s from the Board after many years of economy, leading to increased federal • Phil Tegeler’s analysis of the im- service. Florence is William F. revenues. And of course, even adjust- plications of the Supreme Court’s Harvey Professor of Law at the In- ing for 2009 dollars, that sum is voluntary school integration decision diana University School of Law-In- dwarfed by what we now spend in bail- on fair housing policy has been pub- dianapolis. She has written exten- out and war funding. The document lished in a new book from the Ur- sively on race and federal housing reported that 34 million Americans ban Institute, Public Housing: The policy, and has been an innovator in were then living in poverty, 28 mil- Legacy of Racial Segregation, ed- the teaching of property law. She has lion others “just on the edge… Almost ited by (PRRAC Social Science helped inspire PRRAC to maintain a one-third of our nation lives in pov- Advisory Board member) Margery strong focus on school and housing erty or want.” (Shades of FDR…) Austin Turner, Susan J. Popkin and desegregation, and has taken a lead The 211 signers of the document Lynette Rawlings. Available from role in a number of PRRAC confer- represented a who’s who of late 60s the Urban Institute Press (304 pp., ences and projects, including the progressive thinking and : $29.50 pb). Order online at http:// Third National Conference on Hous- , I.W. Abel, David www.uipress.org ing Mobility in 2004. Before com- Dubinsky, et al. from ing to law teaching, Florence worked • Former (and founding) PRRAC the labor movement; academics Ken- at the National Housing Law Project Board member Robert Greenstein neth Clark, John Kenneth Galbraith, and at Neighborhood Legal Services recently received the prestigious (and Gunnar Myrdal, Hylan Lewis, C. in DC. We will miss Florence, but monetarily hefty: $250,000) annual Vann Woodward, David Riesman et we expect to call on her regularly Heinz Award for his long-time lead- al.; civil rights leaders Dorothy for advice and assistance! ership of the Center on Budget and Height, Roy Wilkins, Floyd Policy Priorities. McKissick, , Jr., John • PRRAC Board member Don Lewis, ; , Nakanishi last November was • Chester Hartman spent 3 days , , Jules Feiffer, awarded the Yale Medal, the high- last November at Hofstra University Father Robert Drinan, Burke est award presented by the Associa- as Visiting Presidential Scholar. (Please turn to page 12)

January/February 2009 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • 11 (BUDGET: Continued from page 11) tive society ever known to man, the terioration of our hospitals, the vio- scourge of poverty and must be abol- lence and chaos in our streets, the idle- Marshall, …. (Truth ished—not in some distant future, not ness of able-bodied men deprived of in advertising: I was one of the sign- in this generation, but within the next work, and the anguished demoraliza- ers, in my then position at the MIT- ten years!... The tragedy is that the tion of our youth….[T]he ‘Freedom Harvard Joint Center for Urban Stud- workings of our economy so often pit Budget’… is not visionary or utopian, ies—something I had forgotten about the white poor and the black poor It is feasible. It is concrete. It is spe- until retrieving a copy of the document against each other at the bottom of cific. It talks dollars and sense. It sets from the NY Public Library’s won- society… [A]ll Americans are the vic- goals and priorities. It tells how these derful Schomberg Center for Research tims of our failure as a nation to dis- can be achieved. And it places respon- in Black Culture.) tribute democratically the fruits of our sibility for leadership with the Federal Randolph’s Introduction eloquently abundance. For, directly or indirectly, Government, which alone has the re- speaks in a voice that could well be not one of us is untouched by the steady sources equal to the task.” Barack Obama’s, characterizing spread of slums, the decay of our cit- Yes, we can…. ❏ America 2009: ies, the segregation and overcrowding “[In] the richest and most produc- of our public schools, the shocking de-

Resources

Most Resources are vigilante activity in New available directly from the Orleans in the wake of Please drop us a line letting us know how useful our issuing organization, Katrina. [11195] Resources Section is to you, as both a lister and either on their website (if requester of items. We hear good things, but only given) or via other con- • The Wars: sporadically. Having a more complete sense of the tact information listed. What We Talk About effectiveness of this networking function will help Materials published by When We Talk About Hip us greatly in foundation fundraising work (and is PRRAC are available Hop—And Why It Mat- awfully good for our morale). Drop us a short through our website: ters, by Tricia Rose (308 note, letting us know if it has been/is useful to you www.prrac.org. Prices pp., 2008, $15.95), has (how many requests you get when you list an item, include the shipping/ been published by Basic how many items you send away for, etc.) Thank handling (s/h) charge Civitas, 212/340-8162, you. when this information is www.basiccivitasbooks. provided to PRRAC. “No com [11201] price listed” items often • “One Mosaic; Many Poverty/ Pres. & CEO of the are free. Voices,” at the University NAACP, and Sister Helen Welfare Prejean. Inf. from 202/ When ordering items from of Baltimore Langsdale 331-4090, www.NCADP. PRRAC: SASE = self- Library, commemorates • Asset-Building and org [11239] addressed stamped the legacy of Dr. Martin Low-Income Families, by envelope (42¢ unless Luther King, Jr. and “the Signe-Mary McKernan & stories of those touched by otherwise indicated). Michael Sherraden (300 Economic/ Orders may not be placed his , the pp., 2008, $29.50), has by telephone or fax. disorder it spurred and the been published by Urban Community Please indicate from efforts at rebirth that Institute Press, BTurpen@ Development which issue of P&R you followed.” Jan. 15, 4-6 URBAN.ORG [11211] are ordering. pm, is Gallery Opening, with Multimedia Showing, • The Center for followed by performances Neighborhood Technol- Race/Racism and panel discussion. Criminal ogy Biennial Report Visitors are welcome to Justice 2006/2007 is available • “Katrina’s Hidden record personal experi- (likely free) from Kathryn Race War,” by A.C. ences or reflections Tholin, their CEO, at Thompson, and his • “Training for the through a memory quilt to Long Run,” a conference 2125 W. North Ave., accomanying investiga- be displayed alongside the Chicago, IL 60647, 773/ tive journalism article, by the National Coalition mosaic, which will be on to Abolish the Death 269-4029, www.cnt.org “Body of Evidence,” display at the Library [11200] appeared in the Jan. 5, Penalty, will take place throughout the spring. Inf. Jan. 22-25, 2009 in 2009 issue of The Nation, from 410/837-4290, documenting the extraor- Harrisburg, PA. Keynot- [email protected] ers are Benjamin Jealous, dinary degree of white [11224]

12 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • January/February 2009 Education • “Policy Roadmap for Conference on Policy ties Can Promote School-Centered Commu- Analysis and Teaching Disaster Preparedness,” • “Measuring Up nity Revitalization” is a Methods,” co-sponsored by Michael R. Wenger 2008,” from the National 2008 report, by Abt by the KDI School of (16 pp., 2008), is avail- Ctr. for Public Policy and Associates, released by Public Policy and Man- able (possibly free) from Higher Education, reports Enterprise Community agement, the Univ. of the Joint Ctr. for Political that although states have Partners. Possibly free, Maryland School of & Economic Studies’ made modest gains in from Kristin Siglin, Public Policy and the Health Policy Inst., 1090 preparing students for Enterprise Comm. Association for Public Vermont Ave. NW, college, more students are Partners, 10277 Wincopin Policy Analysis and #1100, Wash., DC failing to graduate. Circle, #500, Columbia, Management, will be held 20005, 202/785-3539, Available at measuringup MD 21044, 410/964- June 11-13, 2009 in www.jointcenter.org 2008.highereducation.org/ 1230, x2727, ksiglin@ Seoul, Korea. Call for [11215] index.php [11197] enterprisecommunity.org papers has a Jan. 28 [11226] deadline. Inf. from Prof. • “Connecting the • “Essentials of High Peter Balint, George Dots: Developing a School Reform: New • “Children As Guinea Mason Univ., 703/993- Holistic Picture of Forms of Assessment and Pigs,” by Deborah 1404. [11235] Children’s Health” (49 Contextual Teaching and Menkart, criticizing the pp., Nov. 2008) is Issue Learning” (87 pp., Sept. Wash., DC plan (and by Brief #32 from 2003, $8) is available implication similar plans Families/ Grantmakers in Health. from the American Youth in other school districts) Available from them Policy Forum, 1836 to provide financial Women/ (possibly free) at 1100 Jefferson Pl. NW, Wash., incentives to middle- Children Connecticut Ave., #1200, DC 20036, 202/775- school students for good Wash., DC 20036, 202/ 9731; downloadable at attendance and behavior, • “State of America’s 452-8331. [11236] www.aypf.org [11206] appeared in a recent issue Children 2008” (80 pp.) of Rethinking Schools. A has been issued by the • “Health Care • “Relationships, SASE to PRRAC will get Children’s Defense Fund. Reform and Children: Rigor, and Readiness: you a copy of the 1-page Downloadable. Contact The Prognosis for Strategies for Improving article. [11237] them at 25 E St. NW, Change in 2009,” High Schools,” by Janet Wash., DC 20001, 800/ sponsored by The Urban Quint, Saskia Levy CDF-1200, cdinfo@ Institute and Chapin Hall- Thompson & Margaret Environment childrensdefense.org, Univ. of Chicago, will be Bald (45 pp., Oct. 2008), www.chilldrensdefense.org held Jan. 15, 2009 at the is available (no price • “Environmental [11194] Urban Inst., 9-10:30 am. listed) from MDRC, 16 E. Justice Through the Eye While this issue of P&R 34 St., NYC, NY 10016, of Hurricane Katrina,” • YouthBuild Bulletin almost certainly will 212/532-3200, by Reilly Morse (43 pp., is the (quarterly?) arrive too late for you to www.mdrc.org [11207] 2008), is available newsletter of YouthBuild attend, a recording of the (possibly free) from the USA and the National event will be posted on • “Finance and Joint Ctr. for Political & YouthBuild Coalition. both organizations’ Resource Issues in High Economic Studies’ Health Subs. likely free from websites; inf. at School Reform,” by Policy Inst., 1090 them at 58 Day St., [email protected] Heather Voke & Betsy Vermont Ave. NW, Somerville, MA 02144, [11234] Brand (28 pp., July 2003, #1100, Wash., DC 617/623-9900, $5), is available from the 20005, 202/789-3539, www.YouthBuild.org • “Health Action American Youth Policy www.jointcenter.org [11214] 2009,” the 14th Annual Forum, 1836 Jefferson Pl. [11216] Meeting of NW, Wash., DC 20036, • Our Bodies, Our- Families, will be held 202/775-9731, • “It’s Not Hard selves has a (quarterly?) Jan. 29-31, 2009 in DC. www.aypf.org [11209] Building Green” is the newsletter, possibly free Speakers include lots of theme of the 21-page Fall from them, at 5 Upland Members of Congress • Qualitative Research 2008 issue of Rural Rd., #3, Cambridge, MA (Max Baucus, Arthur Methods in Education Voices, the quarterly 02140, 617/245-0200, Davis, , and Educational Tech- magazine of the Housing [email protected], Dick Durbin, Ted nology, by Jerry W. Assistance Council—subs www.ourbodiesourselves.org Kennedy, Claire Willis (2008, $39.99), has are free: 1025 Vermont [11221] McCaskill, Henry been published by IAP- Ave. NW, #606, Wash., Waxman), as well as Tom Information Age Publish- DC 20005, 202/842- Daschle, EJ Dionne, Gov. ing Co. george@infoage 8600, ruralvoices@ Health Kathleen Sebelius and pub.com, www. ruralhome.org [11222] many others. Inf. from infoagepub.com [11223] • “No More Katrinas: Families USA, 1201 NY • “Environmental How Reducing Dispari- Ave. NW, #1100, Wash., Policy: A Multinational DC 20005, 202/628-

January/February 2009 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • 13 3030, [email protected] study by the Housing Economic Studies’ Health this issue of P&R arrives [11227] Research & Advocacy Policy Institute, 1090 after that, perhaps they Center. Contact them for Vermont Ave. NW, will still allow an applica- • “Health Care Access a copy: 3631 Perkins #1100, Wash., DC tion. Inf. from 310/825- Conference,” sponsored Ave., #3A-2, , 20005, 202/789-3539, 1233, iacoordinator@ by ARISE Citizens’ OH 44114, 206/361- www.jointcenter.org gdnet.ucla.edu. Applic Policy Project, will be 9240. [11238] [11218] form available at held Feb. 9, 2009 at gdnet.ucla.edu/iacweb/ Birmingham Southern • The Univ. of Missis- applic/htm [11199] College. Inf. from 800/ Immigration sippi School of Law 832-9060. [11219] Hurricane Recovery Law • The Villers Fellow- • “Building Commu- Journal is available at ship for Health Care nity: The Ethiopians of mslj.law.olemiss.edu/ Justice is administered by Homelessness Los Angeles,” an article Current%20Issue_3.html Families USA. Deadline in the Fall 2008 issue of [11228] is Jan. 15—if this issue of • “Report of the Network, the periodical of P&R arrives after that Special Commission the California Council for • Undoing the Bush- date, you might be able Relative to Ending the Humanities, describes Cheney Legacy: A Tool to get them to relent. Homelessness in the a two-year multimedia Kit for Congress & villersfellowship@ Commonwealth of project capturing the Activists, ed. Ann Fagan familiesusa.org. Year- Massachusetts,” a 41- identity struggles of one Ginger (178 pp., 2008, long, f.t., salaried page, Dec. 28, 2007 of California’s newest no price listed), is ($35,000) position at report, is available at immigrant groups. The available from the Families USA’s DC www.mass.gov/Ehed/ issue is available (likely Meiklejohn Civil Liber- office. Inf./application docs/dhcd/hc/finalreport free) from the Council, ties Institute, PO Box form at www.families 2008.doc [11233] 312 Sutter St., #601, SF, 673, Berkeley, CA usa.org/about/the-villers- CA 94108, 415/391- 94701-0673, 510/848- fellowship.html [11212] 1474, www.california 0599, [email protected], Housing stories.org [11202] www.mcli.org [11232] • The Wellstone Fellowship for Social • Public Housing and • “From Meltdown to Justice, administered by the Legacy of Segrega- Miscellaneous Rebound: A Crisis Is a Families USA, aims to tion, eds., (PRRAC Social Terrible Opportunity to advance Science Advisory Board • A Tale of Two Cities: Waste,” sponsored by the through health care member) Margery Austin Santo Domingo and New California Budget Project, advocacy by focusing Turner, Susan J. Popkin York after 1950, by Jesse will be held March 19, particularly on the unique & Lynette Rawlings (185 Hoffnung-Garskof (2007), 2009 in Sacramento. Inf. challenges facing commu- pp., 2009, $29.50), has has been published by from them at 1107 9th nities of color. Year-long, been published by the Princeton Univ. Press. St., #310, Sacramento, f.t., salaried ($35,000) Urban Institute. [11198] [11196] CA 95814. [11220] position at Families USA’s DC office. Applic. • “In the Wake of • “Addressing the Root deadline Feb. 6. Inf./ Katrina: The Continuing Causes of Human Job applic. form from Saga of Housing and Insecurity” is a 16-page wellstonefellowship@ Rebuilding in New report on the 2008 Opportunities/ familiesusa.org [11213] Orleans,” by James H. International Caux Fellowships/ Carr, H. Beth Marcus, Conferences, available Grants • The Meiklejohn Civil Shehnaz Niki Jagpal & (possibly free) from Caux, Institute Nandinee Kutty (25 pp., Box 4419, CH-6002 (Berkeley, CA) is filling 2008), is available Lucerne, Switzerland, • Postdoctoral Visiting 3 volunteer positions: 1) (possibly free) from the +41 41 310 12 61, Scholar Fellowship in Someone to put together Joint Ctr. for Political & [email protected], Asian American Studies the 13th ed. of MCLI’s Economic Studies’ Health www.caux.ch [11204] and Ethnic Studies is “ Organiza- Policy Inst., 1090 being offered by the tions & Periodicals Vermont Ave. NW, • “Understanding the UCLA Institute of Directory”; 2) a Grant Wash., DC 20005, 202/ Role of African Ameri- American Cultures, in Writer to draft proposals 789-3539, www. can Churches and Clergy cooperations with for a series of 2009 jointcenter.org [11217] in Community Crisis UCLA’s 4 Ethnic Studies projects; 3) a publications Response,” by Karyn Research Centers (Ameri- outreach expert to help • Wide Racial Dispari- Trader-Leigh (12 pp., can Indian, Asian Ameri- sell MCLI books and ties in Lorain County 2008), is available can, African American, discs. Inf. from Kot, 510/ (OH) Mortgage Lending (possibly free) from the Chicano). Applic. 848-0599. [11231] were found in a recent Joint Ctr. for Political & deadline is Jan. 16, but if

January/February 2009 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • 14 PRRAC'S SOCIAL SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD

Dolores Acevedo-Garcia Roslyn Arlin Mickelson Harvard School of Public Health Univ. of No. Carolina-Charlotte

Frank Bonilla Paul Ong CUNY Department of Sociology UCLA School of Public Policy & Social Research Xavier de Souza Briggs MIT Department of Urban Studies & Planning Gary Orfield UCLA Civil Rights Project Camille Zubrinsky Charles Department of Sociology, Univ. of Pennsylvania Gary Sandefur Univ. Wisconsin Inst. for Poverty Research John Goering Baruch College, City Univ. of New York Gregory D. Squires Department of Sociology, George Washington Univ. Heidi Hartmann Inst. for Women’s Policy Research (Wash., DC) Margery Austin Turner The Urban Institute William Kornblum CUNY Center for Social Research Margaret Weir Department of Political Science, Harriette McAdoo Univ. of California, Berkeley State Department of Sociology

Fernando Mendoza Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Univ.

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January/February 2009 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 18, No. 1 • 15 POVERTY & RACE RESEARCH ACTION COUNCIL Board of Directors CHAIR Darrell Armstrong Elizabeth Julian Catherine Tactaquin John Charles Boger Shiloh Baptist Church Inclusive Communities National Network for University of Trenton, NJ Project Immigrant & School of Law Maria Blanco , TX Rights Chapel Hill, NC Institute on Race, Ethnicity Spence Limbocker Oakland, CA and Diversity Neighborhood Funders William L. Taylor VICE-CHAIR University of California Group Citizens’ Commission José Padilla Law School Washington, DC on Civil Rights California Rural Legal Berkeley, CA Demetria McCain Washington, DC Assistance Victor Bolden Inclusive Communities Camille Wood San Francisco, CA NAACP Legal Defense Project National Legal Aid & Educ. Fund Dallas, TX Defender Assn. SECRETARY New York, NY S.M. Miller Washington, DC Sheryll Cashin The Commonwealth john powell [Organizations listed for Georgetown University Institute Kirwan Institute for the Study identification purposes only] of Race & Ethnicity Law Center Cambridge, MA Washington, DC State University Don Nakanishi Philip Tegeler Craig Flournoy Columbus,OH University of California President/Executive Director Southern Methodist Los Angeles, CA University TREASURER Dennis Parker Chester Hartman Dallas, TX Sheila Crowley American Civil Liberties Director of Research National Low Income Thomas Henderson Union Sprenger & Lang Housing Coalition New York, NY Jason Small Washington, DC Washington, DC Anthony Sarmiento Law & Policy Fellow Olati Johnson Senior Service America Columbia University Silver Spring, MD Kami Kruckenberg New York, NY Health Policy Fellow

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