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The Powerbroker: Whitney Young’S Fight for Civil Rights

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The Powerbroker: Whitney Young’S Fight for Civil Rights DISCUSSION GUIDE The Powerbroker: Whitney Young’s Fight for Civil Rights PBS.ORG/indePendenTLens/POWERBROKER Table of Contents 1 Using this Guide 2 From the Filmmaker 3 The Film 4 Background Information 5 Biographical Information on Whitney Young 6 The Leaders and Their Organizations 8 From Nonviolence to Black Power 9 How Far Have We Come? 10 Topics and Issues Relevant to The Powerbroker: Whitney Young’s Fight for Civil Rights 10 Thinking More Deeply 11 Suggestions for Action 12 Resources 13 Credits national center for MEDIA ENGAGEMENT Using this Guide Community Cinema is a rare public forum: a space for people to gather who are connected by a love of stories, and a belief in their power to change the world. This discussion guide is designed as a tool to facilitate dialogue, and deepen understanding of the complex issues in the film The Powerbroker: Whitney Young’s Fight for Civil Rights. It is also an invitation to not only sit back and enjoy the show — but to step up and take action. This guide is not meant to be a comprehensive primer on a given topic. Rather, it provides important context, and raises thought provoking questions to encourage viewers to think more deeply. We provide suggestions for areas to explore in panel discussions, in the classroom, in communities, and online. We also provide valuable resources, and connections to organizations on the ground that are fighting to make a difference. For information about the program, visit www.communitycinema.org DISCUSSION GUIDE // THE POWERBROKER 1 From the Filmmaker I wanted to make The Powerbroker: Whitney Young’s Fight for Civil Rights because I felt my uncle, Whitney Young, was an important figure in American history, whose ideas were relevant to his generation, but whose pivotal role was largely misunderstood and forgotten. In addition, I was raised by my grandparents, Whitney and Laura Young, so I felt I had a good sense of the important influences on his life — values that were important and could be shared. My grandparents believed that despite segregation, it was impor- tant to never succumb to anger. “Don’t get mad, get smart,” they said. “Never let anyone drag you so low as to hate them.” These words of wisdom, I believe, helped Whitney Young become the great mediator of the American civil rights movement. By doing this film, as corny as it sounds, I learned to never give up on my dream. I’m a naturally impatient person, but because Bonnie Boswell Hamilton this was so difficult to accomplish, with so many roadblocks, Filmmaker twists, and turns, I just had to keep going. I think I found a great home in Independent Lens. I hope The Powerbroker: Whitney Young’s Fight for Civil Rights will inspire young people to cherish their responsibility in helping to create a more equitable society. People should see this film because it’s a story of triumph over ignorance and hate. Generations of African Americans have passed life lessons on to their descendants, enabling those descendants to survive slavery and segregation, turning indigni- ties into sources of courage and determination. I wanted to pass these messages on to young people of all ethnicities who still confront a polarized society. DISCUSSION GUIDE // THE POWERBROKER 2 The Film Whitney Young was one of the major leaders of the civil rights The late 1960s were difficult years for Young. While much of his movement. A man of great intellect and charm, he moved com- “Domestic Marshall Plan” found its way into Johnson’s War on fortably through the inner sanctums of power, working tirelessly to Poverty, programs to help the poor were cut because of expens- open opportunities for African Americans at a time when segrega- es for the war in Vietnam. Young was caught between the African tion was still a powerful force in many American institutions. Yet, Americans he was trying to help and a white world that was today he is not as well remembered as other civil rights leaders, angered and frightened by the militant rhetoric of Black Power despite his many achievements on behalf of African Americans. leaders and racial turbulence in the streets of the United States. The Powerbroker: Whitney Young’s Fight for Civil Rights tells Although he paved the way for a better life for African Americans, the story of this great, unsung hero of the civil rights movement, a Young’s untimely death in Nigeria in 1971 left a lot of his work man who practiced Black Power in a radically different way. unfinished, even to this day. Produced by Young’s niece, Bonnie Boswell Hamilton, the film uses Selected Individuals Featured in The Powerbroker: Whitney home movies, family photos, audiotapes of Young, and never- Young’s Fight for Civil Rights before-seen archival footage to describe Young’s journey from Vernon Jordan – Former CEO, National Urban League segregated rural Kentucky to the segregated U.S. Army, where he discovered his talent and skill in interracial mediation. Working Henry Louis Gates Jr. – Professor, Harvard University for the National Urban League in the years following World War II, Julian Bond – Founding member, Student Nonviolent Young began to gain access to the halls of power and he learned Coordinating Committee (SNCC) how power works. He understood that business leaders were not swayed by moral persuasion, but by being shown the practical Kenneth Chenault – CEO, American Express benefits of a new policy for business. He cultivated relationships Manning Marable – Professor, Columbia University with people in power and was able to present the case for hiring African Americans to the CEOs of companies such as Ford Motor Dennis Dickerson – Whitney Young’s biographer Company, Time Inc., and PepsiCo. The more the white world Victor Wolfenstein – Professor, UCLA trusted Young, however, the more African Americans felt uneasy about his relationships with corporate leaders. He was labeled a Bonnie Boswell Hamilton – Whitney Young’s niece sellout, an “oreo,” an “Uncle Tom.” In time, his life was threatened, Eleanor Young Love – Whitney Young’s sister and as the Black Power movement emerged, authorities arrested two African American men who were plotting to assassinate him. Lauren Young Castel – Whitney Young’s daughter As executive director of the National Urban League during the 1960s, Young was part of a group of civil rights leaders who met with President John F. Kennedy to lobby for civil rights legislation and who planned the 1963 March on Washington. The meetings continued under President Lyndon Johnson, whose pragmatic approach to solving problems was similar to Young’s. The two men had a close relationship, which became strained as the Black Power movement took hold. The Vietnam War further com- plicated the relationship, and also led to a split between Young and Martin Luther King Jr. DISCUSSION GUIDE // THE POWERBROKER 3 Background Information Milestones in the Civil Rights Movement The March on Washington Although most people associate the modern civil rights move- The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom took ment with the 1960s, African American leaders began laying place on August 28, 1963, during the centennial year of the groundwork during the previous two decades for the more the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. Initiated visible, more vocal, and ultimately more militant movement that and organized by A. Philip Randolph and his close came later. In 1941, A. Philip Randolph proposed a march on associate, civil rights leader Bayard Rustin, the march Washington, D.C. as a way of pressuring the government to was much larger than any other previous demonstration integrate the armed forces and to ensure fair employment in the nation’s capital, attracting some two hundred and opportunities in defense industries for African Americans. During fifty thousand participants. The purposes of the peaceful the 1940s and early 1950s, a series of legal cases resulted and orderly demonstration were to call attention to the in rulings affecting higher education for African Americans. high levels of African American unemployment in the The following is a partial list of the civil rights events that gained United States and to seek a redress of a range of griev- widespread attention and had far-reaching effects: ances that included the systematic disenfranchisement 1948 — President Harry S. Truman issues Executive Order 9981, of African Americans and persistent segregation in the integrating the armed forces. South. Marchers were rich and poor, white and African 1954 — In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court rules in American, the well known as well as ordinary citizens. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that segregation in public In addition to the civil rights groups that sponsored the schools is unconstitutional. event, other major organizations lent their weight to the effort, including the National Council of the Churches 1955 — Rosa Parks refuses to give up her bus seat to a white of Christ in the USA, the National Catholic Conference passenger, launching the Montgomery Bus Boycott in Alabama, for Interracial Justice, the American Jewish Congress, which lasted over a year. the United Auto Workers, and many other unions. The 1957 — Daisy Bates leads efforts to integrate Little Rock's march, televised live to the nation, culminated in a gath- Central High School in Arkansas, amid turbulence, white resis- ering at the Lincoln Memorial with a program of songs tance, and enforcement by National Guard troops. sung by Marian Anderson, Odetta, Joan Baez, Bob 1960 — Four African American students in Greensboro, North Dylan, and others, and speeches by the march’s leaders, Carolina, stage a peaceful lunch-counter sit-in, the first of a the most famous being Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I have a series of sit-ins across the South.
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