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Improving Quality of Imaging Spectroscopy Data

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Improving Quality of Imaging Spectroscopy Data Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2010 Improving quality of imaging spectroscopy data Dell’Endice, F Abstract: Imaging spectroscopy is moving into quantitative analysis of ecosystem parameters, which require high data quality. Thus, imaging spectrometers shall provide users with very accurate and low uncertainty measurements such that truthful products and reliable policies can be generated. However, the quality of imaging spectroscopy data, which can be interpreted as the distance between the measure- ment and the true value, depends on a series of disturbance factors that can be divided into instrument factors, environmental factors, and data processing factors. Those factors lead to data non-uniformities and inconsistencies that, if not properly identified, quantified, and corrected for, can compromise the quality of the scientific findings. This thesis investigates various techniques aimed to ensure theconsis- tency of imaging spectroscopy data, namely in the spectral domain, throughout the data acquisition and specific data processing schemes, as for instance the calibration to radiances, with particular emphasis on instrument factors. The impact of data inconsistencies and non-uniformities on the quality of imag- ing spectroscopy data is first estimated. A scene-based technique for the characterization of keystone non-uniformity is then proposed. Moreover, a laboratory approach is established as the most reliable technique for the achievement of high accuracy calibration and characterization of imaging spectrome- ters. Last, an algorithm that identifies optimal sensor acquisition parameters for the retrieval of specific products in spectral regions of interest is presented. It has been concluded that laboratory calibration and characterization procedures offer a higher degree of fidelity with respect to scene-based methodologies when non-uniformities and calibration parameters have to be determined and implemented into correction schemes. A critical discussion of the main findings analyze advantages and drawbacks of the proposed techniques and suggests further improvements as well as future perspectives for the continuation of this work. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-45745 Dissertation Originally published at: Dell’Endice, F. Improving quality of imaging spectroscopy data. 2010, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. Improving Quality of Imaging Spectroscopy Data Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr. sc. nat) vorgelegt der Mathematischen-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Francesco Dell’Endice aus Italien Promotionskomitee Prof. Dr. Klaus I. Itten (Vorsitz) Dr. Jens Nieke Prof. Dr. Michael Schaepman Dr. Mathias Kneubuehler Zürich, 2010 “You begin saving the world by saving one person at a time; all else is grandiose romanticis or politics.” Charles Bukowsky Abstract Imaging spectroscopy is moving into quantitative analysis of ecosystem parameters, which require high data quality. Thus, imaging spectrometers shall provide users with very accurate and low uncertainty measurements such that truthful products and reliable policies can be generated. However, the quality of imaging spectroscopy data, which can be interpreted as the distance between the measurement and the true value, depends on a series of disturbance factors that can be divided into instrument factors, environmental factors, and data processing factors. Those factors lead to data non-uniformities and inconsistencies that, if not properly identified, quantified, and corrected for, can compromise the quality of the scientific findings. This thesis investigates various techniques aimed to ensure the consistency of imaging spectroscopy data, namely in the spectral domain, throughout the data acquisition and specific data processing schemes, as for instance the calibration to radiances, with particular emphasis on instrument factors. The impact of data inconsistencies and non-uniformities on the quality of imaging spectroscopy data is first estimated. A scene-based technique for the characterization of keystone non-uniformity is then proposed. Moreover, a laboratory approach is established as the most reliable technique for the achievement of high accuracy calibration and characterization of imaging spectrometers. Last, an algorithm that identifies optimal sensor acquisition parameters for the retrieval of specific products in spectral regions of interest is presented. It has been concluded that laboratory calibration and characterization procedures offer a higher degree of fidelity with respect to scene-based methodologies when non-uniformities and calibration parameters have to be determined and implemented into correction schemes. A critical discussion of the main findings analyze advantages and drawbacks of the proposed techniques and suggests further improvements as well as future perspectives for the continuation of this work. I Zusammenfassung Die abbildende Spektrometrie wird aufgrund ihres inhärenten Informationspotenzials in zunehmendem Masse für die Quantifizerung von Ökosystemparametern herangezogen. Ein entscheidendes Kriterium für die Ableitung exakter Produkte und verlässlicher Aussagen ist hierbei eine hohe Qualität der Spektrometerdaten. Die Eigenschaften abbildender Spektrometer haben signifikanten Einfluss auf die Dateneigenschaften und -güte. Die Qualität dieser Instrumente manifestiert sich etwa in der Abweichung des gemessenen vom realen Wert und ist von verschiedenen Faktoren abhängig, speziell von instrumentspezifischen, umweltspezifischen und datenprozessierungsspezifischen Faktoren. Alleinstehend und in Kombination führen diese Einflussgrössen zu Unregelmässigkeiten in den, bzw. zur Inkosistenz der aufgenommenen Daten. Die Identifikation, Quantifizierung und Korrektur dieser Effekte ist essentiell, um die Kontamination wissenschaftlicher Ergebnisse und abgeleiteter Produkte mit entsprechenden Instrumenten- und Datenfehlern zu minimieren. In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Techniken untersucht, mit denen sich die spektrale Konsistentz der abbildenden Spektrometerdaten weitestgehend sicherstellen lässt. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen liegen Schritte der Datenaufnahme und -prozessierung, etwa die spezifische Kalibrierung von Instrumenteigenschaften zur Bereitstellung von Strahldichtenwerten. Im ersten Schritt wird die Qualität der Spektrometerdaten auf mögliche Inkonsistenzen und Variabilitäten untersucht. Anschliessend wird eine szenenbasierte Technik vorgeschlagen, mit der eine spezifische Art der Dateninkonsistenz, der sog. Keystoneeffekt, charakterisiserbar ist. Zudem wird ein Laboransatz entwickelt und aufgezeigt, der als zuverlässigste Technik zur Ableitung von hochgenauen Spektrometerkalibrationen und zur Charakterisierung von Spektrometereigenschaften angesehen werden kann. Im letzten Schritt wird eine Methode vorgestellt, mit der sensorspezifische Aufnahmeparameter indentifizierbar sind, die für eine optimale Ableitung spezifischer Produkte in relevanten Spektralbereichen erforderlich sind. Als Ergebniss der Untersuchungen wird herausgestellt, dass laborbasierte Techniken mit Blick auf szenenbasierte Ansätze zur Ableitung von Kalibrationsparametern und Instrumentcharakterisierungen die höhere Genauigkeit bieten. Dies trifft speziell dann zu, wenn Datenunregelmässigkeiten und Kalibrationsparameter für Korrekturansätze zu quantifizieren, bzw. abzuleiten sind. Eine kritische Diskussion der Hauptergebnisse arbeitet Vor- und Nachteile der verschiedenen Techniken heraus und lässt Rückschlüsse auf notwendige Verbesserungen und zukünftige Arbeiten in diesem Themenbereich zu. II Table of Contents Table Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................I Zusammenfassung .........................................................................................II 1 Factors influencing imaging spectroscopy data ...................................2 1.1 Overview of past and current missions ........................................................................................2 1.2 Disturbance factors .......................................................................................................................3 1.3 Uncertainty types in imaging spectroscopy data ..........................................................................5 1.4 Data non-uniformities and the data quality problem ....................................................................6 1.5 Uncertainty budget estimation ....................................................................................................7 1.6 Research objectives ......................................................................................................................8 1.7 Structure of the dissertation........................................................................................................10 2 Observational requirements and instrument model ............................12 2.1 Earth-Sun Interactions ................................................................................................................12 2.2 Some imaging spectroscopy applications ..................................................................................13 2.3 Observational requirements for imaging spectrometers.............................................................15
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