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Home , Chlorofluorocarbon

Environmental Science SLO #2

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Most of Earth’s fresh water is a. suspended in atmospheric cloud formations. b. held in reservoirs behind large dams. c. solidified at the North and South Poles. d. stored in large underground rock structures. ____ 2. What is the purpose of adding to water during the water treatment process? a. to filter and remove large debris b. to form flocs that bacteria and other impurities will cling to c. to kill bacteria that have accumulated, as well as prevent future bacterial growth d. to remove unwanted gases ____ 3. Many areas of the world without adequate fresh water have become habitable because a. rainfall patterns have changed. b. water management projects have diverted water to the area. c. icebergs have been towed in to provide fresh water. d. water conservation has been implemented. ____ 4. Which of the following is one way a person could conserve water? a. take a long bath instead of a shower b. wash laundry in small, partial loads c. use a low-flow showerhead and take short showers d. water your lawn daily and at mid-day ____ 5. Which of the following represents nonpoint-source ? a. unlined b. polluted wastewater from a chemical plant c. leaking oil tanker d. runoff from agricultural feedlots ____ 6. Parasitic worms would be classified as which type of water ? a. pathogen c. inorganic chemicals b. organic matter d. heavy metals ____ 7. Polluted groundwater is difficult to clean because a. groundwater is deep in the ground and dispersed through large areas of rock. b. cling to the materials that make up the aquifer and contaminate the clean water. c. the recycling process of groundwater can take hundreds or thousands of years. d. All of the above ____ 8. Most of the pollutants in the ocean come from a. commercial boats and personal watercraft. b. spills from oil tankers. c. activities on land. d. leaking underground storage facilities. ____ 9. When neighborhood residents noticed a large number of dead fish in a local creek, they traced the problem to a nearby gas station. It turned out that a tank of had developed a leak. This is an example of a. point-source pollution. c. . b. nonpoint-source pollution. d. . ____ 10. A common feature of thermal pollution and artificial is that they both a. have sources that are difficult to identify and control. b. cause large mats of algae to bloom in fresh water. c. are a result of power plants and other industrial activity. d. decrease the amount of oxygen dissolved in water. ____ 11. All of the following are primary air pollutants except a. monoxide. c. sulfur oxides. b. nitric acid. d. VOCs. ____ 12. Which of the following pH measurements of rainwater would indicate acid precipitation? a. pH 6.0 c. pH 7.3 b. pH 4.1 d. pH 9.6 ____ 13. Which of the following is a secondary pollutant? a. hydrocarbon emissions in car exhaust b. created when electrical power is generated c. VOCs released by a dry cleaner d. formed in the presence of sunlight ____ 14. Which of the following activities is the largest producer of primary air pollutants in the ? a. electricity production c. transportation b. healthcare d. agriculture ____ 15. Climate in a region is a. the long-term, prevailing atmospheric conditions. b. determined only by seasonal daylight hours. c. the atmospheric conditions on a given day. d. never affected by ocean currents. ____ 16. The thinning of the layer a. occurs over both polar c. will take many years to regions. reverse. b. is related to seasonal changes. d. All of the above ____ 17. How long will it take for released from Earth’s surface today to reach the ? a. about six months c. three to five years b. one to two years d. 10 to 20 years ____ 18. A true statement about greenhouse gases is that they a. convert sunlight into heat energy that warms Earth. b. are concentrated in the stratosphere. c. trap heat that is radiated upward from Earth. d. are not affected by human activity. ____ 19. The critical difference between today’s global warming and Earth’s previous climate changes is that a. human-made chemicals such as CFCs do not influence global warming. b. previous changes in climate were dramatic but very short- lived. c. scientists can now save all species from extinction by genetic engineering. d. global warming may occur much more rapidly than it did during previous climate changes. ____ 20. molecules are environmentally significant because a. their chlorine atoms can destroy many stratospheric ozone molecules. b. they are poisonous, flammable, and corrosive to metals. c. their absorption of lethal solar energy protects Earth. d. they readily break down ozone molecules produced as pollution. ____ 21. Ozone holes appear in polar regions during springtime when ozone- destroying a. chlorine atoms are released from polar stratospheric clouds. b. chlorine atoms are captured by polar stratospheric clouds. c. CFCs are synthesized on polar stratospheric clouds. d. CFCs magnify light.

Completion Complete each statement.

22. that washes into storm sewers from many places, such as parking lots and lawns, is known as ______.

23. An accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain is called ______.

24. A process by which nutrients increase in a lake while oxygen levels decrease as a result of human activity is known as ______.

25. Water that is safe to drink is referred to as ______.

26. A method of providing plants with water from sources other than precipitation is known as ______.

27. Pollution discharged from a single source is called ______pollution.

28. Secondary pollutants form when a(n) ______pollutant comes into contact with other ______pollutants, or with naturally occurring substances such as water vapor, and a chemical reaction takes place.

29. The Clean Air Act, passed in 1970 and strengthened in 1990, gives the ______the authority to regulate vehicle emissions in the United States.

30. When fossil fuels are burned, they release oxides of ______and ______.

31. Stratospheric ______is destroyed by chlorine atoms released from CFCs.

32. The development of an ozone hole over the poles is a result of human activities and begins when molecular ______from chlorofluorocarbons is released into the and collects on polar stratospheric clouds.

33. The ______is a process by which the atmosphere traps heat that is radiated from Earth’s surface.

Short Answer

34. Most water pollution in the United States is caused by nonpoint-source pollutants. Explain this statement.

35. Name and describe three effects of on human health.

36. Explain the effect on sea levels as global warming continues to cause Earth’s average temperature to increase.

37. Ozone is formed near Earth’s surface from automobile exhaust. Ozone is being depleted in the upper atmosphere. Explain why the first environmental problem is not the solution to the second one.

Problem

38. Use the graphs to answer the following questions. a. What general statement can be made concerning recharge to and discharge from the aquifer in the four years shown in Graph A? b. Using the data in Graph A, calculate the average recharge and discharge amounts for the four years. c. How could you account for the pattern depicted in 1992? d. Graph B shows the average contributions made by the areas (basins) that make up the aquifer’s recharge zone. In which basin might pollutants have had a greater chance of gaining access to the aquifer? Explain. e. Sources of groundwater pollution include (but are not limited to) the following: crop dusting, wastewater treatment plants, and storm-water runoff. Classify each as a point or nonpoint source, and name the types of pollutants that each contributes.

Essay

39. Use the following terms to complete the concept map below: nitrogen oxide, nitric oxide, oxygen atom, atmosphere, respiratory diseases, ozone, pH, aluminum, salt exchange, suffocation

40. Researchers wanted to examine how the eggs of two different frog species (A and B) are affected by exposure to UV-B radiation. The graph above shows the data they collected. For each species, half of the eggs were shielded from UV-B radiation by a special filter; the remaining half were exposed to normal sunlight. The groups of eggs were placed in special containers in the shallow water of a lake. Study the graph and answer the questions that follow. a. In general, why are natural levels of UV radiation able to kill amphibian eggs? b. In this experiment, do the eggs from species A and B differ in their susceptibility to UV-B radiation? Justify your answer. c. Other research has shown that a certain “molecular repair enzyme” is more active in the eggs of one of these species. What molecule does this enzyme repair? Which species has the higher enzyme activity? Explain. d. Based on the information given, could other factors have influenced the outcome of the experiment? Explain your answer. Environmental Science SLO #2 Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 2 STA: 11.ESS.14 2. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 2 STA: 12.ST.3 3. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 4 STA: 11.ESS.14 4. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 5 STA: 12.SWK.11 5. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 1 STA: 11.ESS.11 6. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 2 STA: 11.ESS.11 7. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 3 STA: 11.ESS.11 8. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 4 STA: 11.ESS.11 9. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 1 STA: 11.ESS.11 10. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 2 STA: 11.ESS.11 11. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 1 STA: 11.ESS.11 12. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 1 STA: 11.ESS.11 13. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 3 STA: 11.ESS.11 14. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 1 STA: 11.ESS.11 15. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 1 STA: 11.ESS.4 16. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 3 STA: 11.ESS.11 17. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 5 STA: 11.ESS.13 18. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 1 STA: 11.ESS.3 19. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 3 STA: 11.ESS.9 20. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 2 STA: 11.ESS.11 21. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 3 STA: 11.ESS.11

COMPLETION

22. ANS: nonpoint-source pollution

PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 3 OBJ: 1 STA: 11.ESS.11 23. ANS: biomagnification

PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 3 OBJ: 4 STA: 11.ESS.11 24. ANS: artificial eutrophication PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 3 OBJ: 2 STA: 11.ESS.11 25. ANS: potable

PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 2 OBJ: 2 STA: 12.ST.3 26. ANS: irrigation

PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 2 OBJ: 3 STA: 11.ESS.14 27. ANS: point-source

PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 3 OBJ: 1 STA: 11.ESS.11 28. ANS: primary, primary

PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 1 OBJ: 1 STA: 11.ESS.11 29. ANS: Environmental Protection Agency EPA

PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 1 OBJ: 2 STA: 11.ESS.11 30. ANS: sulfur, nitrogen

PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 3 OBJ: 1 STA: 11.ESS.11 31. ANS: ozone

PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 2 OBJ: 2 STA: 11.ESS.11 32. ANS: chlorine

PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 2 OBJ: 3 STA: 11.ESS.11 33. ANS: greenhouse effect

PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 3 OBJ: 1 STA: 11.ESS.3

SHORT ANSWER

34. ANS: Industries that were once sources of point-source water pollution are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency and have reduced the amount of pollution they release into the environment. Nonpoint-source pollution is much harder to regulate because the pollution comes from so many sources. Human activities such as fertilizing lawns and driving cars are nonpoint-source pollution, which is responsible for most of our water pollution problems.

PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 3 OBJ: 1 STA: 11.ESS.11 35. ANS: Accept any reasonable answer. Sample answer: One effect of air pollution on health is chronic bronchitis, a persistent inflammation of the bronchial linings. A second effect is asthma, a condition in which the bronchial passages constrict and become blocked with mucus. A third effect is emphysema, the loss of elasticity in the lung’s air sacs.

PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 2 OBJ: 3 STA: 11.SWK.10 36. ANS: Sea levels would rise as ice in the Arctic and Antarctic melts.

PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 3 OBJ: 4 37. ANS: Ozone is a very reactive substance. Ozone from smog breaks down or combines with other substances before it can rise to the stratosphere to replace the ozone being destroyed there.

PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 2 OBJ: 2 STA: 11.ESS.11 PROBLEM

38. ANS: a. In three of the four years, discharge exceeded recharge. Discharge peaked in 1988 and sharply declined afterwards, possibly as a result of water-conservation efforts. b. average discharge: 1,362,000 acre-feet; average recharge: 891,000 acre-feet c. In 1992, recharge was more than double the amount of discharge. Rainfall that was considerably higher than average could account for this pattern. d. The highest average replenishment occurred through basin C. Other factors being equal (e.g., pollutant exposure, porosity and permeability of strata), pollutants had a greater opportunity to enter groundwater in this area. e. crop dusting: nonpoint—organic chemicals (); wastewater treatment plants: point—potential for different pollutant types, such as pathogens and toxic chemicals; storm-water runoff: nonpoint—physical agent (soil/sediment from erosion), with potential for other pollutants (household and lawn chemicals, organic matter, animals wastes, oil, gasoline, and )

PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 2 OBJ: 5 STA: 12.SWK.11

ESSAY

39. ANS: See below.

PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 1 | 2 | 3 OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 STA: 11.ESS.11 40. ANS: a. Amphibian eggs lack shells and are often deposited in the shallow water of lakes and streams; thus, their DNA is exposed to the damaging effects of UV radiation. b. Eggs from species A show only a 1 percent survival difference between the Filter/No filter groups. Eggs from species B show a more pronounced effect, with an 18 percent survival difference between the two groups. Thus, eggs from species B are more susceptible to the damaging effects of UV-B radiation. c. The enzyme repairs UV-damaged DNA. Species A has the greater enzyme activity because its eggs show greater resistance to UV-B. d. Answers may vary. It is possible that some portion of the eggs from species B were inherently less viable than those of species A and were more easily damaged by UV-B (this might also account for the lower overall survival of species B eggs). Additionally, the characteristics of the water in which the experiment was conducted may have differed from that of natural deposition sites for species B frogs.

PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 2 OBJ: 4 STA: 11.SWK.9