Environmental Science SLO #2 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Most of Earth’s fresh water is a. suspended in atmospheric cloud formations. b. held in reservoirs behind large dams. c. solidified at the North and South Poles. d. stored in large underground rock structures. ____ 2. What is the purpose of adding chlorine to water during the water treatment process? a. to filter and remove large debris b. to form flocs that bacteria and other impurities will cling to c. to kill bacteria that have accumulated, as well as prevent future bacterial growth d. to remove unwanted gases ____ 3. Many areas of the world without adequate fresh water have become habitable because a. rainfall patterns have changed. b. water management projects have diverted water to the area. c. icebergs have been towed in to provide fresh water. d. water conservation has been implemented. ____ 4. Which of the following is one way a person could conserve water? a. take a long bath instead of a shower b. wash laundry in small, partial loads c. use a low-flow showerhead and take short showers d. water your lawn daily and at mid-day ____ 5. Which of the following represents nonpoint-source pollution? a. unlined landfill b. polluted wastewater from a chemical plant c. leaking oil tanker d. runoff from agricultural feedlots ____ 6. Parasitic worms would be classified as which type of water pollutant? a. pathogen c. inorganic chemicals b. organic matter d. heavy metals ____ 7. Polluted groundwater is difficult to clean because a. groundwater is deep in the ground and dispersed through large areas of rock. b. pollutants cling to the materials that make up the aquifer and contaminate the clean water. c. the recycling process of groundwater can take hundreds or thousands of years. d. All of the above ____ 8. Most of the pollutants in the ocean come from a. commercial boats and personal watercraft. b. spills from oil tankers. c. activities on land. d. leaking underground storage facilities. ____ 9. When neighborhood residents noticed a large number of dead fish in a local creek, they traced the problem to a nearby gas station. It turned out that a tank of gasoline had developed a leak. This is an example of a. point-source pollution. c. thermal pollution. b. nonpoint-source pollution. d. groundwater pollution. ____ 10. A common feature of thermal pollution and artificial eutrophication is that they both a. have sources that are difficult to identify and control. b. cause large mats of algae to bloom in fresh water. c. are a result of power plants and other industrial activity. d. decrease the amount of oxygen dissolved in water. ____ 11. All of the following are primary air pollutants except a. carbon monoxide. c. sulfur oxides. b. nitric acid. d. VOCs. ____ 12. Which of the following pH measurements of rainwater would indicate acid precipitation? a. pH 6.0 c. pH 7.3 b. pH 4.1 d. pH 9.6 ____ 13. Which of the following is a secondary pollutant? a. hydrocarbon emissions in car exhaust b. sulfur dioxide created when electrical power is generated c. VOCs released by a dry cleaner d. smog formed in the presence of sunlight ____ 14. Which of the following activities is the largest producer of primary air pollutants in the United States? a. electricity production c. transportation b. healthcare d. agriculture ____ 15. Climate in a region is a. the long-term, prevailing atmospheric conditions. b. determined only by seasonal daylight hours. c. the atmospheric conditions on a given day. d. never affected by ocean currents. ____ 16. The thinning of the ozone layer a. occurs over both polar c. will take many years to regions. reverse. b. is related to seasonal changes. d. All of the above ____ 17. How long will it take for chlorofluorocarbons released from Earth’s surface today to reach the stratosphere? a. about six months c. three to five years b. one to two years d. 10 to 20 years ____ 18. A true statement about greenhouse gases is that they a. convert sunlight into heat energy that warms Earth. b. are concentrated in the stratosphere. c. trap heat that is radiated upward from Earth. d. are not affected by human activity. ____ 19. The critical difference between today’s global warming and Earth’s previous climate changes is that a. human-made chemicals such as CFCs do not influence global warming. b. previous changes in climate were dramatic but very short- lived. c. scientists can now save all species from extinction by genetic engineering. d. global warming may occur much more rapidly than it did during previous climate changes. ____ 20. Chlorofluorocarbon molecules are environmentally significant because a. their chlorine atoms can destroy many stratospheric ozone molecules. b. they are poisonous, flammable, and corrosive to metals. c. their absorption of lethal solar energy protects Earth. d. they readily break down ozone molecules produced as pollution. ____ 21. Ozone holes appear in polar regions during springtime when ozone- destroying a. chlorine atoms are released from polar stratospheric clouds. b. chlorine atoms are captured by polar stratospheric clouds. c. CFCs are synthesized on polar stratospheric clouds. d. CFCs magnify ultraviolet light. Completion Complete each statement. 22. Water pollution that washes into storm sewers from many places, such as parking lots and lawns, is known as ______________________________. 23. An accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain is called _________________________. 24. A process by which nutrients increase in a lake while oxygen levels decrease as a result of human activity is known as ______________________________. 25. Water that is safe to drink is referred to as ____________________. 26. A method of providing plants with water from sources other than precipitation is known as ____________________. 27. Pollution discharged from a single source is called _________________________ pollution. 28. Secondary pollutants form when a(n) ____________________ pollutant comes into contact with other ____________________ pollutants, or with naturally occurring substances such as water vapor, and a chemical reaction takes place. 29. The Clean Air Act, passed in 1970 and strengthened in 1990, gives the ___________________________________ the authority to regulate vehicle emissions in the United States. 30. When fossil fuels are burned, they release oxides of ____________________ and ____________________. 31. Stratospheric ____________________ is destroyed by chlorine atoms released from CFCs. 32. The development of an ozone hole over the poles is a result of human activities and begins when molecular ____________________ from chlorofluorocarbons is released into the atmosphere and collects on polar stratospheric clouds. 33. The _________________________ is a process by which the atmosphere traps heat that is radiated from Earth’s surface. Short Answer 34. Most water pollution in the United States is caused by nonpoint-source pollutants. Explain this statement. 35. Name and describe three effects of air pollution on human health. 36. Explain the effect on sea levels as global warming continues to cause Earth’s average temperature to increase. 37. Ozone is formed near Earth’s surface from automobile exhaust. Ozone is being depleted in the upper atmosphere. Explain why the first environmental problem is not the solution to the second one. Problem 38. Use the graphs to answer the following questions. a. What general statement can be made concerning recharge to and discharge from the aquifer in the four years shown in Graph A? b. Using the data in Graph A, calculate the average recharge and discharge amounts for the four years. c. How could you account for the pattern depicted in 1992? d. Graph B shows the average contributions made by the areas (basins) that make up the aquifer’s recharge zone. In which basin might pollutants have had a greater chance of gaining access to the aquifer? Explain. e. Sources of groundwater pollution include (but are not limited to) the following: crop dusting, wastewater treatment plants, and storm-water runoff. Classify each as a point or nonpoint source, and name the types of pollutants that each contributes. Essay 39. Use the following terms to complete the concept map below: nitrogen oxide, nitric oxide, oxygen atom, atmosphere, respiratory diseases, ozone, pH, aluminum, salt exchange, suffocation 40. Researchers wanted to examine how the eggs of two different frog species (A and B) are affected by exposure to UV-B radiation. The graph above shows the data they collected. For each species, half of the eggs were shielded from UV-B radiation by a special filter; the remaining half were exposed to normal sunlight. The groups of eggs were placed in special containers in the shallow water of a lake. Study the graph and answer the questions that follow. a. In general, why are natural levels of UV radiation able to kill amphibian eggs? b. In this experiment, do the eggs from species A and B differ in their susceptibility to UV-B radiation? Justify your answer. c. Other research has shown that a certain “molecular repair enzyme” is more active in the eggs of one of these species. What molecule does this enzyme repair? Which species has the higher enzyme activity? Explain. d. Based on the information given, could other factors have influenced the outcome of the experiment? Explain your answer. Environmental Science SLO #2 Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 2 STA: 11.ESS.14 2. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 2 STA: 12.ST.3 3. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 4 STA: 11.ESS.14 4. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 5 STA: 12.SWK.11 5.