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Introduction 4 ! Faith Contributors 7!

1. Interview with Dr Vinya Ariyaratne 7! BUDDHISM. Sri Lanka!

2. The Importance of Water: A Buddhist Viewpoint 9! BUDDHISM. The Venerable PKS Lom, The Buddhapadipa Temple, London, UK!

3. Organizing for Water: A History of the Communities of the Lower Lempa, El Salvador 12! CHRISTIANITY. Hernan Gaitan, United Communities, El Salvador!

4. The Australian Catholic Bishops’ response to the call for Ecological Conversion and Ecological Vocations 14! CHRISTIANITY. Jacqui Remond and Megan Seneque, Catholic Earthcare Australia!

5. Faith and Water - a Christian Perspective 19! CHRISTIANITY. Mary Grey, St Mary’s University College, Twickenham, UK!

6. Hai district water supply project: a model of community rural water supply initiated by a church in Tanzania 25! CHRISTIANITY. Eng. Rogers C. Marandu, Tanzania!

7. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Faith-Based Schools 31! CHRISTIANITY. Magdaline Gitahi, Redeemed Gospel Church, Mathare, Kenya!

8. Faith in Water 35! CHRISTIANITY. Bishop Walter Scott Thomas Snr and Reverend Alfred Bailey II, New Psalmist Baptist Church, Baltimore, US!

9. Links between Education, Religion and Inspiration 38! HINDUISM. Rupa Ragunath Das, Director of Food for Life Vrindavan Society, India!

10. The Dharma of Water: Hindu water principles 41! HINDUISM. Ranchor Prime, UK!

11. The Water Situation in Jordan 45! ISLAM. Dr Murad Jabay Bino, Executive Director of the Inter-Islamic Network on Water Resources Development and Management, Amman, Jordan!

12. Water Conservation, Sanitation and Hygiene in Islam 51! ISLAM. Imam Dr. Muhammad Ridwaan Gallant, South Africa!

13. Water and Spiritual Life in Batang Gadis National Park 56! ISLAM. Jatna Supriatna, Fachruddin Mangunjaya, Jarot Arisona and Erwin Perbatakusuma, Sumatra, Indonesia!

14. Cleanliness and Islam 59! ISLAM. Dr Mawil Izzi Dien!

2

15. “And she said to him, 'Give me a blessing: for thou hast given me a Negev land [desert]; give me also pools of water,' and Kalev gave her the upper pools and the lower pools.” 62! JUDAISM. Manlio Dell’Ariccia, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee!

16. Water, Hygiene and Sanitation in Jewish Tradition 65! JUDAISM. Dr Mirele B. Goldsmith!

17. The Zoroastrian view of Conservation of Natural Elements: “Tanka” of Bharuch 69! ZOROASTRIANISM. Prof. Kavas Kapadia and Dr. Shernaz Cama, India!

18. Faith in Water: Ideas, Inspiration and Stories 74! ZOROASTRIANISM. Dr Rooyintan Peshotan Peer

Secular Contributors 78!

20. Clean Water Now! 78! CWN. Evert Groeneveld, the Netherlands!

24. The Importance of School Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) 86! UK Department for International Development DFID. Stephen Young, UK!

19. Micro solutions have macro effects 95! EMF. Allerd Stikker, Ecological Management Foundation, the Netherlands!

23. Water supply, sanitation and hygiene facilities and related education in faith-based schools 97! IRC. Annemarieke Mooijman and Christine Sijbesma, International Water and Sanitation Centre, The Netherlands!

21. Micro Water Facility 109! MWF. Frederick Claasen, the Netherlands!

22. Smart Techs: new options to improve WASH in schools 111! SMART TECHS. Henk Holtslag and Walter Mgina, Tanzania!

27. Adaptive Water Governance 115! UNDP!

25. Religion and Water and the link with Hygiene Promotion: the case of Bangladesh 118! UNICEF. Hans Spruijt, Bangladesh!

28. Water, faith and education 120! WORLD BANK. Leonard Abrams, Senior Water Resource Specialist, Africa!

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PI &Celia Deane Drummond, The Ethics of Nature,( Oxford: Blackwell 2004), pp.41-48

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Then he showed me the river of the water of life, bright as crystal, flowing from the throne of the God and of the Lamb through the middle of the street of the city; also, on either side of the river, the Tree of Life with its twelve kinds of fruit, yielding its fruit each month; and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations. (Revelation, Ch.22, 1-2) b"*5&S*)52&+$&b"*5E3&6'#B)*3#$5&./00)1)2&GA#DM)'%"-2&672&=K*#0&:;;

PQ &viii.Sallie McFague, The Body of God,(London: SCM Press 1993).

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Table 1: Schools were water filters are installed and number of people accessing clean drinking water:

School Number Number of of filters beneficiaries Thuamul Rampur 2 207 Kankia 2 502 Rudhapadar 1 153 Koinpur 1 281 Total 6 1143

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The impact of cultural and religious preferences on community water supply (CWS): Case study from Machaki village in North West Frontier Province, Pakistanvii Discussions with 20 village elders regarding sanitation and dirty washing water and urine in the streets proved to be the starting point for development of a CWS programme in Machaki. Open defecation was a common practice and thorough discussion on the health impacts led them to conclude that they would like improvements. Nawab highlighted several cultural and religious factors affecting technology choice and hygiene behaviour. These included: - A desire to keep body and clothes clean for prayer as ordained by the Koran and hadiths (Sayings from the prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him). - Sayings from the Prophet Mohammad PBUH stating that toilets should face away from Mecca. - Strong psychological and religious concern regarding the impurity of faeces. - The council of male elders who were responsible for village decision-making. - Cultural taboos meaning women were unable to discuss sanitation with men yet women were responsibility for household sanitation. - A wastewater use decree from the Council of Leading Islamic Scholars (CLIS) in Saudi Arabia. As a result, the community designed a unique water supply system. This included a wetland treatment system and household latrines demonstrating a flexible context specific community designed response to CWS.

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Box 2

Schoolgirls, health, wellbeing and dignity in Africa It is estimated that half of all girls in Sub-Saharan Africa who drop out of primary education do so because of poor water and sanitation facilities while it is estimated that a further 10% of school-age girls in Africa do not attend school during menstruation or drop out completely at puberty because they have no access to clean, private sanitation facilities at schoolix. In 2005 WaterAid conducted a study in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State (BGRS), Ethiopia. Of the 32 schools studied, latrine to student ratios ranged from 1 latrine per 46 students to 1 for 386viii. Where facilities were available, broken or non-existent toilet doors, a lack of dedicated male and female toilets, and few female teachers hindered their use. Girls and women teachers were often culturally limited to using toilets at night or felt there was insufficient privacy to use available facilities.

89

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Box 4

Yemen – Education benefits from improved water collectionxix Despite traditional rainwater harvesting practices, Al-Qatab village in Yemen suffered from seasonal shortages of water with cisterns running out of water in the driest part of the year. As a result, villagers had to travel 2 hours by foot to the nearest source. A new cistern, hand- pump, precipitation tank and livestock water basin was provided via the DFID funded Social Fund for Development. This has made water collection easier. As this was the responsibility of women and children, school enrolment has increased and hygiene and environmental health has improved.

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Box 5

DFID’s support for International Faith Based Organisations DFID knows that Faith based organisations have a valuable and vital role to play in supporting WASH initiatives in education. DFID has public partnership agreements with several Faith based organisations including Islamic Relief, Christian Aid, World Vision and CAFOD as well as other international non-governmental organisations such as WaterAid who work closely with faith based groups in developing countries. Core funding to faith based international organisations for 2008 to 2011 totals £67,280,000.

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