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Somalia 2001, United Nations Development Programme, Somalia Country Office, Nairobi

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Somalia 2001, United Nations Development Programme, Somalia Country Office, Nairobi Human Development Report 2001 Somalia Human Development Report 2001 Somalia is a country in transition. After years of civil strife the nature of the Somali state has changed and Somalis have the extraordinary opportunity to recon- struct their political, social and economic systems afresh. The 2001 Human Development Report compiles and analyses the latest available data on Somalia. It provides a timely analysis of a society in transition and contributes to our understanding of its dynamics. ‘The report will be a crucial document for discussion and dissemination of contemporary human develop- ment issues in Somalia.’ Mogadishu Reading Circle ‘The report covers comprehensively most aspects of human development in Somalia and is able to give a broad picture and specific variations in regard to the different regions of Somalia.’ Baidoa Reading Circle ‘All in all our team of readers was impressed by the report, in the sense that they found it not only very interesting and useful but also very balanced with regards to the prevalent sensibilities of the Somalis.’ Hargeisa Reading Circle Government of Denmark United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country Office P.O. Box 28832 Nairobi, Kenya Tel.: (+254-2) 448433 Fax.: (+254-2) 448439 www.unsomalia.org Copyright © United Nations Development Programme, 2001 1 UN Plaza, New York, New York, 10017, USA Published by United Nations Development Programme, Somalia Country Office, Centenary House, Westlands, Nairobi, Kenya. The information contained in this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission but with acknowledgement of this pub- lication as a source: Human Development Report Somalia 2001, United Nations Development Programme, Somalia Country Office, Nairobi. ISBN 9966-9738-0-X Design: Pouran Ghaffarpour Editing: Maxine Atkinson Photographs: Cover: ‘Somali pastoralists watering camels’ by Robert Maletta, Inside cover: Robert Maletta, Chapter 1: UNICEF, Chapter 2: Sonya Laurence Green, Chapter 3: Wendy Stone, Chapter 4: Pat Johnson, Chapter 5: Mark Bradbury Printed in Kenya on chlorine-free, recycled paper. The Authors The authors of the 2001 Human Development Report for Somalia are Mark Bradbury, Ken Menkhaus and Roland Marchal. Mark Bradbury also guided the work as Coordinating Editor. At different stages Paul Muwera, Sanda Ojiambo and Christian Webersik did invaluable work on the collection and analysis of data. Primary responsibility for errors of analysis and interpretation lie with the authors. Methodology The HDR draws upon a variety of studies and reports on Somalia over the past decade and interviews conducted by the authors. Chapter 4 was supplemented by information generated by a human rights workshop in Hargeisa with Somali human rights organisations. The statistical data used in this report was compiled from existing databases, surveys and documentation on Somalia. The Human Development Index was calculated on the basis of a socio-economic household survey under- taken by UNDP in 2001 (see chapter 5). A draft of the report was critically reviewed by Reading Circles in Mogadishu, Baidoa, Garowe and Hargeisa, com- prising Somalis from the regional administrations, civil society organisations and business communities. The draft report was reviewed by UNDP Somalia and by other UN agencies. The human development indicator tables were reviewed and agreed upon by UN agencies, both individually and collectively through the Somalia Aid Coordination Body (SACB) health and education sectoral committees. Comments arising from these reviews were taken into account in producing the final report. Contents Foreword . .10 Acknowlegements . .12 Acronyms . 15 Basic Facts about Somalia . .18 Fikrad Guud . 20 Marxaladda Kala Guurka ee Soomaaliya . 20 Horumarinta Aadanaha . 21 Ujeedada Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee 2001da . 22 Mawduucyada Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee 2001da . 24 Sansaanka Horumarinta aadanaha: Ma sideedii bay ku socotaa mise waa isbadashay? . 24 Sansaanka Dadka . .24 Sansaanka Nabadgalyada Aadanaha . 25 Adeegyada Bulshada . 25 Sansaanka Dhaqaalaha . 26 Sansaanka Deegaanowga . 27 Sansaanka Kaalmada Caalamiga ah . 28 Caalamiyeynta iyo Deegaamaynta . .28 Lahaanshaha Gaarka ah iyo Saameynteeda Horumarinta Aadanaha . .29 Xuquuqda Aadanaha iyo Isxukunka . 30 Tilmaamayaasha Horumarinta Aadanaha . 32 Overview . .34 Somalia in Transition . 34 Human Development . 35 Aims of the 2001 Human Development Report . .36 Themes of 2001 HDR . 37 Trends in human development: continuity or change? . 37 Demographic trends . 37 Human security trends . 38 Social services . 38 Economic trends . 39 Environmental trends . 40 Foreign aid trends . .40 Globalisation and localisation . 40 The private sector and its impact on human development . 41 Human rights and governance . 42 Human Development Indicators . 44 Chapter 1 45 Trends in Human Development . 46 Human Development Index for Somalia . 46 Political Trends . 49 State formation . 49 Political trends in the 1990s: state collapse, civil war and international intervention . 49 Political trends since 1998: consolidation . 50 Somaliland . 51 Puntland . 52 Bay and Bakol . ..
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