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Harnessing the Potentials of Natural and Cultural Attractions for Tourism Development in Parts of Anambra State

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Harnessing the Potentials of Natural and Cultural Attractions for Tourism Development in Parts of Anambra State 1 OKONKWO, EBERE CLEMENTINA PG/M.A/08/49612 PG/M. Sc/09/51723 HARNESSING THE POTENTIALS OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL ATTRACTIONS FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN PARTS OF ANAMBRA STATE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM, FACULTY OF ARTS, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ENUGU CAMPUS ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM 2011 Digitally Signed by Webmaster’s Name DN : CN = Webmaster’s name O= University of Nigeria, Nsukka Webmaster OU = Innovation Centre 2 APPROVAL PAGE OKONKWO, EBERE CLEMENTINA, Reg. No. PG/M.A/08/49612, a post-graduate student in the Department of ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM has satisfactorily completed the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (M.A.) in ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM. The research work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for any other diploma or degree of this or any other University. ……………………………… ……..……………………………… Dr. (Mrs.) P. I. Eze-Uzomaka Dr. (Mrs.) P. I. Eze-Uzomaka (Supervisor) (Head of Department) ………………………………….. (External Supervisor) 3 TITLE PAGE HARNESSING THE POTENTIALS OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL ATTRACTIONS FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN PARTS OF ANAMBRA STATE 4 DEDICATION To the effort of my dear husband, Mr. Emeka E. Okonkwo in financing this programme, and for staying and waiting anxiously to see the end of this programme. 5 PREFACE This research report examines the potentialities of natural and cultural attractions for tourism development in Anambra State. The abundant tourism attractions with which the state is endowed and blessed with has necessitated the choice of the state as a case study. A study of these attractions revealed inherent values capable of transforming and developing the host communities into a tourists haven. The study uses ethnographic techniques to elicit information and analyze the available data. The research report therefore argues that harnessing the potentialities of natural and cultural attractions in Anambra State will not only create job opportunities, encourage local crafts, but will also improve the living standard of host communities. For the purpose of clarity, this work has been broken into chapters. Chapter one deals with the introduction of the topic of the research, statement of problem that motivated this study, the research questions that readily come to mind, the objectives for carrying out the research, the methods employed in carrying out the research, the scope of the study, and the limiting factors that affected the research during the period in which the research was carried out. Chapter two concentrated on the literature review, which includes theoretical review, empirical review and theoretical orientation. Chapter three focused on the background information, geographical location of the study area, historical background, economy of the people, cultural activities and political organization of the study area. 6 Chapter four is about data collection, presentation and analysis of the study area, presentation of data of tourist attractions in Anambra State, delimitation of tourist attractions at the study area into natural and cultural attractions, and the data analysis. Finally, the last chapter deals with the summary of the report, and recommendations for the way forward were also offered and conclusion reached. 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I must first of all commend the Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka for accepting and approving my thesis topic. My most humble and sincere thanks goes to my thesis supervisor, Dr. (Mrs.) P. I. Eze-Uzomaka, for her unreserved and indeed excellent academic efforts in guiding this study to its completion. She took great pains to read and patiently correct the manuscript. I feel that the success of this academic piece was her concern. My profound thanks also goes to Prof. A. I. Okpoko, Prof. E. E. Okafor, Prof. P. U. Okpoko, Dr. A. M. Ibeanu, Dr. L. C. Ekechukwu, and Mr. E. I. Itanyi for their advice and encouragement during the writing of this thesis. My immense gratitude goes to my husband, Mr. Emeka E. Okonkwo for financing my Masters Programme. His advice and encouragement was of great help to me. It would not have been so easy to complete the programme without his support. Not withstanding his academic engagements, he managed to squeeze out time from his numerous commitments to take me round the towns for all the oral interviews. I reserve my special thanks to my brothers fondly called papa Cynthia, papa Ikem, papa Nnaemeka, Nnamdi and my sister Anastasia. The bibliography at the end shows the numerous sources to which I am indebted, in varying degrees for this work. I say a big thank you to you all. Hold on to what is good. 8 LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Figure 1: Map of Anambra State Showing the Study Areas……………………………..26 Figure 2: Map of Anaocha Local Government Area………………………………..…...27 Figure 3: Map of Aguata Local Government Area……………………………………....28 Figure 4: Map of Nnewi South Local Government Area…………………………….….29 Figure 5: A Pie Chart of Tourist Arrivals at the Natural Attractions in the Study Areas from January – December, 2008…………………………………………..61 Figure 6: A Bar Chart of Tourist Arrivals at the Natural Attractions from January – December, 2009…………………………………………………62 Figure 7: A Pie Chart of Tourist Arrivals at the Various Cultural Attractions in Our Study Areas from January – December, 2008…………………………………...64 Figure 8: A Bar Chart of Tourist Arrivals at the Various Cultural Attractions from January – December, 2009…………………………………………………65 9 LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1: Statistics of Tourist Arrivals at the Natural Attractions in the Study Areas from January – December, 2008…………………………………...60 Table 2: Statistics of Tourist Arrivals at the Natural Attractions from January – December, 2009……………………………………………………….61 Table 3: Statistics of Tourist Arrivals at the Cultural Attractions in Our Study Areas from January – December, 2008…………………………………………..64 Table 4: Statistics of Tourist Arrivals at the Cultural Attractions from January – December, 2009…………………………………………………65 10 LIST OF PLATES PAGE Plate 1: Vegetation of Anambra State…………………………………………………....30 Plate 2: A Side View of Agulu Lake…………………………………………………..39 Plate 3: Haaba Erosion Site in Agulu…………………………………………………....39 Plate 4: Okpu Erosion Site in Agulu…………………………………………………..…40 Plate 5: Ekwulobia-Oko Erosion Site……………………………………………………41 Plate 6: Igboukwu Erosion Site…………………………………………………………..41 Plate 7: Nkwo Umuchu Erosion Site…………………………………………………….42 Plate 8: Aguluezechukwu Erosion Site………………………………………………..…42 Plate 9: Ogwugwu Sacred Grove……………………………………………………..….45 Plate 10: Mmiri Agu Stream in Umudara, Ukpor…………………………………..……46 Plate 11: A Statue of a Typical Nri Man in Nri Museum…………………………….….47 Plate 12: Eze Nri Royal Crown with Eight Feathers……………………………….……48 Plate 13: Atilogwu Dance in Aguata……………………………………………….…....51 Plate 14: Odenigwe Dance in Aguata…………………………………………….…..….51 Plate 15: Egedege Dance……………………………………………………………..….52 Plate 16: Roasting of New Yams…………………………………………………..…….52 Plate 17: Cutting and Declaration of New Yams as Suitable for Eating…………..…….53 Plate 18: Titled Men Performing During Yam Festival………………………………….53 Plate 19: Abandoned Settlement in Umuhu Village, Ukpor………………………….….55 Plate 20: Abandoned Settlement in Umunuko Village, Ukpor…………………..………55 Plate 21: Okuka Festival Arena in Ukpor, Nnewi South LGA…………………………..58 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Approval Page……………………………………………………………………………i Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………ii Dedication………………………………………………………………………………..iii Preface……………………………………………………………………………………iv Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………………vi List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………vii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………viii List of Plates……………………………………………………………………………..ix Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………….…….1 1.1 Statement of Problem………………………………………………………………….4 1.2 Research Questions……………………………………………………………………5 1.3 Research Objectives…………………………………………………………………...5 1.4 Research Methods……………………………………………………………………..6 1.5 Research Scope………………………………………………………………………..9 1.6 Limitation of the Study………………………………………………………………..9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………...11 2.1 Theoretical Literature………………………………………………………………...11 2.1.1 Environmental Theory……………………………………………………………..12 2.1.2 Functionalism Theory……………………………………………………………...14 2.1.3 Modernization Theory……………………………………………………………..16 2.2 Empirical Literature………………………………………………………………….17 2.2.1 Natural Attractions…………………………………………………………………17 2.2.2 Cultural Attractions………………………………………………………………...18 12 2.2.3 Tourism Development……………………………………………………………..19 2.3 Theoretical Orientation……………………………………………………………....21 CHAPTER THREE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION…………………………..23 3.1 Geographical Location of Anambra State……………………………………………23 3.1.1 Climates and Vegetation………………………………………………………..….24 3.2 Historical Background……………………………………………...………………..30 3.3 Socio-Economic/Cultural Activities…………………………………………...…….31 3.4 Socio-Political Organization of Anambra State……………………………...………34 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS……………..……36 4.1 Data Presentation: A Survey of Tourist Attractions in Anambra State………….…..36 4.1.1 Delimitation of Tourist Attractions………………………………………………...36 4.1.1.1 Natural Attractions in Anaocha Local Government Area………………………..37 4.1.1.2 Natural Attractions in Nnewi South Local Government Area...……….………...43 4.1.1.3 Cultural Attractions in Anaocha Local Government Area………………………47 4.2 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………...58 4.2.1 Statistical Analysis
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