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Analysis and Assessment of Agulu-Nnaka Erosion Impact on Human Lives and Infrastructure OTTI, V. I and EKENTA, D. E, AJOERR, 2018, 1:8 Research Article AJOERR (2018) 1:8 American Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews (ISSN:2637-3785) Analysis and Assessment of Agulu-Nnaka Erosion Impact on Human Lives and Infrastructure OTTI, V. I and EKENTA, D. E Civil Engineering Department,Nnamdi Azikiwe University,Awka ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to rehabilitate the gully erosion site and *Correspondence to Author: reduce longer term erosion vulnerability in Agulu/Nanka Com- OTTI, V. I munity. This activity was carried out through some civil works Civil Engineering Department,N- such as construction of concrete drainage system, culverts and namdi Azikiwe University,Awka silty basin, spikes, rock chutes and stabilization of gully. An engi- neering design was used for the erosion gully intervention which highlighted on the detailed civil works that were carried out. An How to cite this article: environmental and social management plan study was imple- OTTI, V. I and EKENTA, D. E. mented aimed at identifying potential and social impacts that Analysis And Assessment Of were associated with the rehabilitation as proposed means of Agulu-Nnaka Erosion Impact On minimizing and mitigating them to acceptable level. Human Lives And Infrastructure. American Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews, 2018, 1:8 eSciPub LLC, Houston, TX USA. Website: http://escipub.com/ AJOERR: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-engineering-research-and-reviews/ 1 OTTI, V. I and EKENTA, D. E, AJOERR, 2018, 1:8 Introduction fund program in rehabilitation of Agulu/Nanka erosion gullies. Igbozurike (2001) observed that The ecological menace of erosion is a major the program multi-sectorial Nigeria erosion and disaster that continues to threaten landmass in water shed was aimed at reducing vulnerability Nigeria. Some of these erosion actions have to soil erosion in targeted sub-catchment areas, resulted in devastation of economic properties like Anambra State as the activities were due to natural and human causes stated by implemented by the state and federal (Nnodu 2005) in his environmental renewal for government, see figure ( 2 ). sustainable development of Anambra State. In Nigeria over 6,000km2 of land are affected by erosion and about 3,400km2 are highly exposed to the devastation. Erosion has a devastating effect on many peoples’ lives and has destroyed infrastructures, essentially constructed for economic development and poverty alleviation. Anambra state has some doses of the environmental devastation.The State has intimidating sizes of erosion sites, and is obviously threatened by physical environment Figure ( 1 ) A section of gully in that seems ever ready to slip into nothingness Agulu/Nanka both Aniocha/Orumba North (Nwajide and Reijers 2007). LGAs Onyeagocha (2003) with good understanding described erosion as an accelerated phenomenon which resulted from movement of soil by water, wind or other agents and deposition of such detached soil elsewhere. Erosion has caused horrendous and incalculable havoc in the communities affected, also erosion as a surface sculpture of the earth’s landscape has constituted global environmental problem and requires peculiar attention because of the threat it poses to Figure ( 2 ) Gully at Agulu/Nanka showing building and other structures that endanger some affected houses and tarred road. human lives (Obiekezie et al, 2002). The gully erosion in Agulu/Nanka has posed numerous threats to the inhabitants of the area and has Ndubude (2003) is of the opinion that caused many residential building and worship Agulu/Nanka community gully erosion centres to collapse, destroying roads net works, rehabilitation project was considered to be and other infrastructure and degrading land for mainly site specification, and the project commercial and agricultural purposes concentrated mainly on the rehabilitation which (Igbozurike, 2001), see figure ( 1 ). included the construction of a concrete culverts Anambra State, the must devastated erosion designed to convey the flow and links through state has been implementing the multi-sectoral Oko/Ekwulobia road to Ahommiri River. Nigeria erosion and water shed financed by the Moreso, filling and compacting of fill to reclaim world bank, Global facility, the special climate part of the gully head and its finger gully, AJOERR: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-engineering-research-and-reviews/ 2 OTTI, V. I and EKENTA, D. E, AJOERR, 2018, 1:8 construction of step-wise drop or rock chutes trenches by soldiers as well as detonation of structure was to dissipate a large part of the explosive and bombs in the South East in energy of flow, and flat gabion mattress was Biafran War; (Ezechi and Okagbue, 2004). laid on geotexttile material. The construction Aim and Objectives company also used reno/gabion mattresses The aim of this study was to consider the where necessary in protecting the base from environmental and social management plan scouring and re-vegetation of the gully site with development for the rehabilitation of local grass and trees within the distance of the Agulu/Nanka gully erosion and to ensure the gully and its fingers, see figure ( 3 ). effective long-term protection of the area. The objectives of this study development of erosion control program were to: • Improve erosion management and gully rehabilitation. • Examine the major activities and identify the aspects associated with construction works which generated environmental impacts. • Identify the environmental issues associated with the major activities. • Develop mitigation measures for the aspects identified as having adverse environmental impacts. Figure ( 3 ) Step wise drop, chutes and • Incorporate environmental mitigation spikes measures into activities and develop corrective actions and ensure monitoring, define the specific actions required, roles The civil works was concentrated at the areas and responsibilities for these actions, and closed to the erosion site and ensured associated costs. negligible adverse impacts on livelihood. Okafor Purpose of Study (2002) was of the view that the adverse impacts were largely reversible, indirect and short term. The exact purposes were to; Ofomata (2000) in his classification of soil • define a proposed institutional structure erosion with specific reference to Anambra to govern the implementation of State in environmental review stated that environmental and social management Agulu/Nanka area consist of loose laterite and plan development and its monitoring. sandy material under a superficial layer of fine • increase incomes for rural households grained sand which are unstable and poorly from improved agricultural and forest consolidated and generally over saturated, practice through the use of conservation prone to leaching due to the heavy rainfall agriculture, agro foresting, natural experience in the area. This particular action regeneration. led to sheet and gully erosion as experienced in • gain efficiency in public administration many parts of the state. and public spending through improved Erosion devastation is a progressive albatross knowledge base, analytical, multi- in the Southeast, which some geologist sectorial coordination and stakeholder attributed to the unsavoury development to war dialogue. activities, such as indiscriminately digging of AJOERR: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-engineering-research-and-reviews/ 3 OTTI, V. I and EKENTA, D. E, AJOERR, 2018, 1:8 • define a proposed institutional structure erosion is an advanced stage of rill erosion to govern the implementation of where surface channels have been eroded to environmental social management plan the point, where they cannot be smoothened and its monitoring. Also reduction in over by normal tillage operation. mortality/morbidity from landslide and Like in other parts of the world, gully erosion is social interaction. one of the major environmental challenges Scope of Study facing Nigeria. The menace is more The scope of this erosion project control was predominant in the south eastern region, based on proactive protection, from flood, regarded as a gully erosion region (Igbokwe et erosion and storm surge. Erosion control al 2008), and some part of south west, probably techniques using good works were applied in due to susceptibility of the soils in southern part controlling runoff waters effectively, reduced of the country to erosion as well as varied erosion and sediment problems in the affected underlying geology. area; also reduced environmental impacts. Agulu-Nanka sand is lateral equivalence of This techniques involved construction and Ameki formation dominated by a generalized rehabilitation erosion gullies in Agulu/Nanka sequence of unconsolidated, unstable, loose communities which entailed civic works, as friable and poorly cemented sand with culverts, drainage systems, spikes, rock chute intercalating clay layer according by (Osadebe filling and laying of reno/gabion materials and Enuvie, 2008). against scouring, also stone-pitching of wall Ezechi and Okagbue (2004) stated that the against sliding. Agulu-Nanka communities are of the opinion Literature Review that the gully erosion caused impairment of relationship, when people left their homes and Erosion is one of the surface processes that became refugees in the neighbouring towns, sculpture the earth’s land scape and constitutes which could lead to pour health condition and one of the global environmental problems. Soil increase in crime rate. A total of 787 houses erosion is perhaps the most
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