DOCSLIB.ORG

Government of Sikkim

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Government of Sikkim GOVERNMENT OF SIKKIM MEMORANDUM TO THE FOURTEENTH FINANCE COMMISSION VOLUME – I FINANCE, REVENUE & EXPENDITURE DEPARTMENT 1 Chapter I .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Sikkim: Geographical Features ................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Human Resource Development .............................................................................................. 5 1.3 Issues to be considered by the 14th Finance Commission ...................................................... 7 2 Chapter II ....................................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Macroeconomic Outlook ...................................................................................................... 15 3 Chapter III ...................................................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Fiscal Profile of Sikkim ........................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act 2010-11 ................................................ 19 3.3 Revenue Mobilization ........................................................................................................... 21 3.4 Own Revenue Trend ............................................................................................................. 24 3.5 Non-tax Revenue Profile ....................................................................................................... 26 3.6 Central Transfers ................................................................................................................... 28 3.7 Expenditure Profile ............................................................................................................... 29 3.8 Outstanding Debt and Government Guarantee ................................................................... 31 3.9 Public Expenditure Management ......................................................................................... 34 3.10 Fiscal Reforms and Expenditure Management Measures .................................................... 36 3.10.1 Adopting Rule Based Fiscal Management (FRBM) ........................................................ 36 3.10.2 Treasury Computerization ............................................................................................ 36 3.10.3 Computerization in Commercial Taxes Division ........................................................... 36 3.10.4 The Sikkim Integrated Financial Management System (SIFMS), ................................... 37 3.10.5 Reform of Pension System ............................................................................................ 38 3.10.6 Changes in tax Rate and Base ....................................................................................... 38 4 Chapter IV ..................................................................................................................................... 41 4.1 Devolution of Union Taxes and Duties.................................................................................. 41 4.2 Developments in the Divisible Pool for Tax Sharing ............................................................. 42 4.3 The Size of Overall Vertical Fiscal Transfers .......................................................................... 42 4.4 Vertical Distribution of Central Taxes ................................................................................... 43 4.5 Criteria for Tax Sharing ......................................................................................................... 44 5 Chapter V ...................................................................................................................................... 49 5.1 Grants-in-Aid under Article 275 ............................................................................................ 49 5.2 Principles of Grants under Article 275 .................................................................................. 49 5.3 Non-plan Grants for Sikkim under 13th Finance Commission ............................................... 51 6 Chapter VI ..................................................................................................................................... 54 6.1 Ecology and Environment ..................................................................................................... 54 6.1.1 Two Major Issues Relating to Ecology and Climate Change ......................................... 54 7 Chapter VII .................................................................................................................................... 67 7.1 Goods and Services Tax ......................................................................................................... 67 8 Chapter VIII ................................................................................................................................... 70 8.1 Financing Disaster Relief Expenditure .................................................................................. 70 8.2 Financing the Relief Expenditure .......................................................................................... 71 9 Chapter IX ...................................................................................................................................... 77 9.1 Local Bodies in Sikkim ........................................................................................................... 77 9.2 Evolution of Local-Self Governance in Sikkim ....................................................................... 77 9.3 Status of Decentralized Governance and Devolution ........................................................... 79 9.4 Devolution of Powers & Activity Mapping ............................................................................ 80 9.5 Audit of Accounts .................................................................................................................. 81 9.6 State Finance Commissions .................................................................................................. 81 9.7 Own Revenues of Local Bodies ............................................................................................. 82 9.8 Elections ................................................................................................................................ 82 9.9 Suggested Approach for the Fourteenth Finance Commission for Local Bodies in Sikkim .. 83 10 Chapter X ................................................................................................................................... 90 10.1 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 90 10.2 Broad Issues to be considered by the 14th Finance Commission Regarding Sikkim ............. 90 1 Chapter I 1 Introduction The constitution of Fourteenth Finance Commission, as mandated by the Article 280 of the Constitution, provides an opportunity to the State yet again to reaffirm its faith on the spirit of the fiscal federal system and the Constitutional process governing the country. The Commission will make recommendations regarding the sharing of Union taxes, principles governing Grants-in-aid to the States and transfer of resources to local bodies taking into consideration the terms of references (TOR) provided to it. The State of Sikkim welcomes the Fourteenth Finance Commission and expects that the Commission would design a rational transfer system while taking into consideration the needs of state like Sikkim. Despite the capacity constraints, cost disabilities, and inherent disadvantages posed by a difficult geographical terrain for service delivery constraints, the State has made determined effort to improve the living standard of its people and provide them quality services within the limited resources that was available to it. The outcomes reflect the endeavors, which have been recognized at every level. The State has been very thankful to the previous Finance Commissions for their understanding of the situation of the State and efforts to provide improved level services to the people. Since its integration with India in 1975, Sikkim has earned the distinction of one of the progressive States with steady rise in socio-economic indicators. During the last 38 years, after joining with India, the State attempted to overcome the disadvantages posed by the geographical and topographical constraints by adopting policies that are sustainable and eco- friendly. Sikkim has carved out a special position as one of the most peaceful States, although it is surrounded by three international borders. The State government has created an enabling environment for different sections of the society, different tribal groups, women, and young people to participate in economic activities and contribute to the development of the State. Rural development has been given primary focus through several policy interventions to improve the rural livelihood and creation of income opportunities. Decentralization of power to rural local bodies
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (Glofs)
    IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: GLACIAL LAKE OUTBURST FLOODS (GLOFS) Binay Kumar and T.S. Murugesh Prabhu ABSTRACT orldwide receding of mountain glaciers is one of the most reliable evidences of the changing global climate. In high mountainous terrains, with the melting of glaciers, the risk of glacial Wrelated hazards increases. One of these risks is Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs). As glaciers retreat, glacial lakes form behind moraine or ice ‘dams’. These ‘dams’ are comparatively weak and can breach suddenly, leading to a discharge of huge volume of water and debris. Such outbursts have the potential of releasing millions of cubic meters of water in a few hours causing catastrophic flooding downstream with serious damage to life and property. Glacier thinning and retreat in the Sikkim Himalayas has resulted in the formation of new glacial lakes and the enlargement of existing ones due to the accumulation of melt-water. Very few studies have been conducted in Sikkim regarding the impacts of climate change on GLOFs. Hence a time-series study was carried out using satellite imageries, published maps and reports to understand the impacts of climate change on GLOFs. The current study is focussed on finding the potential glacial lakes in Sikkim that may be vulnerable to GLOF. The results show that some of the glacial lakes have grown in size and are vulnerable to GLOF. Though extensive research is required to predict GLOFs, it is recommend that an early warning system, comprising of deployment of real time sensors network at vulnerable lakes, coupled with GLOF simulation models, be installed for the State.
    [Show full text]
  • Sub-National Jurisdictional Redd+ Program for Sikkim, India
    SUB-NATIONAL JURISDICTIONAL REDD+ PROGRAM FOR SIKKIM, INDIA Prepared by Sikkim Forest, Environment & Wildlife Management Department Supported by the USAID-funded Partnership for Land Use Science (Forest-PLUS) Program June 2017 Version 1.2 Sub-National Jurisdictional REDD+ Program for Sikkim, India 4.1 Table of Contents List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ 9 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Background and overview..................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 17 1.3 Project Executing Entity .............................................................................................................. 18 2. Scope of the Program ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2019-20
    Brief Activity Report of 2019-20 Logo Council SIKKIM STATE COUNCIL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VIGYAN BHAWAN P.O. DEORALI, GANGTOK, EAST SIKKIM 1. Structure of the Council: a. Date of Establishment: November 1997. b. Organization Structure ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE DST & SIKKIM STATE COUNCIL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. CHIEF MINISTER GOVERNING BODY CHAIRMAN (MEETS BIANNUALLY) MINISTER-DST VICE CHAIRMAN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SECRETARY-DST (MEETS QUATERLY) MEMBER SECRETARY/ SIKKIM STATE COUNCIL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATIVE SECTION TECHNICAL SECTION DIRECTORS SPECIAL SECRETARY-DST TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER REMOTE SENSING BIO-TECHNOLOGY & COMMINICATORS & DEPUTY SECRETARY POPULARISATION OF SCIENCE. UNDER A.S.O S.O A.S.O SECRETARY /OSD R.A A.S.O /R.A R.A Accounts Officer cum DDO Secretarial Support UDC /LDC’S ACCOUNTANT COMPUTER OPERATOR EDITORIAL ASSTT. SECRETARIAL ASSTT. ACCOUNTS CLERK CORE MANPOWER OF SIKKIM STATE COUNCIL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY- 2019-20. Name Designation Pay scale Pay scale from Approximate Upto June July 2020 (Rs) monthly 2019 (Rs) emoluments (Rs.) Shri K.C.Lepcha Member Secretary Supported by DST,GOI Grants-in-Aid Shri Suman Thapa Scientific Officer 73000 75400 Rs 1,03,298.00 Shri Nabeen Sharma Research Assistant 34200 34700 48,039.00 Shri Dadul Lepcha Accounts Clerk 30400 30,400 42,148.00 Shri Rajdeep Gurung Sr. Research Asst. 37,100 37,100 51,327.00 Shri Laydong Lepcha Sr. Research Asst. 37,100 37,100 51,327.00 Dr. Sushan Pradhan Sr. Research Asst. 37,100 37,100 51,327.00 Shri Radha Kri. Sharma Sr. Research Asst. 37,100 37,100 51,327.00 Shri Pranay Pradhan Sr.
    [Show full text]
  • Society and Economy of Sikkim Under Namgyal Rulers (1640– 1890)
    SOCIETY AND ECONOMY OF SIKKIM UNDER NAMGYAL RULERS (1640– 1890) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO GAUHATI UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY IN THE FACULTY OF ARTS KESHAV GAUTAM Department of History Gauhati University 2014 I S Mumtaza Khatun Ph-09864031679 Department of History Email. [email protected] Gauhati University Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar Guwahati-781014 Assam, India CERTIFICATE Certified that Mr. Keshav Gautam has worked under my supervision for the thesis entitled “Society and Economy of Sikkim Under Namgyal Rulers (1640-1890) ”. He fulfills all the requirements prescribed under the Ph.D. rules of the Gauhati University. The thesis is the product of the scholar’s own investigation in the subject and the scholar has incorporated the suggestions made at the time of pre-submission seminar. I further declare that this thesis or any part thereof has not been submitted to any other university or institution for any degree. (I S Mumtaza Khatun) DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Society and Economy of Sikkim Under Namgyal Rulers (1640-1890)” is prepared by me and I follow all the rules and regulations of Gauhati University. The thesis was not submitted by me for any research degree to the Gauhati University or any other University or institution . Date: (Keshav Gautam) Place: Research Scholar Department of History Gauhati University II Acknowledgement The work is the culmination of the help and encouragement of many individuals which needs to be gratefully acknowledged. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Dr. I. S. Mumtaza Khatun, Associate Professor, Department of History, Gauhati University, for her constant guidance, motivation and valuable suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report
    WATER RESOURCES & RIVER DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF SIKKIM GANGTOK INTRODUCTION The Water Resources and River Development Department has been entrusted to construct the Minor Irrigation Channels (MICs) to enhance the irrigation potential and irrigation development. Minor Irrigation Channels (MICs) scheme was introduced in the State of Sikkim in the year 1976. Since 1986, the Water Resources & River Development Department has been taking up various MIC schemes to cater Water for irrigation for paddy fields. The Government of India has been granting financial assistance under AIBP for ipleetatio of MICs i the State of Sikki sie 999-2000. Due to topographical feature of Sikkim, only Minor Irrigation Channels (MIC) are taken up in the State. Sikkim is basically a agriculture oriented state and water is most important for irrigating the field to cultivate paddy, cereal and cash crops. Besides Minor irrigation channel, the Water Resources & River Development Department have been taking up various projects like Flood Control & River Training (FCRT), Storm Water Drainage System, Anti-Erosion Work (AEW), and Catch Water Drains (CWD) in vulnerable locations along the rivers banks, streams, rivulets and jhoras to protect public property and infrastructures. Sikkim is the source and reservoir of large quantities of fresh water, owing to its location in the high Himalayas. The Water Resources and River Development Department takes upon itself the charge of Planning, Development and Management of this precious natural resource through 1 formulation of policies, technical guidance and co-ordination with allied department on surface and ground water exploration and for its effective and efficient use. Through Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sichai Yojna (PMKSY), the flagship programme of the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, and the State Department undertakes projects, particularly focusing on increasing irrigation potential of arable land through numerous schemes inter-alia: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Gene Bank of Alpine Medicinal Plants
    © 2018-19 ENVIS HUB SIKKIM Forests, Environment & Wildlife Management Department, Government of Sikkim Any part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, provided that the same is duly cited. All efforts have been made to make the PANDA information shown as accurate as possible. ENVIS HUB SIKKIM Newsletter Editorial Board Volume No 11 Issue No. 4 [2019] Registration No. 61685/93 Mr. M. L. Srivastava, IFS ISSN 2320-3943 Principal Secretary –cum- PCCF PANDA is a newsletter published by Mr. B. P. Pradhan, IFS Sikkim State ENVIS Hub (formerly ENVIS CCF (HQ) Center), Forests, Environment & Wildlife Management Department, Government Mr. B. B. Gurung, of Sikkim. This newsletter is aimed at GREEN GOOD DEEDS disseminating environment, forest and Director (Env. & SC, RVP, Planning and ENVIS) wildlife information among the public at large Published by: and is also envisaged to serve as a medium Mrs. Kusum Gurung, to communication among foresters and Joint Director (ENVIS, SPCB, Sericulture) Sikkim State ENVIS Hub others engaged in nature conservation in Forests, Environment & Wildlife the State. Free and voluntary contributions Compilation & Design: Management Department for publication in the newsletter may be sent Government of Sikkim to ENVIS. Mr. Rajen Pradhan, Sr. Programme Officer (ENVIS) Electronic version available online SIKKIM STATE ENVIS HUB ENVIS team sincerely thanks the resource persons in ENVIS Sikkim website On Status of Environment & its Related Issues and well wishers for their contribution in this http://www.sikenvis.nic.in Forest Secretariat B - Block, issue. Room No.B-101, Ground Floor Forests, Environment & Wildlife Management Department, Government of Sikkim, Deorali -737102, Gangtok Quarterly Newsletters of 2018-19 Email us at: [email protected] Visit us at :www.sikenvis.nic.in Tel (O) : 03592-280381 Fax: 03592-281778 / 280381 ENVIS TEAM Coordinator Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • REMOTE SENSING CENTRE the Sikkim State Remote Sensing the SSRSAC Has Trained Manpower in the Applications Centre Has Started with the Field of Remote Sensing and GIS
    STATE REMOTE SENSING APPLICATION CENTRE REMOTE SENSING CENTRE The Sikkim State Remote Sensing The SSRSAC has trained manpower in the Applications Centre has started with the field of Remote Sensing and GIS. The Centre has Department of Science and Technology in the year provided training to the Student of Sikkim 1996. At present, the Centre has Seven Government College, Harkamaya college in the field of RS and GIS. The centre has been Workstations and two PC along with 5Kv UPS. undertaking various project funded by Central The Centre has one photogrammetry LPS-11, two Government as well as State Government. The Arc Info-10 and one ERDAS-9 software. The Centre also provides the necessary data to the user Centre also has A0 size plotter and A0 Size department for various developmental activities in Scanner. the state. On Going Project 1. NUIS (National Urban Information System) The major objective of NUIS project is to design, organize and establish a comprehensive information system in the urban local bodies for planning, management and decentralized governance listed in the 12th schedule in the context of implementation of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act (CAA).The creation of database of towns Sikkim state on various themes using remote sensing and GIS has been done. For Sikkim state 10 towns were identified, for different thematic mapping, namely, Pakyong, Rabong, Rangpo, Singtam, Mangan, Jorethang, Rongli, Geyzing-Pelling, Soreng and Namchi. Finding: The required thematic layers (Landuse landcover, Soil, Geology, Structure, Physiography, Geomorphology, Lithology, 2. SIS-DP (Spatial Information Support Drainage, Road, administration boundary, etc) System for Decentralization Planning) under NUIS project has been prepared and submitted to the North East Space Applications The Space Based Information Support for Centre, Shillong for further submission to the Decentralized Planning project started in Sikkim from July 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring the Seasonal Snow Cover in Sikkim Himalaya Using Remote
    MONITORING OF SEASONAL SNOW COVER IN SIKKIM HIMALAYA USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES Smriti Basnett and Anil V. Kulkarni ABSTRACT he study shows distribution of snow cover in the Teesta basin of Sikkim Himalayas for four years from 2004 to 2008. Snow cover of Sikkim state has been monitored using 200 imageries of Advanced WiFS Tdata of RESOURCESAT- using Normalised Difference Snow Index (NDSI). Maximum extent was 50% in February. Two peaks in the snow accumulation were observed in October and February. Snow areal extent is comparatively high (35-40%) even in the summer months, indicating different snow accumulation and ablation pattern in Sikkim as compared to the Western Himalayas. Long Period Average (LPA) temperature and rainfall trends influence snow accumulation and ablation pattern. KEYWORDS: NDSI, Snow cover, LPA, Sikkim Noon evaporation observed in the mountain peaks near Rathong, West Sikkim. The rugged de-glaciated and moraine laden valley lead to the glacier 69 Gurudongmar glacier, draining into the lake. Minimal snow cover seen during June, 2011 70 ost glaciers in mountainous regions of the world have receded during the last 100 years, in response to climatic variation (Hansen and Lebedeff 1978). Variation in glaciers and snow cover are also Mreported from many parts of the world (Dhobal et al. 1995; Ding and Haeberlie 1996; Kulkarni and Bahuguna 2002) During the peak of glaciation, the area covered by the glaciers was 46 million sq. km (Embleton and King 1975). At present total glaciated area on the earth is about 14.9 million sq. km. Out of this 12.5 million sq km is located in Antarctic and 1.7 million sq km in the Greenland ice sheet (Flint 1971).
    [Show full text]
  • Sikkim in Brief 2005
    SIKKIM IN BRIEF 2005 Department of Economics, Statistics, Monitoring & Evaluation Government of Sikkim Church Road Gangtok – 737101 CONTENTS PAGES Sl.No. Chapters Page No. 1 Figures at a Glance 1-2 2 Physical Features 3-9 3 Area & Population 10-14 4 Indicators of State Economy 15-18 5 Vital Statistics 19 6 Price Statistics 20 7 Animal Husbandry, Livestock, Fisheries & Veterinary Services 20-21 8 Cooperation 21 9 Ecclesiastical Affairs 22 10 Energy & Power 23 11 Food Security & Agriculture Development 24 12 Forest Environment & Wildlife Management 25-28 13 Planning & Finance 29-30 14 Health Care, Human Services & Family Welfare 31-33 15 Horticulture & Cash Crops Development 33-34 16 Human Resource Development 34-36 17 Commerce & Industries 37 18 Roads & Bridges 37-38 19 Sikkim Police 39 20 Social Justice, Empowerment & Welfare 40-42 21 Tourism 43-44 FIGURES AT A GLANCE SIKKIM VIS-À-VIS INDIA Sl. ITEMS UNIT SIKKIM INDIA REFEREN No CE YEAR 1 Area Sq.Km 7096 3287263 2005 2 Urbanisation % 11.10 27.80 2001 Census 3 Districts No. 4 593 2001 Census 4 Sub-Districts/ No. 9 5470 2001 Census Divisions 5 Villages/ Revenue No. 453 638588 2001 Census Blocks 6 No. of Towns No. 9 5161 2001 Census 7 Total Households No. 114223 193579954 2001 Census 8 Average No. 4.7 5.3 2001 Census Household Size 9 Per Capita Outlay Rs. 463 (2nd Highest 27 2002-03 on Housing among States POPULATION 10 Total No. 540851 102861032 2001 Census 8 11 Male No. 288484 532156772 2001 Census 12 Female No.
    [Show full text]
  • Rivers of Sikkim & Its Impact on Physiography
    JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 Rivers of Sikkim & its Impact on Physiography Amrita SardarPramanick Research Scholar, Dept. of. Geography, C.M.J. University, Jorabat, Meghalaya, India. Dr.Harsha Kumar Das Gupta Research Guide, Dept. of. Geography, C.M.J. University, Jorabat, Meghalaya, India. Abstract: Sikkim Himalaya is the eastern part of Himalaya. Physiographic formation & locational altitude is the source of formation of rivers. Sikkim may have a small size, but this is amply compensated by formidable physical features. It is the physical features like the rivers and mountains that define the boundaries of the state with its neighbors. The edge of the Tibetan plateau more or less demarcates the northern border of Sikkim with Tibet. The eastern boundary with Tibet is represented by the Chola range whereas the border of Bhutan is constituted by the Pangolia Range. In the west of the Singalila range forms the watershed as well as the border between Nepal and Sikkim. Parts of the river Rangit, Tista, Rangpo-chu combine to define the border of Sikkim with West Bengal. The terrain of Sikkim is so rugged that from the air it looks as though a giant plough had been carelessly run through it. Keywords: Importance of Rivers, Sikkim, Impact on Physiography,Impact on Physiography Introduction According to Wadia the Archaeans are here represented by Daling& Darjeeling Series. Daling is a schistose group; it grades by transition zone into the dominated as Gneissic Darjeeling series. But in the localized zones Dalings are typically slate &phyllites in upper zones. Dalings of Sikkim contain in lower parts in pockets of copper ore in places like Rangpo, Jorthang etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Sikkim - the State and the Peoples
    CHAPTER II SIKKIM - THE STATE AND THE PEOPLES Physical Features, Environment and Eco-system Administrative Set-up Population Education Economy Ethnic Composition Lepcha , Bhutia , Nepalese , Other Communities Findings CHAPTER II SIKKIM -THE STATE AND THE PEOPLES Before going through the discussion on the situation of women in Sikkim, it may be relevant to have a grasp over the background of the state and its ethnic composition . 2.1 Physical Features, Environment and Eco-system Sikkim is located in the Eastern Himalayan region with a geographical area of 7096 sq. km. The state being a part of the inner ranges_ of the Himalayas has no open valley or plains. It is a tiny state joined the Indian Union as its _ smallest state on May 26, 1975. It is situated in the eastern Himalaya from longitude 88 degree 03' 40" to 88 degree 57" 19" east and from latitude 27 degree 031 4711 to 28 degree 07' 3411 north . The state spread below the highest elevation the Mt. Kanchanjunga (8534 meters) , the third highest mountain in the world and revered by the Sikkimese as their deity . The altitudinal zone ranges from 300 meters to 8586 meters above mean sea level comprising of lower hills , middle and upper hills , alpine regions and snow bound areas . It is a beautiful mountainous that leaves lasting impression of its scenic beauty. It has a total area of 7096 sq. km., 114 km. From north to south and 64 km. From east to west. Its total territory constitute only 0.22 per cent of India's total territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Himalayan Glaciers
    HHimalayanimalayan EEcologycology ISSN: 2277-9000 Vol. 12 (1), 2015 Understating the Dynamics of Himalayan Glaciers . Inside the issue ... Inside the issue ... Understating the Dynamics of Himalayan Glaciers Glaciers, the storehouse of frozen water..... Page 1 Glacier Mass changes Glaciers are dynamic..... Page 3 Winter Snow Albedo The Himalayan cryosphere is..... Page 4 Glacial Lakes and Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Glaciers, important sources of fresh..... Page 5 Recession Pattern and Precipitation Glaciers, the storehouse of frozen water, hold sustains stream flow in such rivers through dry Regime nearly 77% of the world’s fresh water resources season. These rivers have displayed significant and feed major rivers. In the absence of direct variations in stream flow, particularly the eastern The Himalayan range, known as water..... measurements, glaciers serve as proxy for Himalaya where seasonal flows and monsoon Page 6 climate as they store vital information about flows showed huge changes in the recent past. Runoff Process of Snow and Glacier the past climatic perturbations and atmospheric It is assumed that sea-surface temperature and composition assessed by different geological Fed River atmospheric circulation system cause these proxies (e.g. landforms and sediments). changes, however, the alterations in the timing Himalayan glaciers, the largest glacier system Isotope technique is important..... and rate of snowmelt are assumed to be a result outside the Polar regions, occupy highest Page 8 altitudes in the world and feed the perennial of changing temperature in the Himalayan region. In light of these changes, it is expected Climate Change Impacts on Glaciers rivers of north India, which sustains life and livelihood of millions of people.
    [Show full text]