London Gateway

London Gateway Iron Age and Roman Salt Making in the Thames Estuary Excavation at Stanford Wharf Nature Reserve, Essex Specialist Report 25 Post-excavation assessment vol. 2: Artefactual, geoarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental appendices edited by Edward Biddulph Client Name: DP World Document Title: Stanford Wharf Nature Reserve, London Gateway, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex Document Type: Volume 2: Artefactual, geoarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental appendices Issue Number: 2 Grid Reference: NGR TQ 698 811 Planning Reference: OA Job Number: JN 4423 Site Code: COMPA09 Invoice Code: COMPAPA Receiving Museum: Thurrock Museum Edited by: Edward Biddulph Position: Senior Project Manager Date: 21/10/10 Checked by: Edward Biddulph Position: Senior Project Manager Date: 21/10/10 Approved by: Stuart Foreman Position: Senior Project Manager Date: 26/10/10 Document File Location W:\16 Post-excavation\2 Compensation Site A\PXA report\PXA_version2_201010\Report_v2\ Graphics File Location Ditto Illustrated by Leo Heatley Disclaimer: This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be relied upon or used for any other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and prior written authority of Oxford Archaeology being obtained. Oxford Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this document being used for a purpose other than the purposes for which it was commissioned. Any person/party using or relying on the document for such other purposes agrees, and will by such use or reliance be taken to confirm their agreement to indemnify Oxford Archaeology for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. Oxford Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for this document to any party other than the person/party by whom it was commissioned. Oxford Archaeology © Oxford Archaeological Unit Ltd 2010 Janus House Osney Mead Oxford OX2 0ES t: (0044) 01865 263800 e: [email protected] f: (0044) 01865 793496 w: www.oxfordarch.co.uk Oxford Archaeological Unit Limited is a Registered Charity No: 285627 Stanford Wharf Nature Reserve, London Gateway: Post-excavation assessment and upd. Vol. 2 v.1 Stanford Wharf Nature Reserve, London Gateway, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex Post-excavation assessment and updated project design, volume 2 Artefactual, geoarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental appendices Edited by Edward Biddulph with contributions by Paul Booth, Nigel Cameron, Chris Carey, Sharon Clough, John Cotter, Damian Goodburn, Janice Kinnory, Richard I Macphail, David Mullin, Rebecca Nicholson, Sylvia Peglar, Cynthia Poole, Ian Scott, Ruth Shaffrey, Wendy Smith, Lena Strid, John E Whittaker Table of Contents Appendix A. Assessment of Finds............................................................................................ 5 A.1 Prehistoric pottery....................................................................................................... 5 A.2 Roman pottery............................................................................................................ 6 A.3 Medieval and post-medieval pottery......................................................................... 11 A.4 Briquetage................................................................................................................ 12 A.5 Ceramic building material......................................................................................... 15 A.6 The lithics ................................................................................................................. 17 A.7 Worked stone............................................................................................................ 18 A.8 Coins......................................................................................................................... 20 A.9 Metal objects............................................................................................................ 22 A.10 Metalworking........................................................................................................... 25 A.11 Glass....................................................................................................................... 25 A.12 Leather.................................................................................................................... 27 A.13 Structural woodwork............................................................................................... 27 A.14 Human remains...................................................................................................... 31 Appendix B. Assessment of Palaeoenvironmental Evidence.............................................. 32 B.1 Animal bone.............................................................................................................. 32 B.2 Fish bones................................................................................................................ 34 B.3 Charred and waterlogged plant remains.................................................................. 35 B.4 Pollen........................................................................................................................ 55 B.5 Diatoms..................................................................................................................... 60 © Oxford Archaeology Page 1 of 105 October 2010 Stanford Wharf Nature Reserve, London Gateway: Post-excavation assessment and upd. Vol. 2 v.1 B.6 Microfauna (foraminifera and ostracoda)................................................................. 68 B.7 Soil micromorphology............................................................................................... 80 B.8 Additional sediment analyses................................................................................... 83 Appendix C. Scientific Dating.................................................................................................. 84 C.1 Radiocarbon dating.................................................................................................. 84 C.2 Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)............................................................... 84 Appendix D. Palaeoenvironmental Assessment Overview................................................... 85 D.1 Materials and methods: assessment of sequences................................................. 85 D.2 Sequence assessment summaries.......................................................................... 85 D.3 Integration of sequences with bulk samples............................................................ 93 Appendix E. References and Bibliography.......................................................................... 100 © Oxford Archaeology Page 2 of 105 October 2010 Stanford Wharf Nature Reserve, London Gateway: Post-excavation assessment and upd. Vol. 2 v.1 List of Tables Table 1 Quantification of prehistoric pottery Table 2 Quantification of Roman pottery Table 3 Catalogue of worked stone Table 4 Coins Table 5 Metalwork: a) fragment count by metal and function; b) object count by metal and function Table 6 Metalwork: a) fragment count by area and function; b) object count by area and function Table 7 Metalwork: a) fragment count by phase and function; b) object count by phase and function Table 8 Iron slag by phase and context Table 9 Glass: a) vessel/object count by area and type; b) sherd count by area and type Table 10 Glass: a) vessel/object count (and sherd count) by phase/date and type; b) Sherd count by phase/date and type Table 11 Animal bone – preservation level for contexts from all phases Table 12 Animal bone – presence of identified species for all phases Table 13 Number of mandibles and bones providing ageing, sexing and biometrical data Table 14 Number of contexts containing bones with butchery marks and/or pathological conditions Table 15 Charred and waterlogged plant remains samples with potential for further study Table 16 CPR potential: A = Rich (>300 identifiable items), B = good (between 100 - 300 identifiable items), C = Moderate (50 - 100 identifiable items), D = Poor (<50 identifiable items, usually <10) and F = Unproductive (no identifiable items noted) Table 17 Charcoal potential: A = Rich (>300 identifiable items), B = good (between 100 - 300 identifiable items), C = Moderate (50 - 100 identifiable items), D = Poor (<50 identifiable items, usually <10) and F = Unproductive (no identifiable items noted) Table 18 WPR: Breakdown of results for areas A, B and D (no waterlogged samples collected from Area C) Table 19 Results of pollen assessment Table 20 Assessment samples selected for diatom evaluation Table 21 Summary of diatom evaluation results Table 22 Presence/absence of microfauna in Area A Table 23 Abundance of formanifera and ostracods in Area A Table 24 Microfauna in Area B Table 25 Microfauna in Area D Table 26 Microfauna from Borehole 3: Palaeochannel Table 27 Microfauna: ecological synopsis Table 28 Microfauna: sample inventory © Oxford Archaeology Page 3 of 105 October 2010 Stanford Wharf Nature Reserve, London Gateway: Post-excavation assessment and upd. Vol. 2 v.1 Table 29 Radiocarbon dates Table 30 OSL dates Table 31 Suggested sequences to be analysed with the bulk samples for WPR and CPR © Oxford Archaeology Page 4 of 105 October 2010 Stanford Wharf Nature Reserve, London Gateway: Post-excavation assessment and upd. Vol. 2 v.1 APPENDIX A. ASSESSMENT OF F INDS A.1 Prehistoric pottery Edward Biddulph Introduction A total of 759 sherds,

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