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Freshwater Ostracods As Palaeoevironmental Proxies in the Moervaart Depression, a Palaeolake in Sandy Flanders (NW Belgium)

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Freshwater Ostracods As Palaeoevironmental Proxies in the Moervaart Depression, a Palaeolake in Sandy Flanders (NW Belgium) Freshwater ostracods as palaeoevironmental proxies in the Moervaart Depression, a palaeolake in Sandy Flanders (NW Belgium) By Stefan Gobert Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Master in Biology Academic Year 2011-2012 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Jacques Verniers Co-Promotor: Prof. Dr. Koen Martens (Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences) 1 Freshwater ostracods as palaeoevironmental proxies in the Moervaart Depression, a palaeolake in Sandy Flanders (NW Belgium) By Stefan Gobert Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Master in Biology Academic Year 2011-2012 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Jacques Verniers Co-Promotor: Prof. Dr. Koen Martens (Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences) Acknowledgements I must start by thanking my promoter Prof. Jacques Verniers and head of the GOA project Prof. Philippe Crombé for giving me the opportunity to be part (however small) of this project. I must, of course, also thank my co-promotor Prof. Koen Martens for his guidance and providing me with much needed literature. I’m also very grateful to all of the wonderful people of the university’s palaeontology department, in particular Koen Verhoeven, who helped me find literature, explained the workings of the C2 software to me and in general was just always there if I had questions or needed something. Others that should be mentioned here are Mona Court-Picon (who has since left the Ghent University and at present works at the RBIN), Dirk Van Damme and Vanessa Gelorini, who have provided me with information on the workings of the GOA project and previous research in this context. I also want to thank Thijs Van der Meeren for helping me on my way in identifying ostracods and making sense of the obtained data. I would also like to thank Valentina Pieri for being my host at the RBINS in Koen Martens’ absence and for helping me prepare my material for scanning electron microscopy. In this regard I must also extend special thanks to Julien Cillis of the RBINS, who made such beautiful SEM pictures for me to use in this thesis. Special thanks also goes to Prof. David J. Horne, of Queen Mary University of London, for making the time to familiarize me with the principles of MCR methods and for providing me with the calibration list for the MOTR analysis. Lastly, I must thank all of my friends and family thank you all for their support, understanding and tolerance throughout the past year. Table of contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 3 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Samenvatting ........................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Geo-archaeological context ................................................................................................................. 6 2.1. The study area .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.2. Timeframe .................................................................................................................................... 7 2.3. Geomorphology and landscape evolution of Sandy Flanders ...................................................... 8 2.3.1. Sandy Flanders and the Scheldt Basin ................................................................................... 8 2.3.1. Formation and evolution of the Moervaart palaeolake ........................................................ 9 2.4. Archaeology .................................................................................................................................. 9 2.5. The GOA project in the Depression of the Moervaart ............................................................... 12 2.5.1. Digital Elevation Model ....................................................................................................... 12 2.5.2. Geophysical survey and coring ............................................................................................ 12 2.5.2. The trench ........................................................................................................................... 14 3. Ostracoda .......................................................................................................................................... 15 3.1. What are Ostracoda? ................................................................................................................. 15 3.2. Classification ............................................................................................................................... 16 3.3. General ostracod morphology (with special attention to identification of fossil ostracods). ... 16 3.4. General ecology .......................................................................................................................... 19 3.5. Fossil Ostracoda and their applications in palaeoecology ......................................................... 20 4. Aims of this study .............................................................................................................................. 22 5. Material and methods. ...................................................................................................................... 23 5.1. Sampling ..................................................................................................................................... 23 5.2. Laboratory processing of the samples ....................................................................................... 24 5.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy ................................................................................................... 25 5.4. Numerical analysis and representation of data ......................................................................... 26 5.5. The Mutual Climatic Range approach ........................................................................................ 26 5.5.1. Principles of the Mutual Climatic Range approach to palaeoclimate reconstruction. ....... 26 5.5.2. MOTR: The Mutual Ostracod Temperature Range method ................................................ 27 6. Results ............................................................................................................................................... 30 6.1. Overview of the recovered ostracod species ............................................................................. 30 6.2. Ostracod counts and zonation ................................................................................................... 53 6.2.1. The DVD S2 sequence .......................................................................................................... 53 6.2.2. The DVD S4 sequence .......................................................................................................... 58 6.3. Results of the MOTR analysis ..................................................................................................... 63 6.3.1. Sequence DVD S2. ............................................................................................................... 63 6.3.2. Sequence DVD S4 ................................................................................................................ 64 7. Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 66 7.1. Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the ostracod fauna. ..................................................... 66 7.2. Comparison with other European lakes ..................................................................................... 68 7.3. Temperature reconstruction using the Mutual Ostracod Temperature Range method ........... 70 7.3.1. Sequence S4 ........................................................................................................................ 70 7.3.2. Sequence S2 ........................................................................................................................ 72 7.3.3. General discussion ............................................................................................................... 73 8. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 74 References ............................................................................................................................................. 76 Appendices ............................................................................................................................................ 85 Summary Sandy Flanders is a low lying region in the Northwest of Belgium, between the Scheldt and the North Sea. For the past three decades, Sandy Flanders has been the subject of intense, systematic archaeological study. These investigations have yielded detailed maps of the distribution of prehistoric archaeological sites (see SERGANT et al., 2009; CROMBÉ et al., 2011). The earliest sites date back to the Middle Palaeolithic, but it is assumed that the first significant colonization of the area by prehistoric people only occurred in
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