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Taxonomy of Quaternary Deep-Sea Ostracods from the Western North Atlantic Ocean

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Taxonomy of Quaternary Deep-Sea Ostracods from the Western North Atlantic Ocean University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Staff -- Published Research US Geological Survey 2009 Taxonomy Of Quaternary Deep-Sea Ostracods From The Western North Atlantic Ocean Moriaki Yasuhara National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, [email protected] Hisayo Okahashi National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, [email protected] Thomas M. Cronin U.S. Geological Survey, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Yasuhara, Moriaki; Okahashi, Hisayo; and Cronin, Thomas M., "Taxonomy Of Quaternary Deep-Sea Ostracods From The Western North Atlantic Ocean" (2009). USGS Staff -- Published Research. 242. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/242 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Geological Survey at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Staff -- Published Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. [Palaeontology, Vol. 52, Part 4, 2009, pp. 879–931] TAXONOMY OF QUATERNARY DEEP-SEA OSTRACODS FROM THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN by MORIAKI YASUHARA*, HISAYO OKAHASHI* and THOMAS M. CRONIN *Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 121, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA; e-mails: [email protected] or [email protected] (M.Y.), [email protected] (H.O.) U.S. Geological Survey, 926A National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Typescript received 26 June 2008; accepted in revised form 28 October 2008 Abstract: Late Quaternary sediments from Ocean Drilling richardbensoni, Eucytherura hazeli, Eucytherura mayressi, Program (ODP) Hole 1055B, Carolina Slope, western North Eucytherura namericana, Eucytherura spinicorona, Posacythere Atlantic (32°47.041¢ N, 76°17.179¢ W; 1798 m water depth) hunti, Paracytherois bondi, Pedicythere atroposopetasi, Pedicy- were examined for deep-sea ostracod taxonomy. A total of there kennettopetasi, Pedicythere klothopetasi, Pedicythere 13 933 specimens were picked from 207 samples and c. 120 lachesisopetasi, Ruggieriella mcmanusi and Xestoleberis oppoae. species were identified. Among them, 87 species were Taxonomic revisions of several common species were made included and illustrated in this paper. Twenty-eight new to reduce taxonomic uncertainty in the literature. This study species are described. The new species are: Ambocythere provides a robust taxonomic baseline for application to sturgio, Argilloecia abba, Argilloecia caju, Argilloecia keigwini, palaeoceanographical reconstruction and biodiversity analyses Argilloecia robinwhatleyi, Aversovalva carolinensis, Bytho- in the deep and intermediate-depth environments of the ceratina willemvandenboldi, Bythocythere eugeneschornikovi, North Atlantic Ocean. Chejudocythere tenuis, Cytheropteron aielloi, Cytheropteron demenocali, Cytheropteron didieae, Cytheropteron richardding- Key words: Deep-sea Ostracoda, Pleistocene, Holocene, lei, Cytheropteron fugu, Cytheropteron guerneti, Cytheropteron North Atlantic, taxonomy. T he North Atlantic Ocean is a key region for under- 1965; Whatley and Coles 1987; Coles and Whatley 1989; standing Quaternary palaeoceanography because the Rex et al. 2000; Gooday and Hughes 2002), and calcareous region is climatically sensitive and is the source of North microfossils such as ostracods are well preserved (Didie´ Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), which forms an important and Bauch 2000; Yasuhara et al. 2008a). part of global deep-water circulation. Orbital–centennial Continental slopes are sometimes characterized by scale climate and palaeoceanographical changes are well extremely high sedimentation rates in areas characterized known and have been intensively studied using North by sediment drifts (Bianchi and Mccave 2000; March- Atlantic deep-sea sediment records (Bond et al. 1997; itto and Demenocal 2003; Yasuhara et al. 2008a). Cores Oppo et al. 1998; Mcmanus et al. 1999; Keigwin 2004; drilled in high sedimentation-rate areas enable us to Raymo et al. 2004). Notably, millennial–centennial scale reconstruct high-resolution palaeoceanography during the abrupt climate changes during the late Quaternary are well late Quaternary using accurate age models developed known during Heinrich Events, the Younger Dryas cooling from oxygen isotope stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates event and Holocene Bond Events, all of which are charac- (Mcmanus et al. 1999; Oppo et al. 2003). Recent palae- terized by ice rafting and meltwater discharge (Heinrich oceanographical studies have focused on such mid-depth, 1988; Bond and Lotti 1995; Bond et al. 2001; Yasuhara high sedimentation-rate sites to reconstruct intermediate- et al. 2008a). Many of these climatic cooling events are depth water circulation and rapidly changing climate dur- known to reduce or shut down NADW formation, and ing the latest Pleistocene and Holocene (Marchitto and thus influence global climate (Bond et al. 1997; Mcmanus Demenocal 2003; Oppo et al. 2003; Ellison et al. 2006; et al. 1999, 2004; Oppo et al. 2003). This region is also Came et al. 2007; Praetorius et al. 2008). one of the most intensively studied regions in terms of Ostracoda are small bivalved Crustacea having an excel- micropalaeontology and deep-sea biology (Sanders et al. lent fossil record due to their small size and well-calcified ª The Palaeontological Association doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00888.x 879 880 PALAEONTOLOGY, VOLUME 52 carapace (Schellenberg 2007; Yasuhara and Cronin 2008). In A deep-sea sediment cores, they are usually the only benthic fossil group abundantly preserved, along with benthic fora- minifera. Ostracods have been applied successfully in palaeoceanography and palaeoecology to understand long- term climate-ecosystem ⁄ biodiversity relationships in the deep-sea (Cronin et al. 1996; Cronin and Raymo 1997; Didie´ and Bauch 2000; Didie´ et al. 2002; Yasuhara and Cronin 2008; Yasuhara et al. 2008a; Alvarez Zarikian et al. 2009). Studies on taxonomy of North Atlantic deep-sea ostracods were started in the 19th century (Brady 1880), and later in studies by Robin C. Whatley and Graham P. Coles (Whatley and Coles 1987; Coles and Whatley 1989). Since their taxonomic works, however, only few taxonomic works have been attempted, and recent palaeo- ecological (non-taxonomic) studies left many species in B open nomenclature, leading to taxonomic confusion. There is also considerable taxonomic confusion for the species described during 19th and early 20th centuries because the specimens were illustrated by sketches and because type specimens were frequently lost, destroyed or not designated. Although many North Atlantic specimens have been assigned to species described by Brady (1880) from material collected during the Challenger Expedition, available detailed redescriptions of some of Brady’s ‘clas- sic’ species indicated that Brady’s species are not conspe- cific with North Atlantic specimens in many cases (Mazzini 2005). Deep-sea ostracods are known from a variety of depths, including the zone of carbonate compensation >4500 m depth (Dingle and Lord 1990; Jellinek et al. 2006; Yasuhara et al. 2008a). However, faunas from the continental slope and intermediate depths are relatively poorly known in the North Atlantic Ocean. For example, in the compre- hensive taxonomic revision by Whatley and Coles (1987), emphasis was placed solely on abyssal ostracods from >3000 m water depth. Coles et al. (1996) reported deep- TEXT-FIG. 1. Index and locality maps showing location of sea ostracods from 600 to 800 m water depth of Porcupine ODP Site 1055. Basin, northeastern North Atlantic, but included no for- mal taxonomy. Other studies on deep-sea ostracods from was examined. The studied interval is equivalent to the continental slope also included no formal taxonomy (Cro- past 20 kyr (thousands of years). Further details on nin 1983; Whatley et al. 1996, 1998). Here we describe samples, methods, chronology, palaeoceanographical set- Quaternary deep-sea ostracods from intermediate-depth ting and ostracod species diversity patterns are found in western subtropical North Atlantic. Yasuhara et al. (2008b). In total, 13 933 specimens were picked from 207 sam- ples and more than 122 species were identified (Yasuhara MATERIALS AND METHODS et al. 2008b). Among them, 87 species are included and illustrated in this paper. Twenty-eight new species are Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 1055B was cored described. Most of other species are represented by very at the Carolina Slope in the western North Atlantic few juvenile specimens or are shallow-water species (32°47.041¢ N, 76°17.179¢ W; 1798 m water depth; transported downslope (e.g. Hulingsina, Bensonocythere, Text-fig. 1). Core 1H from ODP Hole 1055B was con- Loxoconcha, Cytheromorpha, Cyprideis and Proteoconcha). tinuously sampled at 2-cm intervals (average sampling More than 200 specimens were digitally imaged with resolution = 50–100 years). The >150-lm-size fraction scanning electron microscopy (SEM), using low-vacuum YASUHARA ET AL.: DEEP-SEA OSTRACODA FROM THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 881 mode of Philips XL-30 environmental SEM with LaB6 scription and taxonomic revision are necessary not only for electron source on uncoated specimens. Figured speci- this species but also for other Arctic deep-sea ostracods. mens were deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Washington
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