Freshwater Ostracods As Bioindicators in Arctic Periglacial Regions

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Freshwater Ostracods As Bioindicators in Arctic Periglacial Regions Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung Forschungsstelle Potsdam Arbeitsgruppe ’Periglazialforschung’ Freshwater ostracods as bioindicators in Arctic periglacial regions Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades "doctor rerum naturalium" (Dr. rer. nat.) in der Wissenschaftsdisziplin "Geowissenschaften" eingereicht an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam von Sebastian Wetterich Potsdam, Dezember 2008 Table of contents __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Table of contents Table of contents I Kurzfassung V Abstract VIII Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Scientific background 1 1.1.1 Arctic environmental dynamics 1 1.1.2 Freshwater ostracods and their use in palaeoenvironmental studies 2 1.1.3 Permafrost and periglacial environment 5 1.2 Aims and approaches 7 1.3 Study region 9 1.3.1 Study sites 9 1.3.2 Geological characteristics 10 1.3.3 Climate 11 1.3.4 Periglacial freshwaters 13 1.4 Synopsis 13 Chapter 2: Arctic freshwater ostracods from modern periglacial environments in the Lena River Delta (Siberian Arctic, Russia): geochemical applications for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions 15 2.1 Abstract 15 2.2 Introduction 15 2.3 Study area and types of water bodies 17 2.4 Materials and methods 19 2.5 Results 22 2.5.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the ostracod habitats 22 2.5.2 Ostracod taxonomy and environmental ranges of their habitats 24 2.5.3 Ostracod geochemistry 26 2.6 Discussion 28 2.6.1 Taxonomy and ecology of ostracods 28 2.6.2 Element ratios in ostracods and ambient waters 29 2.6.3 Stable isotopes in ostracods and ambient waters 32 2.7 Conclusions 38 I Table of contents __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 3: Evaporation effects as reflected in freshwaters and ostracod calcite from modern environments in Central and Northeast Yakutia (East Siberia, Russia) 40 3.1 Abstract 40 3.2 Introduction 40 3.3 Study area 42 3.4 Material and methods 43 3.4.1 Field work 43 3.4.2 Water analyses 44 3.4.3 Ostracod analyses 45 3.5 Results 46 3.5.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the lakes and ponds 46 3.5.2 Ostracod taxonomy and environmental ranges 49 3.5.3 Stable isotopes in host waters and ostracod calcite 52 3.5.4 Element ratios in host waters and ostracod calcite 53 3.6 Discussion 54 3.6.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the lakes and ponds 54 3.6.2 Ostracod taxonomy, biogeography, and environmental ranges 55 3.6.3 Stable isotopes in ostracod calcite 57 3.6.4 Element ratios in ostracod calcite 60 3.7 Conclusions 62 Chapter 4: Eemian and Late Glacial/Holocene palaeoenvironmental records from permafrost sequences at the Dimitri Laptev Strait (NE Siberia, Russia) 64 4.1 Abstract 64 4.2 Introduction 65 4.3 Regional setting 65 4.4 Material and methods 68 4.4.1 Field methods and cryolithology 68 4.4.2 Geochronology 68 4.4.3 Sedimentology and stable isotopes 69 4.4.4 Palaeoecological proxies 70 4.5 Results 71 4.5.1 Geochronology, lithostratigraphy, sedimentology, and cryolithology 71 4.5.1.1 Eemian sequences 71 4.4.1.2 Late Glacial/Holocene sequences 75 II Table of contents __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.5.2 Stable isotope ground ice records 80 4.5.3 Pollen studies 82 4.5.3.1 Eemian sequences 82 4.5.3.2 Late Glacial/Holocene sequences 85 4.5.4 Ostracod studies 88 4.5.4.1 Eemian sequences 88 4.5.4.2 Late Glacial/Holocene sequences 90 4.6 Discussion and Interpretation 92 4.6.1 Local palaeoenvironmental changes during the Eemian 92 4.6.2 Local palaeoenvironmental changes during the Late Glacial/Holocene 94 4.6.3 Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of ostracod calcite δ18O data 95 4.7 Conclusions 97 Chapter 5: Synthesis 100 5.1 Taxonomy and ecology of ostracods 100 5.2 Geochemistry of ostracods 105 5.3 Indicator potential of freshwater ostracods in late Quaternary permafrost deposits 109 5.4 Outlook 110 Appendix I: Freshwater ostracodes in Quaternary permafrost deposits in the Siberian Arctic 113 I.1 Abstract 113 I.2 Introduction 113 I.3 Study area and geological background 114 I.4 Materials and methods 116 I.5 Results and interpretations 117 I.5.1 Ostracode zone I 118 I.5.2 Ostracode zone II 119 I.5.3 Ostracode zone III 124 I.5.4 Ostracode zone IV 124 I.5.5 Ostracode zone V 124 I.5.6 Ostracode zone VI 125 I.6 Conclusions 125 III Table of contents __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Appendix II: Palaeoenvironmental dynamics inferred from late Quaternary permafrost deposits on Kurungnakh Island, Lena Delta, Northeast Siberia, Russia 127 II.1 Abstract 127 II.2 Introduction 128 II.3 Regional setting 129 II.4 Material and methods 131 II.4.1 Sedimentology and cryolithology 131 II.4.2 Geochronology 132 II.4.3 Stable isotopes 132 II.3.4 Palaeoecological proxies 133 II.5 Results 135 II.5.1 Lithostratigraphy, sedimentology, and cryolithology 135 II.5.1.1 Unit I 135 II.5.1.2 Unit II 136 II.5.1.3 Unit III 137 II.5.1.4 Unit IV 138 II.5.1.5 Unit V 138 II.5.2 Geochronology 138 II.5.3 Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes of ground ice 141 II.5.4 Palynological studies 143 II.5.5 Plant macrofossils 144 II.5.6 Ostracod remains 146 II.5.7 Insect remains 149 II.5.8 Mammal remains 152 II.6 Discussion 154 II.6.1 Local stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental interpretation 154 II.6.2 Beringian palaeoenvironmental context 157 II.7 Conclusions 159 Supplementary data A 160 Supplementary data B 161 Supplementary data C 162 Appendix III: Data tables from Chapters 2 and 3 164 Appendix IV: References 172 Acknowledgements 189 IV Kurzfassung __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Kurzfassung Grosse Gebiete der kontinentalen Erdoberfläche sind von Permafrost unterlagert, d.h. von ständig gefrorenen Untergrund, der in Periglazialregionen mit negativen Jahresmittel- temperaturen auftritt. Der kontinuierliche Permafrost, umfasst in den arktischen und subarktischen Tiefländern der nördlichen Hemisphäre Tundra-, Waldtundra- und Taigalandschaften. Er ist dort ein dominierender Umweltfaktor, der die Vegetation, die Hydrologie, die Böden und das Relief einer periglazialen Landschaft durch den jahreszeitlichen Wechsel von Abkühlen, Gefrieren, Erwärmen und Auftauen in der obersten aktiven Schicht (Auftauzone) sowie durch längerfristige Dynamik bestimmt. Da Permafrosteigenschaften und Permafrostdynamik von langfristigen Klimabedingungen abhängen, werden entsprechende gefrorene Sedimentabfolgen, die während des Quartärs akkumulierten, als Archiv von Klima- und Umweltveränderungen der Vergangenheit betrachtet. Basierend auf der Tatsache, dass die heute fortschreitende globale Erwärmung die arktischen Gebiete weit mehr als andere Regionen der Erde beeinflusst, ist die Untersuchung von klimaempfindlichen Organismen in der modernen und in der vergangenen polaren Umwelt von großer Bedeutung, sowohl für das Verständnis der heutigen Wechselwirkungen als auch für die Abschätzung zukünftiger Auswirkungen des Klimawandels. Frühere Umweltveränderungen in arktischen Periglazialgebieten können mit Hilfe gut erhaltener Tier- und Pflanzenfossilien aus Permafrostabfolgen rekonstruiert werden. In der hier vorgelegten Arbeit werden Ostracoden als ein neuer Bioindikator für das Umweltarchiv Permafrost eingeführt, wobei taxonomische und geochemische Untersuchungsmethoden genutzt werden. Ostracoden sind Kleinkrebse mit einem zweiklappigen Kalzitgehäuse. Diese aquatischen Organismen reagieren sensibel auf sich ändernde Lebensbedingungen. Die hohe Anzahl von Ostracodenschalen in lakustrinen Sedimenten machen sie zu nützlichen Anzeigern vergangener Umweltbedingungen. Die geochemischen Eigenschaften im Kalzit der Ostracodenschalen, d.h. stabile Isotopenverhältnisse von Sauerstoff (δ18O) und Kohlenstoff (δ13C) und molare Elementverhältnisse von Strontium, Magnesium und Kalzium (Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca) widerspiegeln die Wasserzusammensetzung in den jeweiligen Habitaten. Moderne Ostracodenassoziationen wurden in Nordost-Sibirien im Norden (Lenadelta), im Nordosten (Moma-Gebiet) und im zentralen Teil (Lena-Amga-Gebiet) Jakutiens untersucht. Referenzdatensätze zu Süßwasserostracoden Nordost-Sibiriens waren bisher kaum vorhanden, so dass die vorgelegte Arbeit einen ersten umfassenden regionalen Datensatz präsentiert. Diese Datensammlung umfasst Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen der modernen Ostracodetaxonomie und -geochemie exemplarischer Standorte, die auf V Kurzfassung __________________________________________________________________________________________________ fossile Ostracoden-Vergesellschaftungen angewendet wurden. Die periglazialen Gewässer jeder Untersuchungsregion (Polygontümpel, Tau-Seen und Thermokarstseen) erbrachten umfangreiche Originaldaten zur Artenverbreitung und den entsprechenden ökologischen Bedingungen in Nordost-Sibirien. Insgesamt wurden 42 Taxa in modernen und fossilen Ostracodenvergesellschaftungen gefunden. Davon wurden 10 Taxa sowohl modern als auch fossil nachgewiesen, 18 Taxa sind nur in modernen Habitaten präsent und 14 Taxa, einschließlich einiger heute ausgestorbener Arten, wurden nur fossil gefunden. Die fossilen Ostracoden sind zahlreich in spätquartären Permafrostabfolgen, die in interglazialen Warmzeiten und gemäßigten interstadialen Perioden akkumulierten (Eem- Interglazial, Mittelweichsel-Interstadial, Spätweichsel/Frühholozän einschließlich des Allerød, Spätholozän). In Ablagerungen aus Kaltzeiten
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