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Distribution and Conservation of Small Carnivores Focussing on the Bornean Endemic Hose’S Civet

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Distribution and Conservation of Small Carnivores Focussing on the Bornean Endemic Hose’S Civet Distribution and conservation of small carnivores focussing on the Bornean endemic Hose’s civet Inaugural-Dissertation to obtain the academic degree Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) submitted to the Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy of Freie Universität Berlin by John Mathai Sankoorikkal from Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Berlin, 2018 Diese Dissertation wurde am Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung in Berlin im Zeitraum vom September 2013 bis September 2017 unter der Leitung von Dr. Andreas Wilting und Prof. Dr. Heribert Hofer angefertigt und am Institut für Biologie der Freien Universität Berlin eingereicht. 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Heribert Hofer 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Jonathan Jeschke Disputation am: 17 April 2019 This dissertation is based on the following manuscripts: John Mathai1, Jedediah Brodie2,3, Anthony Giordano4, Raymond Alfred5, Jerrold L. Belant6, Stephanie Kramer-Schadt1, Andreas Wilting1 (2016) Predicted distribution of Hose’s civet Diplogale hosei (Mammalia: Carnivora: Viverridae) on Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 33: 118-125. John Mathai1, Jürgen Niedballa1, Viktoriia Radchuk1, Rahel Sollmann7, Ilja Heckmann1, Jedediah Brodie3, Matthew Struebig8, Andrew J. Hearn9, Joanna Ross9, David Macdonald9, Jason Hon10, Andreas Wilting1. (submitted) Identifying refuges for Borneo’s elusive Hose’s civet. John Mathai1, Rahel Sollmann7, Michael E. Meredith11, Jerrold L. Belant6, Jürgen Niedballa1, Lucy Buckingham12, Seth Timothy Wong6, Sami Asad13, Andreas Wilting1 (2017) Fine-scale distribution of carnivores in a logging concession in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Mammalian Biology 86: 56-65. John Mathai1, J.W. Duckworth14, Erik Meijaard15,16, Gabriella Fredriksson17, Jason Hon10, Anthony Sebastian15,18, Marc Ancrenaz19, Andrew J. Hearn9, Joanna Ross9, Susan Cheyne20, Borneo Carnivore Consortium, Andreas Wilting1 (2016): Carnivore conservation planning on Borneo: identifying key carnivore landscapes, research priorities and conservation interventions. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 33: 186-217. 1Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany 2Departments of Zoology & Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 3Present address: Division of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA 4Department of Natural Resource Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA 5Borneo Conservation Trust, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 6Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest & Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, USA 7Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA 8Durell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK 9Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, U.K. 10WWF-Malaysia, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia 11Biodiversity Conservation Society of Sarawak, Kuching, Malaysia 12Former address: Institute of Biodiversity & Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia 13Museum fur Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution & Biodiversity, Germany 14IUCN Small Carnivore Specialist Group, Salford, UK 15Borneo Futures, Jakarta, Indonesia 16School of Archaeology & Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 17Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme, PanEco/YEL, Jl. Wahid Hasyim 51/74,20154 Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia 18Aonyx Consultancy, P.O. A1195, Kenyalang Park, 93824 Kuching, Malaysia 19HUTAN, Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 20Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project (OUTROP), Palangkaraya, Indonesia CONTENT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 1 SUMMARY 4 CHAPTER 1 General introduction 7 CHAPTER 2 Predicted distribution of Hose’s civet Diplogale hosei (Mammalia: Carnivora: Viverridae) on Borneo 29 CHAPTER 3 Identifying refuges for Borneo’s elusive Hose’s civet 48 CHAPTER 4 Fine-scale distribution of carnivores in a logging concession in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo 76 CHAPTER 5 Carnivore conservation planning on Borneo: identifying key carnivore landscapes, research priorities and conservation interventions 112 CHAPTER 6 General discussion 180 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 206 CURRICULUM VITAE 208 PUBLICATIONS 210 SELBSTÄNDIGKEITSERKLÄRUNG 216 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Borneo ist mit 25 verschiedenen Raubtierarten ein globaler Biodiversitäts-Hotspot. Auf keiner anderen Insel außer Madagaskar leben heute mehr endemische Raubtiere. Einige dieser Arten, wie der auf das Hochland spezialisierte Schlichtroller Diplogale hosei, unterscheiden sich ökologisch und genetisch stark von allen anderen Raubtieren und sind somit besonders schützenswert. Borneos diverse Raubtiergemeinschaft ist jedoch stark bedroht. Im Vergleich zu andern feuchttropischen Regenwäldern hat Borneo zurzeit eine doppelt so hohe Entwaldungsrate. Die verbleibenden Wälder sind häufig degradiert und fragmentiert. Neben diesem Verlust des Lebensraumes ist es sehr wahrscheinlich, dass viele Raubtiere auf Borneo durch den stetig steigenden Jagddruck bedroht werden. Die konkreten Auswirkungen der illegalen Jagd auf die Raubtiere sind jedoch noch unbekannt. Ineffiziente Strafverfolgung, ungeplante Infrastrukturprojekte, Waldbrände und der globale Klimawandel sind einige der weiteren Bedrohungen für Borneos Biodiversität. Somit ist es nicht verwunderlich, dass die Hälfte der Raubtiere Borneos auf der Roten Listen der Weltnaturschutzorganisation (IUCN) als global bedroht klassifiziert sind. Da bis heute sehr wenig über die Ökologie vieler Arten bekannt ist, ist es schwierig, effektive Schutzmaßnahmen gezielt für den Artenschutz zu entwickeln und einzusetzen. Das Hauptziel dieser Doktorarbeit war es, das Verständnis der Ökologie und der Verbreitung von Raubtieren auf Borneo auf unterschiedlichen räumlichen Skalen (von kleinräumig innerhalb einer Forstkonzession bis zu großräumig über ganz Borneo) zu verbessern. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit lag auf dem Schlichtroller. Kleinräumig zeigten unsere Ergebnisse die Notwendigkeit, auch Aspekte des Lebensraumes zu berücksichtigen, die häufig übersehen werden. So war zum Beispiel das Vorkommen des Schlichtrollers stark von der Moosbedeckung und tropischen Heidewäldern (Kerangas) abhängig. Somit ist der Schutz dieser Lebensräume für den Schutz dieser bedrohten Art von großer Bedeutung (Kapitel 4). Außerdem zeigten die feinräumigen Analysen, dass der Schlichtroller, der Bänderroller Hemigalus derbyanus und der Buntmarder Martes flavigula negativ auf Waldstörungen reagieren und im Fall des Schlichtrollers und des Larvenrollers Paguma larvata Straßen einen negativen Einfluss auf deren Vorkommen haben. Im Gegensatz dazu kamen andere nicht vom Aussterben bedrohte Raubtiere wie die Malaiische Zibetkatze Viverra tangalunga, die Kurzschwanzmanguste Herpestes brachyurus und die Bengalkatze Prionailurus bengalensis besser mit solchen Störungen zurecht – ihre Vorkommen nahm in diesen gestörten Gebieten zu. Diese Ergebnisse illustrierten, welch große Bedeutung den Zeigerarten zukommt, mit denen 1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG die Nachhaltigkeit des Forstbetriebes bewertet werden. Wir haben einfach zu implementierende Strategien wie den Schutz von Fruchtbäumen, Bäumen mit Hohlräumen (inklusive Totholz) und von Gebieten mit weniger gestörten Hochlandwäldern vorgeschlagen. Außerdem zeigten unsere Arbeiten die Wichtigkeit der Einbeziehung der lokalen indigenen Bevölkerung, da nur mit ihrer Unterstützung die oft planlosen und kurzsichtigen Vorhaben lokaler Behörden gestoppt werden (Kapitel 6). Die großräumigen Analysen für ganz Borneo zeigten, dass die Verbreitung des Schlichtrollers sich auf die zentrale Bergketten im inneren Borneos beschränkt. Diese Regionen liegen innerhalb der nördlichen Hälfte der grenzüberschreitenden "Heart of Borneo" Initiative (Kapitel 2 und 3). Obwohl diverse Schutzgebiete innerhalb dieses Gebietes liegen, sind diese zum Großteil nicht verbunden und oft sehr unzureichend von den Verantwortlichen betreut. Wir dokumentieren hier die Notwendigkeit für einen besseren Schutz und eine strengere Strafverfolgung in den Schlüsselgebieten, für eine nachhaltigere Forstwirtschaft und für Waldkorridore, um Raubtiere auch langfristig auf Borneo effektiv schützen zu können. Die Vorhersagen für die Verbreitung des Schlichtrollers unter verschiedenen Szenarien der Landnutzung und des Klimawandels bis 2080 zeigen, dass der Schlichtroller bis zu 86 % seines Lebensraumes verlieren könnte. Die letzten Lebensräume werden nicht nur sehr klein, sondern auch stark fragmentiert sein. Obwohl etwa 30 % der Gebiete unter Schutz stehen, sind die restlichen Gebiete als Forstwirtschaftsgebiete verzeichnet. Somit bekräftigten unsere Ergebnisse die Dringlichkeit der nachhaltigeren Forstwirtschaft und des Schutzes von Korridoren und Schlüsselgebieten (Kapitel 3). Mithilef eines systematischen Ansatzes in der Naturschutzplanung haben wir Schlüsselgebiete für den Raubtierschutz für ganz Borneo identifiziert (Kapitel 5). Wir haben die Wichtigkeit der "Heart of Borneo" Initiative dargelegt. Es sind bereits mehrere Jahre nach der Drei-Länder- Vereinbarung vergangen, ohne dass bisher die geplanten Maßnahmen in den Waldgebieten implementiert wurden. Ohne solche Aktivitäten bleibt diese Initiative eine gut gemeinte Vision. Unsere Analyse zeigt, dass Gebiete außerhalb des "Heart of Borneo" im Flachland und in Feuchtgebieten nötig sind, um einige Arten, insbesondere die stark gefährdete
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