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Research on Ocean Acidification at the University of Malaya

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Research on Ocean Acidification at the University of Malaya ADVANCINGResearch SUSTAINABLE on DEVELOPMENTOcean A INcidification LMEs DURING CLIMATE at theCHANGE University of Malaya Emienour Muzalina Mustafa, Choon-Weng Lee & Siew-Moi Phang Institute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia OCEANS IN A CHANGING CLIMATE OCEAN ↑ CO 2 ACIDIFICATION HUMAN IMPACTS: OCEAN MARINE POLLUTION WARMING BIOTA EUTROPHICATION OVERFISHING OCEAN DE- OXYGENATION Fig. 5. The palaeohistorical record of ocean pH demonstrates that present levels are unseen in the last 20 million years (Turley et al., 2006). Fig. 1. Projected regional changes in ocean chemistry likely to be experienced by particularly vulnerable ecosystems and compared to global-scale surface ocean changes. Global ocean surface averages (bottom) are shown, from left to right: CO2 partial pressure, pH(SWS) and calcite and aragonite saturation. Editorial, Marine Pollution Bulletin 60(2010): 787-792 Fig. 2. Photos of representatives of calcifying groups thought to be vulnerable to ocean acidification from top left to bottom right: pteropod (Jeremy Young, NHM), benthic foraminifer (James Rae, UBristol), coccolithophore (Jeremy Young, NHM), blue mussel (Frédéric Gazeau, Villefranche), sea urchin (Helen Findlay, PML), brittlestar (Sam Dupont, UGothenburg), tropical coral (Malcolm Shick, UMaine), coralline algae (Armin Form, IFM-GEOMAR), cold water coral (Karen Hissmann, IFM-GEOMAR). COMMERCIAL SPECIES IN ASIA THAT MAY BE IMPACTED BY OCEAN ACIDIFICATION Climate change and the oceans – What does the future hold? Jelle Bijma a,⇑, Hans-O. Pörtner a, Chris Yesson b, Alex D. Rogers Marine Pollution Bulletin 74 (2013) 495–505 Atmospheric pCO2 levels (ppmv CO2) that would be required to cause pH changes in Change in diversity as a function of ocean surface waters pH reduction for organisms living near the Ischia CO2 vents. No pH reduction Calcifying taxa (51 taxa ) Non-calcifying taxa (71 taxa ) Loss of biodiversity of 40% for non- calcifiers and all taxa Loss of biodiversity of 70% for calcifiers, for a pH reduction corresponding to the atmospheric pCO2 level expected by 2100. (Data from Hall-Spencer et al. ,2008). Ocean acidification • Reduced pH by 0.2 units from pre-industrial baseline • Changes in SW chemistry • Reduced calcification rates besides pH reduction; changes of calcifying species with in chemical speciation ; carbon reef erosion resulting in storage& biological pump species extinction • Decline in the aragonite and • Large parts of the ocean will calcite saturation state lose cold-water corals • At atmospheric CO2 • Increased stress on concentrations of 560 ppm phytoplankton resulting (projected in 2050–2080), from decreased iron uptake most ocean surface waters will • Other impacts: changes to be undersaturated with photosynthesis, oxygen aragonite exchange, reproduction, nitrogen fixation Impacts of different levels of atmospheric CO2 on coral reef environments (Turley et al. 2006) 2013 - 2015 Understanding Air-Ocean-Land Interactions for Coastal Community Security Ocean Interactions Sustaining Coastal Governance between air fisheries & Environment and Coastal and ocean in enhancing Protection and Community relation to aquaculture Rehabilitation Geopolitics & climate change for food Culture and security bioproductivity Ocean Acidification and Climate Change Effects of Acidification on The effect of Ocean Marine Mictobial Diversity Acidification &temperature and Proteases change on Halocarbon University of Emissions by Tropical Investigating primary Academia East Anglia, Seaweeds productivity in Tropical Sinica, United Taiwan Kingdom Coastal Waters Anthropogenic Warming & Climate change and zooplankton marine-associated community in tropical human bacterial Hokkaido coastal waters University, Monash pathogens Japan University, Australia A comparative study on biomass & carbon pool The carbon flux through between a natural and bacteria in coastal waters degrading mangrove forest of Peninsular Malaysia in Malaysia. Impact on Living & Social Cultural of Coastal Communities University Malaya’s Expertise in Marine Science Biological Sciences Physical Sciences ● Algae Phycology ● Sedimentology (Coastal shallow marine clastic ● Behavioural Ecology of Marine Organisms sedimentology) ● Evolutionary Biology ● Geotechnical Engineering (Eco-Engineering, Coastal ● Genetic ecotoxicology of Marine Organism Protection) ● Harmful Algal Blooms(Habs) And Toxins ● Ecological Engineering (Mangrove Restoration and ● Marine Biodiversity And Conservation Rehabilitation) ● Marine Microbial Enzymology ● Mycology (Marine Fungi) Atmospheric Sciences ● Seagrass Ecosystems & Biogeography ● Meteorology (Polar meteorology, Monsoon meteorology,Air Pollution) Mangrove Ecology Political Science & International relations ● Estuarine And Coastal Ecology ● Southeast Asian Culture-Performing Arts ● Husbandry Of Aquatic Organisms ● Aquatic Living Resources Marine Biotechnology Marine Genomics ● Biofuel (Bioethanol from seaweeds, Biodiessel from algae) ● Algae cDNA Library, ● Bioremediation (Bioremediation of agro-industrial wastewater) ESTs ● TransgenicMaritime Plant (Strain Law improvement & Policy of algae / seaweeds) ● Species Diversity ●●GeneInternational Transformation Law (Law (Microalgae of the Sea & Seaweed, Marine Genetic Transformation) (Molecular Phylogenetics, ● TissueEnvironmental Culture (Seaweed Law) Tissue Culture, Protoplast Regeneration) Systematics) ●●MarineInsurance Products Law Biotechnology(Marine Insurance) Project: Long term pCO2 trends in Malaysian waters Project members (Malaysia): Name : Lee Choon Weng Institution: Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, IOES, UM • One estuarine (Port Klang) and one coastal water (Port Dickson) system. • Method: Gran’s alkalinity and pH measurements (total scale), and estimation of pCO2 via the software CO2 sys. Port Klang: pCO2 Port Dickson: pCO2 6000 900 800 5000 700 4000 600 500 3000 µ atm µ atm 400 2000 300 200 1000 100 0 0 Feb-11 Jun-11 Sep-11 Dec-11 Apr-12 Jul-12 Oct-12 Jan-13 May-13 Jun-11 Sep-11 Dec-11 Apr-12 Jul-12 Oct-12 Jan-13 May-13 Project Title: Large scale mesocosm experiments: Investigating bacterial respiration in high CO2 waters Research Area : Marine Science & Biotechnology Objective: To investigate the interaction between bacteria and phytoplankton in high CO2 waters Project members (China): Name :Prof Kunshan Gao Institution:State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University Project members (Malaysia): Name : Assoc Prof Lee Choon Weng Institution: Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya Photo & Photo Research Plan: In real world scenario, the inter-play between caption bacteria and other marine microorganisms (especially phytoplankton) may significantly alter how ocean acidification affects bacteria. Project: Effects of acidification on bacterial process rates Project members (Malaysia): Name : Lee Choon Weng Institution: Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, IOES, UM • Microcosm experimental setup with CO2 enrichment, and bacterial process rates (production and respiration) were measured. • Bacterial growth efficiency was also calculated over pCO2 increase. Project : The carbon flux through bacteria in coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia Photo & Photo caption Research Area : Marine Science & Biotechnology Objective: To measure the bacteria mediated carbon fluxes, and ascertain the extent of net-heterotrophy in our coastal waters Project members (Malaysia): Name : Lee Choon Weng Institution: Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, IOES, UM Progress/ Achievement/ Research Plan: •Lee CW, Bong CW (2012) The relative importance of viral lysis and grazing towards bacterial mortality in tropical coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia. Bulletin of Marine Science 88(1): 1-14 •Bong CW, Lee CW (2011) The contribution of heterotrophic nanoflagellate grazing towards bacterial mortality in tropical waters: Comparing estuaries Photo & Photo and coastal ecosystems. Marine & Freshwater Research 62: 414-420 caption •Lee CW, Bong CW, Hii YS (2009) Temporal variation of bacterial respiration and growth efficiency in tropical coastal waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75(24): 7594-7601 Research area: marine biology, ecology and biodiversity Objectives: I. To evaluate the effects of acidification on marine bacterial community II. To assess the effects of acidification on microbial proteases Project members (Malaysia) Name: Dr Bong Chui Wei Institution: Institute of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science University of Malaya Name: A/P Dr Lee Choon Weng Institution: Institute of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science University of Malaya Progress: Still on going project Project: The Effect of Ocean Acidification and Temperature Change on Seaweed Halocarbon Emissions Siew-Moi Phang, Noorsaadah Abd. Rahman, Fiona Keng, Paramjeet Kaur , James Lim John A. Pyle, William T. Sturges, Gil Malin • Stratospheric ozone layer is essential for life on Earth, as a shield from the harmful UV radiation • Halocarbons emitted into the atmosphere causes ozone loss and contribute to climate change • Seaweeds are one of the natural sources found to release halocarbons • Ocean acidification and temperature change, resulting from global warming, may affect seaweed halocarbon emissions • Halocarbon release rates higher for tropical algae than temperate (Abrahamsson et al., 1995b; Ekdahl, 1997) • Studies relating pH and halocarbon emission: High pH promote halocarbon production (Mtolera et al., 1996); Optimum pH range for brominating activity differ between red, brown and
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