DOCSLIB.ORG

Share — Copy and Redistribute the Material in Any Medium Or Format

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Share — Copy and Redistribute the Material in Any Medium Or Format Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 KOREA You are free to : Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Under the follwing terms : Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation. This is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the license. Disclaimer Master’s Thesis The Inevitable Stalemate: A Two-Level Game Analysis of the Futenma Base Relocation in Okinawa 불가피한 교착상태: 오키나와현 후텐마 기지 이전에 대한 투 레벨 게임 분석 August 2017 Graduate School of Seoul National University International Cooperation Graduate School of International Studies Daniel Richard Michito Claxton Copyright © 2017 by Daniel Richard Michito Claxton All Rights Reserved Abstract The Inevitable Stalemate: A Two-Level Game Analysis of the Futenma Base Relocation in Okinawa Daniel Claxton International Cooperation Graduate School of International Studies Seoul National University Ever since the 1995 Okinawa rape incident, the relationship between Okinawa and Japan and the United States has soured. Hoping to amend local discontent, in 1996, both governments agreed on relocating Marine Corps Air Station Futenma to Camp Schwab, Henoko bay within five to seven years. Interestingly, the two-decade old agreement to establish the Futenma Relocation Facility on Henoko bay has not occurred. Although the societal, environmental and security concerns regarding the Okinawa base problem are not completely ignored, existing literature fails to analyze and circumvent the reasons behind delay. This thesis contributes to debate by addressing why the Henoko relocation has stalled for the past twenty years. Loosely applying Putnam’s Two-Level Game Analysis, this thesis will present the argument that the United States of America and Japan, believing that security takes precedence over Okinawa interest, knowingly engaged in negotiations given the poor prospects in Okinawan consent. Negotiations were determined to be time consuming and difficult from the beginning due to the low win-set as revealed by initial Okinawan resistance. i Keyword: Okinawa, U.S.-Japan Alliance, Futenma, Henoko, Two-Level Game Analysis Student Number: 2016-23765 ii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ i List of Tables .............................................................................................................. v List of Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................. vi I. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1. The Futenma Relocation Problem ............................................................................ 1 2. Puzzle and Importance of the Issue ......................................................................... 3 3. Structure of Thesis ....................................................................................................... 5 II. Theoretical Overview .......................................................................................... 7 1. Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 7 2. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................ 11 3. Methodology ................................................................................................................ 14 III. Disrupted Promises and Delayed Implementation .................................. 15 1. Disguised Compromises: From the 1995 Rape to the 2006 Roadmap ............ 15 1.1 Background to Agreement of Futenma Base’s Relocation .................................. 15 1.2 The Level I Agreement Between the United States and Japan ........................... 17 1.3. The 2002 Blueprint: Taking Okinawa’s Demands into Consideration ........... 20 1.4 The 2006 Blueprint: Pushing for a Speedy Relocation ......................................... 23 1.5 Expanding Win-sets? ........................................................................................................ 27 2. Great Expectations: The DPJ and Hatoyama’s Failed Attempt ..................... 28 2.1 Hatoyama’s Challenge Against the Initial Level I Agreement ........................... 28 2.2 Okinawa’s Position that Remained Resilient ............................................................ 31 2.3 Reconfirming the Level I Agreement .......................................................................... 31 3. For the Brighter Future of Okinawa: The Second Abe Administration’s Initiatives .......................................................................................................................... 32 3.1 Unraveling Events under Two Governors ................................................................. 32 3.2 Unwavering Commitment to the Level I Agreement ............................................. 57 3.3 Careful Implementation Amidst Level II Resistance ............................................. 60 3.4 Analysis: Reconfirming the Level II Agreement ..................................................... 62 IV. Comparative Analysis of the Three Periods .............................................. 64 1. Changes of Okinawa’s Position? Questioning Okinawa’s Win-set ................. 64 1.1. The Environmental Argument: The Beautiful Sea and Dugongs ..................... 65 1.2 The Marginalization Argument: The “Spiritual Starvation” of Okinawa ....... 70 1.3 Statistical Data on Okinawan Concern ....................................................................... 76 1.4 Okinawan Gubernatorial, Nago City and Ginowan Elections ............................ 82 1.5 Marginalization, Opinion Polls and Election Results ............................................ 92 iii 2. Negative Reverberation? External Factors and Low Win-sets ........................ 94 2.1 Actions Falling Short: Implementation of the SACO Final Report .................. 94 2.2 American Military Accidents: Reminders of “Colonialism” ............................ 100 2.3 Japanese Language and Ambiguity: Shooting oneself in the foot .................. 108 3. Returning to Win-sets ............................................................................................ 113 3.1 Moments of Cooperation? Illusions of Overlapping Win-sets ........................ 113 3.2 Stagnant Win-sets ........................................................................................................... 114 4. The Future of Relocation ....................................................................................... 117 4.1. Changes in Security? Questioning the FRF’s Conditions ................................ 117 4.2. “Nokinawa”? Questioning Okinawa’s Low Win-set ......................................... 127 4.3 The Impossible Compromise ...................................................................................... 129 V. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 130 References .............................................................................................................. 132 Abstract (Korean) ............................................................................................... 163 iv List of Tables Table 1. Okinawa Gubernatorial Elections Table 2. Nago City Mayor Elections Table 3. Ginowan City Mayor Election Table 4. Comparison of Elections Table 5. Facilities returned to Okinawan jurisdiction Table 6. Facilities linked with the FRF Table 7. Comparison of FRF Positions v List of Acronyms and Abbreviations DOS Department of State, The United States of America DPJ Democratic Party of Japan FRF Futenma Relocation Facility GAO Government Accountability Office JDA Japan Defense Agency LDP Liberal Democratic Party of Japan MAFF The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery MCAS Marine Corps Air Station MCIPAC Marine Corps Installations Pacific MEU Marine Expeditionary Unit MLIT Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism MOB Mobile Offshore base NHK Japan Broadcasting Corporation [Nihon Hodou Kyoukai] QIP Quick Installation Platform SACO Special Action Committee on Okinawa SBF Sea-based Facility SCC Security Consultative Committee, U.S. and Japan SOFA Status of Forces Agreement WWF World Wildlife Fund vi I. Introduction 1. The Futenma Relocation Problem When referring to the United States of America’s position in Asia, the alliance with Japan is indispensable for America. For Japan, the alliance with America symbolizes Japan’s commitment to the post-WWII system and therefore remains its strongest alliance to this day. According to Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, the alliance between the two countries is an “alliance of hope.”1 While the relationship between the two countries is strong and coherent, there remains a thorn that prickles both parties: the Okinawa base problem. The problem originates from the 1995
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Commitment Without Control: the Burdensharing Dilemma in the US-Japan Alliance
    W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 4-2014 Commitment without Control: The Burdensharing Dilemma in the US-Japan Alliance Jake A. Douglas College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the American Politics Commons, Asian Studies Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Douglas, Jake A., "Commitment without Control: The Burdensharing Dilemma in the US-Japan Alliance" (2014). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 28. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/28 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Commitment without Control: The Burdensharing Dilemma in the US-Japan Alliance A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelors of Arts in Government from The College of William and Mary by Jake Arthur Douglas Accepted for _____________________________ (Honors) ___________________________________ Tun-Jen Cheng, Director ___________________________________ Sophia Hart ___________________________________ Hiroshi Kitamura Williamsburg, Va April 11, 2014 Douglas 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The United States and Japan in Global Context: 2013
    THE EDWIN O. REISCHAUER CENTER FOR EAST ASIAN STUDIES THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN IN GLOBAL CONTEXT: 2013 THE PAUL H. NITZE SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY Washington, D.C. THE EDWIN O. REISCHAUER CENTER FOR EAST ASIAN STUDIES THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN IN GLOBAL CONTEXT: 2013 THE PAUL H. NITZE SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY Washington, D.C. Edwin O. Reischauer (Oct. 15, 1910 – Sept. 1, 1990) Yearbook Class of 2013 Sean Cate, Yuki Onogi, Curtis Yibing Che, David Wells, James Bisbee, Tina Zhe Liu, Professor William Brooks, Yaowaluk Suthimanus, Haitham Jendoubi, and Yun Han 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 2 William L. Brooks Brash Idealism and the Futenma Issue: Democratic Participation and New Security Perspectives in Japan .................................................................................................................................................................... 26 James Bisbee The Impact of Japan's Territorial Dispute with China on the U.S.’ Rebalancing toward Asia ................... 55 Yun Han Japan’s Economic Partner of Choice: The United States or China? ........................................................... 74 Sean Cate Implications of Abenomics for the U.S.-Japan Relationship ...................................................................... 98 Haitham Jendoubi Abe’s Risky
    [Show full text]
  • International Regulation of “Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems” (LAWS): Paradigms of Policy Debate in Japan
    Asian Journal of Peacebuilding Vol. 7 No. 2 (2019): 311-332 Research Article International Regulation of “Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems” (LAWS): Paradigms of Policy Debate in Japan Daisuke Akimoto Civil society organizations have warned that if “lethal autonomous weapons systems” (LAWS) are created, such weapons would cause serious problems with regards to human rights. Although “fully autonomous” weapons do not exist at this stage, several countries are thought to have developed “semi-autonomous” weapons equipped with artificial intelligence. LAWS related issues have been a part of international discussions in the United Nations, and the Japanese government has actively participated in these conferences. Japanese politicians have also discussed issues related to LAWS in the National Diet since 2015. This article provides multiple paradigms of Japan’s policy toward LAWS from the perspectives of international relations theory, and attempts to explore possible solutions to the international regulation of LAWS in international law. Keywords ‌‌AI, AI weapons, killer robot, LAWS (lethal autonomous weapons systems), meaningful human control Introduction The international community has been warned by civil society of future scenarios in which human beings may be targeted and killed by “autonomous weapons systems” or “killer robots” which are reminiscent of the popular film The Terminator (Kowalska 2018). On November 19, 2012, Human Rights Watch and International Human Rights Clinic (IHRC) of Harvard Law School published a report encouraging the ban of killer robots, defined as “fully autonomous weapons that could select and engage targets without human intervention” (Human Rights Watch and International Human Rights Clinic Human Rights Program at Harvard Law School 2012, 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Djibouti: Japan's First Post-War Overseas Base
    Djibouti: Japan’s first post-war overseas base Abstract Having passed successive legislation in the past two decades to expand its use of the Japan Self Defense Force (JSDF), Japan has emerged from its post-war ‘pacifist’ shackles to assume a range of security roles that are typically associated with so-called ‘normal nations’. This article addresses how these have been crystallised in the form of an indefinitely-termed overseas base on the Horn of Africa, in Djibouti. Careful examination of pertaining Diet minutes, media discourse and government ministry papers suggests that the risks identified with this facility’s realization and status have been fundamentally recalibrated, allowing its presence and operational diversification to go largely unnoticed and unopposed – both domestically and overseas – despite representing a seemingly radical departure from common sense interpretations of Japan’s antimilitarist constitution. Key words: Djibouti, institutional change, JSDF, risk recalibration, security policy Djibouti and the development of Japanese foreign policy In light of China’s rise and fluctuations in US security strategy, particularly under the administration of Donald Trump, Japan’s shifting foreign policy trajectory has been characterised as pivotal to the contemporary dynamics of international security in East Asia.1 In this context, the Japan Self Defense Force (JSDF)’s expanding overseas roles have drawn extensive attention from within Japan, across East Asia and throughout the wider international community – primarily as part
    [Show full text]
  • Agreement Without Implementation
    AGREEMENT WITHOUT IMPLEMENTATION Military Bases and Alliance Tensions in Japan By Kerri J. Ng Department of International Relations Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs ANU College of Asia and the Pacific A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Australian National University. Canberra © Copyright by Kerri Jinzhi Ng 2020 Unless otherwise indicated, this is my own original work. _________________ Kerri Jinzhi Ng October 2020 ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I must thank Dr. David Envall, my chief supervisor, for his time, patience and encouragement over the course of this undertaking. Over many long discussions, he has helped me articulate the ideas that I had and organize them in a logical way. I am also grateful for the opportunities he provided for me to share my research in class, which were also valuable exercises in summarizing and communicating my arguments. And if I one day find myself with more than one style guide in my office, I know exactly who to blame. Similarly, I owe a debt of gratitude to the other supervisors on my panel. Professor William Tow was instrumental in getting me to Waseda University as a visiting scholar in 2014, thus enabling me to conduct a large part of my fieldwork in Japan. But he was also a mentor whose door was always open when I needed advice and encouragement. I also thank Dr. Ian Hall for his suggestions in terms of background scholarship and how I should organize it, and to Dr. Amy Catalinac for her insights into the Japanese political system.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (3688Kb)
    A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/150669 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Japan’s Incremental Grand Strategic Shift in the 21st Century: The Cases of Article 9 and Ballistic Missile Defence Through a Neoclassical Realist Approach By Yuki Watai A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics and International Studies The University of Warwick Department of Politics and International Studies September 2 2019 Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... II List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... III Declaration .................................................................................................................................. IV Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... V Abstract .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Japan's New Politics and the U.S.-Japan Alliance
    Japan’s New Politics and the U.S.-Japan Alliance Politics New Japan’s Cover Photo: Empty voting boxes are seen at a ballot counting center for the upper house election in Tokyo on July 21, 2013. (Yuya Shino/Courtesy Reuters) July 2014 Council on Foreign Relations Sheila A. Smith 58 East 68th Street New York, NY 10065 tel 212.434.9400 fax 212.434.9800 Japan’s New 1777 F Street, NW Washington, DC 20006 tel 202.509.8400 Politics and the fax 202.509.8490 www.cfr.org U.S.-Japan Alliance Japan’s New Politics and the U.S.-Japan Alliance July 2014 Sheila A. Smith Japan’s New Politics and the U.S.-Japan Alliance The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members, government officials, business executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries. Founded in 1921, CFR carries out its mission by maintaining a diverse membership, with special programs to promote interest and develop expertise in the next generation of foreign policy leaders; convening meetings at its headquarters in New York and in Washington, DC, and other cities where senior government officials, members of Congress, global leaders, and prominent thinkers come together with CFR members to discuss and debate major international issues; supporting a Studies Program that fosters independent research, enabling CFR scholars to produce articles, reports, and books and hold roundtables that analyze foreign policy issues and make concrete policy recommendations; publishing Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal on international affairs and U.S.
    [Show full text]