JON S. GALEHOUSE Dept. Geology, San Francisco State College, San Francisco, California 94132
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JON S. GALEHOUSE Dept. Geology, San Francisco State College, San Francisco, California 94132 Provenance and Paleocurrents of the Paso Robles Formation, California Abstract: A provenance and paleocurrent study of present site of the Temblor Range and into a marine the middle and upper Pliocene continental Paso basin at the present site of the southern San Joaquin Robles Formation in the Salinas Valley area, Cali- Valley. The Salinas River was a relatively unim- fornia, adds to the knowledge of the late Cenozoic portant stream during Paso Robles deposition. geologic history of the California Coast Ranges. The Near the end of the Pliocene, uplift in the Tem- geographical distribution of heavy minerals and blor Range and southwestward tilting of the Gabi- pebbles in the Paso Robles Formation and in lan Mesa brought about the end of Paso Robles streams presently draining proposed source areas deposition by defeating the southeast-flowing drain- leads to the same conclusions as do measurements of age and creating the conditions for its capture by foreset beds, pebble imbrication, and channels in the the modern Salinas River. Lithologic differences be- formation. Uplift in the Santa Lucia and La Panza tween juxtaposed beds of the Paso Robles Forma- ranges initiated Paso Robles deposition in early tion on either side of the San Andreas fault suggest Pliocene time. The paleodrainage was southeast- that about 25 miles of right-lateral movement has ward from the Santa Lucia Range and northward occurred since deposition of the formation. from the La Panza Range, continuing across the CONTENTS Introduction 952 2. Physiographic features of Salinas Valley area 953 Acknowledgments 952 3. Major geologic units of Salinas Valley area . 953 Physiographic setting 953 4. Present drainage of Salinas Valley area . 954 Geologic setting 953 5. Sample localities in Paso Robles Formation . 954 General description 954 6. Sample localities of heavy-mineral analyses of Method of sampling 954 Paso Robles Formation 957 Lithology 954 7. Relationship of heavy-mineral percentages Thickness 955 and median grain size 959 Age 955 8. Distribution of sphene in heavy fraction of Heavy minerals 956 Paso Robles Formation and peripheral General discussion 956 streams 959 Laboratory techniques 956 9. Distribution of hornblende in heavy fraction Vector analysis 957 of Paso Robles Formation and peripheral Variation in composition with grain size . 958 streams 960 Intrastratal solution 958 10. Proportional data from vector analysis. 961 Geographical distribution and source area. 959 11. Distribution of garnet in heavy fraction of Vertical variation 963 Paso Robles Formation and peripheral Pebbles 965 streams 962 General discussion 965 12. Distribution of epidote in heavy fraction of Sampling procedure and field methods. 965 Paso Robles Formation and peripheral Geographical distribution and source area . 967 streams 962 Maximum clast size 969 13. Distribution of apatite in heavy fraction of Paleocurrent indicators 970 Paso Robles Formation and peripheral Implications concerning late Cenozoic geologic streams 963 history 971 14. Distribution of zircon in heavy fraction of Drainage changes and tectonic uplift .... 971 Paso Robles Formation and peripheral Movement along the San Andreas fault . 974 streams 963 Summary 976 15. Vertical variation in hornblende and garnet References cited 976 percentages at locality 167 965 16. Distribution of combined percentages of Figure hornblende and garnet in heavy fraction 1. Index map showing location of Paso Robles of Paso Robles Formation 965 Formation and area investigated .... 952 17. Distribution of combined percentages of Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 78, p. 951-978, 30 figs., 1 pi., August 1967 951 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/78/8/951/3432523/i0016-7606-78-8-951.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 952 J. S. GALEHOUSE—PASO ROBLES FORMATION, CALIFORNIA sphene and apatite in heavy fraction of 28. Paleogeography 973 Paso Robles Formation 966 29. Distribution of sphene in heavy fraction of 18. Sample localities of pebble counts and out- Paso Robles Formation in late Pliocene crops containing concentrations of por- time 974 celanite pebbles in Paso Robles Formation 966 30. Distribution of hornblende in heavy fraction 19. Distribution of concentrations of porcelanite of Paso Robles Formation in late Pliocene pebbles in Paso Robles Formation and time 975 peripheral streams 967 20. Distribution of silicic basement pebbles in Plate Facing Paso Robles Formation and peripheral streams 968 1. Two paleocurrent indicators in the Paso 21. Distribution of sandstone pebbles in Paso Robles Formation, California 954 Robles Formation and peripheral streams 968 22. Distribution of chert pebbles in Paso Robles Table Formation and peripheral streams . 969 1. Fossils collected from three localities in the 23. Distribution of maximum-sized clasts in Pancho Rico Formation 956 Paso Robles Formation 970 2. Compositional variability of the Paso Robles 24. Site averages of foreset and pebble-imbrica- Formation accounted for by six end tion azimuths in Paso Robles Formation . 971 members 957 25. Site averages of channel trends in Paso 3. Heavy-mineral composition of end members Robles Formation 971 in the Paso Robles Formation 958 26. Averages of paleocurrent measurements in 4. Heavy-mineral composition of sample locality Paso Robles Formation 972 403 in the Paso Robles Formation . 964 27. Moving averages of paleocurrent measure- 5. Heavy-mineral composition of sample locality ments in Paso Robles Formation .... 972 167 in the Paso Robles Formation . 964 author's interest in the Paso Robles Formation INTRODUCTION and suggesting an investigation of it. The au- During late Cenozoic time, certain areas in thor is also indebted to A. K. Lehre and L. the California Coast Ranges were uplifted thou- Lewis of the University of California, Berkeley, sands of feet while others were downwarped a for assistance in the field; M. F. Franklin and similar amount. Horizontal shifts of tens of J.Witteof Scripps Institution of Oceanography miles occurred on lateral faults. This geologic for assistance in the laboratory and with com- history is inferred in large part from the char- puter programming; T. W. Dibblee, Jr., of the acter and distribution of late Cenozoic conti- nental formations which crop out in many areas of the Coast Ranges. As not many detailed studies have been made of these formations, much of this history can be stated only in gen- eral terms. A study of the provenance and paleocurrents of one of these continental deposits, the Paso Robles Formation, was undertaken in order to supply some of the details necessary for a more exact determination of the late Cenozoic geo- logic history (Fig. 1). This investigation, which has determined the distribution of highland source areas and the directions of major drain- age at the time the Paso Robles Formation was deposited, has added to our knowledge of the paleogeography of the Salinas Valley, several of the Coast Ranges, and the San Andreas fault. This paper is essentially the author's Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley. Some of the research, how- ever, was done at Scripps Institution of Ocea- nography. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Figure 1. Index map showing location of the Thanks are expressed to M. N. Christensen Paso Robles Formation and the area in- and Tj. H. van Andel for stimulating the vestigated Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/78/8/951/3432523/i0016-7606-78-8-951.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 953 United States Geological Survey for the use of south, this investigation deals only with the unpublished maps; S. Adegoke of the Univer- essentially contiguous beds outlined in Figure sity of California, Berkeley, for identification 3, which include the type-Paso Robles Forma- of the fossils in the Pancho Rico Formation; J. tion originally described by Fairbanks (1898, Moriarty of Scripps Institution of Oceanogra- p. 565). phy for drafting the figures; and B. Galehouse In general, the Paso Robles Formation occu- for help in preparing the manuscript. pies a topographically low area (about 1000- 2500 feet elevation) surrounded by highlands (about 2000-5000 feet elevation). The major streams draining the area are shown in Figure 4, which also shows the outline of the Paso Robles Formation. GEOLOGIC SETTING The subparallel San Andreas and Nacimiento faults cut the southern portion of the California Coast Ranges (Fig. 2). In the area between the faults, Cretaceous to Recent sediments overly Figure 2. Physiographic features of the Salinas Valley area Tj. H. van Andel and Scripps Institution of Oceanography kindly provided the use of their settling tube and electronic computer. M. N. Christensen, Tj. H. van Andel, and C. Wahr- haftig critically read the manuscript. The work was supported in part by funds from the Penrose Bequest of The Geological Society of America, the National Science Figure 3. Major geologic units of the Salinas Foundation, and the University of California, Valley area. Generalized from Jennings Berkeley. (1958; 1959), Jennings and Strand (1958), and Smith (1964) PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING The Paso Robles Formation crops out nearly basement rocks of the Santa Lucia Granodiorite continuously over about 1000 square miles of of Late Cretaceous age which are intruded into the upper Salinas Valley in California. The metamorphic rocks of the Sur Series. Northeast main physiographic features in this portion of of the San Andreas fault and southwest of the the coast ranges are shown in Figure 2. Al- Nacimiento fault the Cretaceous to Recent sed- though the name "Paso Robles Formation" iments are on Franciscan basement rocks of has also been used for continental beds that oc- Jurassic and Cretaceous age. Distribution of the cur discontinuously over a wide area from Sa- major geologic units is shown in Figure 3. linas in the north to the Santa Maria area in the The Paso Robles Formation is generally flat- Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/78/8/951/3432523/i0016-7606-78-8-951.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 954 J.