INTEGRATED DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLANNING 2013- 2 0 1 8

Situation Analysis for Ngoma District

Final October 2014

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NGOMA DISTRICT LAND U S E P L A N 2013- 2018

Situation Analysis for Ngoma District LUP

Mayor’s Foreword ...... 4 Functions and Limitations of the LUP ...... 5 Methodology Applied for Integrated District Development Planning ...... 5 Planning Horizon and Period of Validation ...... 6 Base Map ...... 6 Population Projected per Sector 2012-2017 ...... 7 Observations Census and Projected Population Year 2012 ...... 7 Population Projection 2012 - 2017 ...... 8 National and District Objectives to Be Focused On/ ...... 10 Prioritized/Implemented During the Planning Period 2012-2017 ...... 10 Vision 2020 ...... 10 Economic Development for Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) ...... 11 District Profile and SWOT Analysis ...... 11 Profile: Geographical, population and socio-economic situation...... 11 Geographical Situation ...... 11 Socio-Economic Situation ...... 13 Source: Ngoma DDP, June 2013...... 13 Swot Analyses ...... 13 Strengths ...... 13 Weakness ...... 13 Opportunities (in the future) ...... 14 Threats ...... 14 Sector Needs Assessment ...... 14 Methodology ...... 14 Performance Indicators and Assessment Tools...... 15 Administration ...... 17 Gender and family ...... 18 Housing and Urbanization ...... 19 Mixed Housing interpretation ...... 20 Existing LDP alignment with NLUDMP ...... 21 Urban Area Definition ...... 22 District Centre Urban Function ...... 22 Mixed Housing interpretation ...... 23 Informal Settlement Upgrading ...... 23 Urban Rural Population Distribution ...... 23 Imidugudu Development ...... 24 Education ...... 26 Health ...... 29 Security and Justice ...... 32 Cultural Heritage ...... 33 Thematic map showing ‘Cultural Heritage 2013’ ...... 33 Commercial (Economic Development and Job Promotion) ...... 33 2 LUPtextbook Ngoma District_Final_2014.docxdocx NGOMA DISTRICT LAND U S E P L A N 2013- 2018

Tourism ...... 35 Agriculture ...... 36 Mining...... 36 Industry...... 37 Forestry ...... 38 Infrastructure ...... 39 Transportation and Road System ...... 39 Power Supply/Energy ...... 40 Information and Communication Technology ...... 42 Water and Sanitation ...... 42 Risk and Suitability Analysis ...... 43 Public Consultation after Situation Analysis ...... 45 Public Awareness ...... 45 Consultation at National Level ...... 47 Public Hearing and Consultations in Relation to the LUP ...... 47 Proposed Land Use Development during the Planning Period 2012-2017 ...... 47 Binding Directives for Land Use Changes of Areas and Hubs of National Interest till 2020 ...... 47 Proposed Projects to Be Implemented During the Planning Period 2012-2017 ...... 48 Equitable Distribution of (National Provision of) Public Services over the Country ...... 48 Implementation of De-concentration Urban Policy ...... 48 Implementation of Sound Imidugudu Policy ...... 48 Implementation of Projects for Improved Agricultural Production ...... 48 Implementation of Projects for Increased Forestry Production ...... 48 Intensification of Mineral Deposit Exploitation ...... 48 Implementation of Projects for Tourism Development ...... 48 Exploitation and Supply of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Resources ...... 48 Revitalization of Transportation System ...... 48 Conservation and Protection of Natural Biodiversity...... 48 Public Consultation for the Draft Plan Proposal...... 48 Plan Finalization, Approval and Appeal Process ...... 48 Protocols for Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 48 Creating an (I)DDP Project Management GIS Application ...... 48 Project Objectives ...... 48 Appendix ...... 48 Vision 2020 ...... 48 EDPRS ...... 48 NICI – PLAN 3 ...... 48 Population Projections 2010-2020 ...... 48 Guidelines for DISTRICT LAND USE PLAN (DLUP) Data Management ...... 48 Binding Directives for Land Use Changes of Areas and Hubs of National Interest till 2020 ...... 48 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... 49 List of Figures, Maps and Tables ...... 49 List of Boxes ...... 49 List of Photographs ...... 49 3 LUPtextbook Ngoma District_Final_2014.docxdocx NGOMA DISTRICT LAND U S E P L A N 2013- 2018

Mayor’s Foreword

‘The Land Use Plan for Ngoma District is a new concept for District development planning aligned and harmonized with the National Land Use and Development Master Plan (NLUDMP) and other national directives.. Integrated District development planning is one of the key tools for local government to manage its new developmental role. In contrast to the relatively narrow role planning had in the past, integrated development planning is now seen as a function of District management, as part of an integrated system of planning and delivery. The integrated process is meant to support decisions on issues such as District budgets, land management, promotion of local economic development and institutional transformation, and to achieve this in a consultative, systematic and strategic manner. Integrated District Development Plans, however, will not only inform the District management; they are also supposed to guide the activities of any agency from other spheres of government, corporate service providers, NGOs and the private sector within the District area. The role of the LUP is to give decision makers quick and simple digital access to information in a spatial (map enabled) context. It will thereby contribute to the fulfillment of overall national objectives, e.g. Vision 2020, food security, poverty alleviation, gender balance, conflict resolution and environmental protection. Furthermore it will enhance the impact of the NLU D MP by introducing a spatial dimension of the District Development Planning using GIS as a tool. The goal of integrated development planning is to achieve more efficient and more effective delivery of both District and other services to communities, and the creation of a framework for economic and social development in the District. A number of links also exist between integrated development planning and intended developmental outcomes.’

(Photo and signature of the Mayor)

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Functions and Limitations of the LUP Methodology Applied for Integrated District Development Planning Based on the general methodological approach, a tailored methodology that was applied for the LUP preparation is presented. The figure below shows the steps of preparations and it also defines the list of contents of the LUP.

The figure below illustrates a used IDDP Planning Process. Simply, the Plan uses data from the sector planning and applies the information into a land use perspective, normally presented in a map format. The result will be as follows:  Overlapping and many times conflicting sector interests will be visualized, which automatically will prompt for an inter-disciplinary process to reduce land use conflicts.  Overlays of sector layers will display an overlapping and contradictory picture. The reason for this are to be found in sector interests without any synchronization and/or results based on ‘drainpipe’ legislation and lack of coordination between various authorities. And as long as enforcement is weak, these overlapping and contradictory land and water-uses can exist on paper. However, by using GIS, conflicting regulations and land uses become transparent and have to be resolved;  Sector allocation of services between Districts can be optimized with comparative analysis. The map format clearly points out deviances and where actions should be prioritized;  The spatial distribution of services will become very transparent and will facilitate for the District to allocate new service points in an optimal way to serve the objective of equal provision of public services;  Hazardous areas not suitable for a specific land use can be identified to prevent future risks and/or unproductive investments.

Furthermore, in the Rwandan context, the Plan utilized modern planning techniques such as Geographic Information System (GIS), which has proven to be an effective tool for a wide range of applications, When combined with other technologies such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and Remote Sensing (RS) further provides an enhanced and invaluable tool to use with other databases and spatial information in, various stages of sustainable development planning and management of the environment. An appropriately designed, funded and staffed GIS is able to present complex relationships in a simple and easily understood scenario. The basic analytical methods of GIS tools include:

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 Establishing a benchmark measurement of existing conditions to allow decision makers to see where the problems lie. They can then determine whether a new project will help correct these problems or just make them worse;  Forecasting what will happen if a society continues to grow in the same way, then measuring the impacts – whether positive or negative – of alternative land-use scenarios;  Comparing several alternative land-use scenarios in order to help select a preferred alternative for adoption and implementation;  Evaluating policy decisions after they are implemented to ensure that they are meeting the original objectives.

Planning Horizon and Period of Validation A validation period of 5 years (2013-2018) in line with other national and local revolving plans is proposed. Being the first LUP ever made based on a new concept not previously tested it is likely that LUP might need improvements and other types of revisions during the planning period.

Base Map A Base Map serves as a background layer for the preparation of various sector or thematic information. It reflects the boundaries of the whole study area, the major roads, settlement pattern/urban-rural and important naming for easy reference and the important natural features such as lakes, streams and rivers. Different types of information may be reflected and overlaid in the base map that would enable the user to visually relate development trends, constraints, etc. in the thematic area of study.

For the District land use planning a District Base Map has been prepared. This map is used in the preparation of needs analysis maps based on population distribution and population projection. The common denominator is the sector administrative area. In a GIS, each thematic sector, such as education, can add layers with data from its own field that will be analyzed and exposed in a comprehensive format The map below presents the Base Map on a reduced scale for Ngoma District. The Base Map is available with the District Land Officer who can assist with a copy.

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Population Projected per Sector 2012-2017

A District’s population and how it is geographically distributed can influence the state of land use through the rate of growth and household formation, access to basic services and infrastructure, age distribution and employment opportunities, rural and urban environment and sustainable use and access to natural resources. The impact of human needs versus available resources, in the context of emerging economies, leads to increasing constraints to provide the growing population with basic human rights; food, shelter, access to quality social services and infrastructure.

Observations Census and Projected Population Year 2012

Projections are being made based on Census 2002. However, final results from the Census 2012 have been published showing data for the sectors. It is therefore possible to make a comparison between ‘actual’ (Census data) and projected data for year 2012 and draw some conclusions about eventual disparities. The map below presents the difference between actual and projected population.

Thematic map showing ‘Census and Projected Population by Sectors 2012’

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Based on the data from the 2012 Census results, the population number increased significantly in many sectors more than it was estimated in the population projection done by NISR in 2007. That is the case of Remera, Rurenge, Mugesera, Rukumberi, Zaza, Sake, Kazo, Rukira and Mutenderi. However, in Karembo Sector the population number decreased from the Census of 2002 and 2012. In the the other sectors like JKibungo, Gashanda and Jarama the population number has increased but not yes to reach the projected number.

Population Projection 2012 - 2017 The growth of the population per sector is preferably illustrated by a series of maps showing the increased population density. Population density is a key indicator for economic growth, service and utility provision and risks for environmental degradation. Please observe that areas of lakes and protected areas are always subtracted from the total District area for better representation and the sector is being used for comparative analysis.

The color coding reflects the density increase for easy comprehension of the data: Light color for low density and increasing hue for higher densities of the sector. Also the average sector density in the District is presented in the middle interval of the density scale.

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Figure: Population Density by Sector 2012

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Figure: Population Density by Sector 2017

National and District Objectives to Be Focused On/ Prioritized/Implemented During the Planning Period 2012-2017

Vision 2020 The Vision 2020 is aspiration and determination of Rwandans, to construct a united, democratic and inclusive Rwandan identity, after so many years of authoritarian and exclusivist dispensation. We aim, through this Vision, to transform our country into middle - income nation in. which Rwandans are healthier, educated and generally more prosperous. The we seek is one that is united and competitive both regional/provincially and locally.

To achieve this, the Vision 2020 identifies six interwoven pillars, including good governance and efficient State, skilled human capital, vibrant private sector, world-class physical infrastructure and modern agriculture and livestock, all geared towards national, regional and global markets.

This Vision is a result of a national consultative process conducted between 1997 and 2000. These discussions and debates involved Rwandans from all walks of life, including leadership of all levels in the business community, government, academia and civil society. Please refer to Appendix for the entire Vision 2020.

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In the LUP preparation an analysis has been made to see which indicators of Vision 2020 have a spatial implication on local level and efforts have been made to show how these indicators can be fulfilled in the planning period.

Economic Development for Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) Rwanda’s Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) sets out the country’s objectives, priorities and major policies for the period 2008-2012. It provides a road map to government, development partners, the private sector and civil society which indicates where Rwanda wants to go, what it needs to do to get there, how it is going to do it, what the journey is going to cost and how it will be financed. The strategy provides a medium-term framework for achieving the country’s long term development aspirations as embodied in Rwanda Vision 2020, the seven year Government of Rwanda (GoR) programme, and the Millennium Development Goals. The process of elaboration of EDPRS 2 is now underway, and is aimed at ensuring that in the medium-term Rwanda is on track for achieving its goal of becoming a low middle-income country by the year 2020. Please refer to the District Development Plan (DDP) for how the District has accommodated the requirements of the EDPRS 2.

District Profile and SWOT Analysis District profiling is an attempt to present a comprehensive picture of a District’s development potentials. The idea is that the information can guide both public and private investments utilizing this nature driven and man-made capacity to Ngoma District.

Profile: Geographical, population and socio-economic situation Geographical Situation

Ngoma District is one of seven Districts that make up the Eastern Province. It is subdivided into fourteen (14) sectors, sixty four (64) cells and four hundred and seventy three (473) villages (Imidugudu). The District covers an area of eight hundred sixty seven point seventy four square kilometres (867.74 Km²). It is limited by in the North-West, by in the North-East, by the District of Bugesera in the West, by the District of Kirehe in the East and by the Republic of Burundi in the South. The District of Ngoma is part of lowlands of the East, a region essentially dominated by hills with low slopes, with an average altitude between 1400m and 1700 m above sea level. The original relief is a plateau strongly dissected by tectonical movements of the quaternary that were progressively gullied by the erosion creating valleys and swamps. The climate is temperate especially in low altitudes. The annual average temperature is around 20C. Ngoma like other regions of the country enjoys four seasons of which two are rainy and other two are dry: a short rainy season which extends from October to December, a short dry season which runs from January to February, and a long rainy season from mid-February to mid-May and a long dry season from mid-May to Early October. Generally the dry season begins earlier and ends later compared to other regions of the country. The resulting pluviometric deficit impacts adaversely agricultural and pastoral production. The volume of annual precipitations on the whole of the District lies between 900 and 1400 mm of rains.

As regard to soil and hydrography, Ngoma soil is favorable for agricultural activities due to the presence of little sandy –clay soil mixture. The District of Ngoma has three lakes namely Bilira, Mugesera and Sake which provides the region with a beautiful landscape that may attract tourists if developed and advocated for.

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In terms of flora and fauna, the natural vegetation of the District of Ngoma is dominated by savanna landscapes. It is a typical vegetation of the east African basin, with vast lands of grass with scattered shrubs of the natural vegetation dominated by savanna landscapes. The western part of the District is made up of vast wetlands constituted by depressions of fluvio-lakes of the Akagera that offers a typical landscape of lakes and swamps. As the District Natural ecosystems have disappeared, leaving room for crops and artificial forests which mainly consist of large banana plantations with the combination of avocado, mangoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, etc. The majority of the current afforested area consists of Eucalyptus and Pinus. Wildlife no longer exists in the region for a long time except for some birds, small mammals and reptiles encountered in the less frequented places.

Demography The total population of Ngoma District is 338,562 inhabitants among which 162,388 are males and 176,174 are females (NISR, 2012). The table below presents the population distribution by sector.

Sector Sector 2012 population Sex Population Annual Population ratio change growth density/Sq.km 2002-2012 2002-2012 Male Female Total GASHANDA 11,064 7,706 8,616 16,322 89 47.5 4 426 JARAMA 18,434 11,339 12,534 23,873 90 29.5 2.6 262 KAREMBO 10,749 7,197 7,961 15,158 90 41 3.5 411 KAZO 18,318 13,244 14,232 27,476 93 50 4.1 392 KIBUNGO 23,286 14,948 13,740 28,688 109 23.2 2.1 662 MUGESERA 19,135 12,062 13,618 25,680 89 34.2 3 351 MURAMA 16,775 10,618 11,788 22,406 90 33.6 2.9 438 MUTENDERI 14,415 10,002 11,025 21,027 91 45.9 3.8 280 REMERA 17,167 13,346 14,336 27,682 93 61.3 4.9 549 RUKIRA 18,127 12,129 13,318 25,447 91 40.4 3.5 371 RUKUMBERI 16,971 13,602 14,977 28,579 91 68.4 5.3 332 RURENGE 17,363 13,481 15,041 28,522 90 64.3 5.1 438 SAKE 16,533 11,229 12,566 23,795 89 43.9 3.7 417 ZAZA 16,772 11,485 12,422 23,907 92 42.5 3.6 388 NGOMA 235,109 162,388 176,174 338,562 92 44 3.7 393 Source, NISR, 2012 Population and Housing Census: provisional results

From this table, the administrative sectors of Kibungo and Remera are the most populated: 662 and 549 inhabitants per Sq.km respectively while sectors of Mutenderi and Jarama are less populated: 280 and 262 inhabitants per Sq.km respectively. While the national average annual population growth rate is 2.6%, during the intercensal period (2002-2012), it is higher in the Eastern Province (4.3%) and Ngoma District (3.7%). The population density is 393 persons per sq.km against 416 at national level. The sex composition of the Ngoma District population, as measured by the sex ratio, indicates that, there are 92 men per 100 women in 2012 which is the same at national level.

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Socio-Economic Situation This sub-section focuses on key sector indicator performances achieved and contributed to the District economy development and welfare improvement of citizen. It highlights the overall challenges to be addressed by the District in five years period in order to ensure better life to Ngoma population and contribute to national self-reliance goal. This part tries to make the linkage between the causes and effects rooting of the poor and strong performance and from those, the priorities and strategies to overcome challenges are efficiently defined.

Agriculture is the main economic activity in Ngoma District. According to EICV3, 86.1% of the population is economically active while inactive among the persons aged 16+ is 13.9%. The main usual job is agriculture with 81% of Ngoma District population against 73.5% at the national level. The majority of the population (73.5%) works on their own farm against 61.8% at the national level. Women (83.2%) are much more likely than men (61%) to have their main job on their own farm (self-employed). Men by contrast are more than three times more likely than women to have their main job in the waged non-farm sector where they count for 15% against only 4.9% for females. Agriculture is also the main source of income for 57% of households against only 21% who’s the source of income is wages, it is important to look at the assets for the agriculture production. With regard to the income from the agriculture products, 23.6% of the agriculture products in Ngoma District are sold compared to 20.9% sold at national level. This shows at what extent the agriculture is for subsistence rather than a market oriented agriculture.

In general, 69.8% of households in Ngoma District raise livestock against 68.2% at national level. Concerning the different types of livestock, 40.1% of households are raising Cattle, 1.5% of households have Sheep, 61.1% have Goats, 32.1% have Pigs, 11.9% have rabbit and 62.4% have poultry. At national level these are 47.3%, 15.7%, 53.0%, 24.1%, 22.9% and 45.5% respectively for cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, rabbit and chicken. Source: Ngoma DDP, June 2013.

Swot Analyses SWOT analysis is a method for analyzing the District, its resources and its environment:

Strengths  Strong Political will  Population and leadership’s will for the change  Existence of dialogues framework with partners  The presence of basic development infrastructures  The existence of dynamic Cooperatives  Young and active population  Friendly and collaborative local government  Unity and social cohesion & cooperative population  Reasonable participation of women in decision making processes  High agriculture productivity

Weakness  Low post harvest and agro-processing;  Poor road conditions and service delivery in transport;

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 Limited access to energy for lighting and cooking;  High rate of wood use of source of energy;  Limited access to and use of ICT;  Youth unemployment;  Limited capacity of Private Sector and low access to financial services;  Limited access to safe water and basic sanitation;  Old schools infrastructures and equipments;  High growth of population and limited access to safety health;

Opportunities (in the future)  Strong untapped potential in tourism; (Development of lake showers and construction of Hotels)  Potential investments in industries processing agricultural products; (passion fruits, pineapple, avocados and Japanese plums)  Strong opportunities for small livestock, poultry and the production and processing of slaughter of livestock products;  Fish Farming in Mugesera, Sake, Bilira Lakes  Tourism on Lake showers

Threats  Natural calamites  High risk zones  Limited access to electricity  The shortage of biomass energy

Sector Needs Assessment Methodology To have a flexible approach and allow opportunities for sound information products that adopt to various kinds of analyses the data is divided into sector folders which follow international metadata recommendations. Needs Assessments are primary done for socio-economic and infrastructure data while the Risk & Suitability Analysis depends on environment and land management data, see figure below:

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Performance Indicators and Assessment Tools Performance indicators can be developed in line with national visions and targets to assess the implementation of (I)DDP based on the existing situation according to the national or District priorities. Consequently, attribute tables with agreed indicators for services and utilities the District provides have been prepared. 15 LUPtextbook Ngoma District_Final_2014.docx NGOMA DISTRICT LAND U S E P L A N 2013- 2018

Performance indicators can be developed in line with national visions and targets to assess the existing situation of the respective District according to the national priorities. The table below illustrates some of the key indicators and assessment tools that has been used.

The criteria for the indicator can be exemplified in the following way: Comparison between Administrative Comparison between Service/Utility Units Sectors of the District within the District ‘fair’ The situation is acceptable compared to Premises, grounds, structures, equipment, etc. are (green) national visions or a local assessment based in such condition so that services can be on a defined set of criteria. conducted without any serious constraints. ‘poor’ The situation is not up to the standard The condition of premises, grounds, structures, (yellow) compared to national visions or an assessment equipment, etc. are deteriorating so it is likely that based on a defined set of criteria. the facility cannot service the catchment area sufficiently within the planning period. ‘critical’ The situation is in such a poor state that The condition of premises, grounds, structures, (red) national visions cannot be met. equipment, etc. are insufficient and/or so poor already today so that the facility cannot service the catchment area sufficiently.

As this statistics are available for all administrative sectors of the District, the indicators can be compiled on a map with a District overview so that each administrative sector can be analyzed and the sector falling behind can be identified. Likewise, if the common denominator is a feature object (for example a school or a road segment), the same comparison can be done and the features that are not up to standard are easy identifiable.

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Administration Thematic map showing ‘Sector Office Condition 2013’

The following performance indicators have been used:

PHYSICAL CONDITION ELECTRICITY WATER INTERNET Fair Fair Yes Yes Yes Poor Poor No Yes No Critical Critical No No No

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Gender and family

Ngoma district has a sex ratio of 113 females per 100 males. Among heads of households, 31.8% of households are female headed and 4.9% de facto female headed while 63.3% are male headed. The mean number of persons is higher in Households headed by males (5.2) compared to households headed by females (3.9). In terms of employment and economic activities, 83% of women are involved in small scale farming while 61% of men are involved; 4.7 % of women are involved in wage farm activites against 9.7% of men, 4.9% of women are employed in wage non- farming against 15% of men; 5.2% of women are working as independent in non-farm activities against 12.4% of men; 1.9% of women are involved in other activities against 2.1% of men. These figures show that there are gender disparities in terms of employment, economic and income generating activities. Women (83.2%) are much more likely than men (61%) to have their main job on their own farm (selfemployed). Men by contrast are more than three times more likely than women to have their main job in the waged non-farm sector where they count for 15% gainst only 4.9% for females. It was also revealed in EICV3 that the average number of hours worked per week in all jobs shows that women spend 51 hours per week while men spend 40 hours per week. Source: DDP Ngoma, 2013.

Thematic map showing ‘Women Representation in Sector Council 2013’.

VISION 2020 Indicator Status in 2000 Current status Vision 2020 target Proposed new Target

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45. Women representation in None 43.14 40 40 decision making organs (%) The following performance indicators have been used: Women Representation in Sector Council (%) Fair >=40 Poor >30<40 Critical <=30

Housing and Urbanization

The Imidugudu Policy needs an urban ‘sister’ to prevent accelerated (and uncontrolled) migration to existing urban areas, predominately City. This ‘Umujyi’ Policy aims to counteract unplanned habitation and the increase of informal settlements with poor services and unhealthy conditions. Rwanda is still a low urbanized country and has a unique opportunity to set the standards for sustainable urban development that most African countries fail to do at the moment. The next ten years will be crucial if Rwanda will be a success story in this respect or join the others that have flopped.

Likewise, the urban planning should now take advantage of available spatial data in combination with modern analysis and presentation tools, strengthen the participatory process at local government level, practice conscious and applied direction of public (and private) efforts to develop District centres into urban growth points.in order to make it possible to design a modular alternative of sustainable urban development. (Extract from the National Land Use and Development Master Plan)

Table 1 : District Urbanization Analysis 1

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DISTRICT DISTRICT URBANIZATION Estimated Population ANALYSIS 2010 Built-Up Area Density Land (Pop/ % of total # Unique ID DISTRICT NAME (sqKm)* No sqKm) sqKm Land 1 0507 BUGESERA 1 222 318543 261 13,54 1,1 2 0404 BURERA 566 383003 677 2,46 0,4 3 0402 GAKENKE 703 384536 547 0,91 0,1 4 0102 GASABO 428 467678 1093 41,13 9,6 5 0503 GATSIBO 1 277 338461 265 41,13 3,2 6 0405 GICUMBI 827 429520 519 41,13 5,0 7 0202 GISAGARA 679 309778 456 2,42 0,4 8 0204 HUYE 582 312049 537 10,90 1,9 9 0208 KAMONYI 656 333074 508 1,62 0,2 10 0301 KARONGI 785 250420 319 3,27 0,4 11 0504 KAYONZA 1 365 303237 222 16,79 1,2 12 0103 KICUKIRO 167 273997 1644 30,50 18,3 13 0505 KIREHE 1 155 342955 297 23,57 2,0 14 0207 MUHANGA 648 316956 489 5,16 0,8 15 0403 MUSANZE 404 366667 907 10,61 2,6 16 0506 NGOMA 813 280732 345 9,30 1,1 17 0305 NGORORERO 618 337020 546 1,85 0,3 18 0304 NYABIHU 395 320444 812 3,73 0,9 19 0502 NYAGATARE 1 753 304608 174 15,20 0,9 20 0205 NYAMAGABE 1 090 334343 307 3,03 0,3 21 0307 NYAMASHEKE 733 388105 529 1,22 0,2 22 0201 NYANZA 672 268911 400 3,65 0,5 23 0101 NYARUGENGE 134 345802 2582 17,77 13,3 24 0203 NYARUGURU 792 279635 353 0,94 0,1 25 0303 RUBAVU 179 349443 1951 11,26 6,3 26 0206 RUHANGO 627 293537 468 2,96 0,5 27 0401 RULINDO 567 300025 529 0,75 0,1 28 0306 RUSIZI 560 396366 708 1,79 0,3 29 0302 RUTSIRO 520 315660 607 0,97 0,2 30 0501 RWAMAGANA 655 263291 402 4,81 0,7 TOTAL: 21 571 9 908 796 324,38 AVERAGE 648 10,81 2,4 AVERAGE EXCLUDING KIGALI CITY 563 8,70 1,2 Rwanda is still a low urbanized country and has a unique opportunity to set the standards for sustainable urban development that most African countries fail to do at the moment. The next ten years will be crucial if Rwanda will be a success story in this respect or join the other countries that have flopped. Likewise, the urban planning should now take advantage of available spatial data in combination with modern analysis and presentation tools strengthen the participatory process at local government level to make it possible to design a modular alternative of sustainable urban development. Conscious and Applied Direction of Public (and Private) efforts to develop District centre into urban growth points.

Mixed Housing interpretation Mixed housing means that in a new area there should be opportunities for all income groups to settle. In this model area we propose that a new housing area of reasonable size should be divided in 25% for high income, 25% for medium income group and 50% for the low income group. However, as no official definition of the incomes groups has been found but the assumption is that a major share of the area should be reserved for families with a low income.

The design gives the following flexibility:  There is a standard plot size of 600 SqM which should accommodate 120 SqM building area;  The vertical directives imply that the structures will be in two or three storeys;

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 The housing unit for a family with a low income will be 30 SqM floor area, which will means that with three storey building, the plot will accommodate 12 housing units;  The housing unit for a household with medium income will be 120 SqM floor area divided in two storeys, which will means that with a two storey building, the plot will accommodate two housing units;  The housing unit for a household with high income will be 240 SqM floor area divided in two storeys, which will means that with a two storey building, the plot will accommodate one housing unit.

Sustainable District Centre Development

Urban functions are defined as a subsystem in order to facilitate a discussion of environmental and socio- economic issues related to specific activities within, housing, service, commercial, industry and other functions. The planning of urban areas with regard to urban functions strongly relates to the economic and social aspects of sustainability including demographic issues as well as the inclusion of unregulated settlements and poor people in the planning process. The increasing number of people moving into urban areas, as well as the structure of the population, must be considered in combination with the dimensioning, location, planning and design of housing and residential areas. Urban functions are normally defined as residential, commercial, educational, industrial production and other vital urban functions.

The challenge of bringing housing and other urban functions for poor migrants into the overall planning procedure must not be underestimated and calls for multi-stakeholder involvement including representatives of poor women and men. As pointed out before the Imidugudu policy needs to be complemented with a ‘decentralized’ modular urbanization to prevent hazardous and uncontrolled migration from the rural areas into Kigali City. Attractive Districts Centres have to be established to meet people’s expectation on a life with a quality. The following features are proposed for a modern District Centre by year 2017: A ‘Local Development Plan’ has been prepared by a consultant under the supervision of RHA in 2012. It has not yet been approved by the Parliament. The Planning Horizon of the LDP is 2012-2025.

In the DLUP the demarcation of the District Centre planning area of the LDP has been inserted. The urban area is 67.01SqKm and represents 7.72% of the District total area.

Existing LDP alignment with NLUDMP

The Law Relating to Land Use and Development Planning in Rwanda stipulates that ‘Land use and development plans and urban area plans which were adopted before this law shall remain in force but subjected to amendments that will align them with the National Land Use and Development Master Plan’. Mixed housing…

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Urban Area Definition  An Urban Area in Rwanda is defined as a built-up agglomeration which exceeds 20 sqKm and has a population of more than 10,000 permanent living resulting in a population density of more than 1000 persons/sqKm;  The function can, but must not be, administrative. If so, the following administrative roles can be assigned: Capital City is an urban area that holds authorities and institutions for central governance; Provincial Centre is an urban area that holds authorities and institutions for provincial governance; District Centre is an urban area that holds authorities and institutions for local governance; Sector Centre is an urban area that holds authorities and institutions for local governance.  It can be a gazetted urban area, which means that an urban development plan has been approved to steer the development of the area;  The area should be supplied with basic urban services and utilities as regard to housing, education, health, recreation, transportation, ICT, energy, water and sanitation, etc.;  Besides from Kigali City, other urban areas are not a judicial entity - they are merely an urban component of a District.

District Centre Urban Function An Urban Development Plan (UDP) shall be prepared for the layout of the District Centre, consulted and approved following the guidelines in the NLUDMP: Location: The Centre shall be located on non-fertile soil and no new permanent buildings will be allowed on slopes more than 20 degrees or where flooding occurs. Population: The Centre should accommodate more than 10,000 inhabitants and correspond to about 15 % of the respective District total population by 2020. Housing: Areas of Low, medium and (moderate) high residential density should be zoned for in a mixed context. Education: (At least) One tertiary education facility: University branch, technical college, etc. should be located in the Centre. Health: A District hospital shall provide secondary health services to the Centre and the District population. Administration: District office with an inviting and ‘transparent’ architectural design and a multi- purpose community hall should be found in the District Centre. Commercial: A pedestrian friendly shopping area with a market place should be centrally located in the Centre. Culture, sport and recreation: A sport and recreation area shall be zoned, accommodating an arena for sports and culture, swimming pool and creative playground. A multi-purposed hall shall be constructed for major cultural and official events. Protection: A District court, a District police station and a fire station would be the basis for a secure and safe living environment for the Centre and the District as a whole. Industrial: Areas with non-polluting small-scale industries should be included to have sufficient production of basic goods and exploiting local human and natural resources found specifically in the District.. Transportation: Regular public transport with gas powered vehicles shall be provided for the inhabitants. A bus terminal for regional public transportation should be zoned for at a conflict free location. ICT. The Centre shall be provided with a fiber optic network. Energy: The Centre shall be connected with the national electrical grid. Local energy production: Biogas, hydro, solar panels, etc. shall be generated. Water: Potable water will be distributed to all due via pipes or water posts. Rain water harvesting shall be a mandatory requirement for construction of new housing. Sewerage: A functional system built-up offers good hygienic standard shall be provided. LUPtextbookSolid Ngoma waste District_Final_2014.docx: A landfill area with a biogas digester and a recycle centre shall be located in an 22 environmentally safe place.

NGOMA DISTRICT LAND U S E P L A N 2013- 2018

The following issues of the LDP are not aligned with the NLUDMP:

 The rationales for the urban area delineation are not found;  No financial plan for the implementation of the plan is enclosed.

Mixed Housing interpretation Mixed housing means that in a new area of reasonable size there should be opportunities for all income groups to settle. In this model area we propose that a new housing area of reasonable size should be divided in 25% for high income, 25% for medium income group and 50% for the low income group. However, as no official definition of the incomes groups has been found but the assumption is that a major share of the area should be reserved for families with a low income.

The design gives the following flexibility: There is a standard plot size of 600 SqM which should accommodate 120 SqM building area; The vertical directives imply that the structures will be in two or three storeys; The housing unit for a family with a low income will be 30 SqM floor area, which will means that with three storey building, the plot will accommodate 12 housing units; The housing unit for a household with medium income will be 120 SqM floor area divided in two storeys, which will means that with a two storey building, the plot will accommodate two housing units; The housing unit for a household with high income will be 240 SqM floor area divided in two storeys, which will means that with a two storey building, the plot will accommodate one housing unit. Informal Settlement Upgrading Informal Settlement Upgrading is regarding to be an issue to be handled in the Urban Development Plan. A 30 hectares site has been identified as a residential resettlement site. This is a new residential area that should be serviced in order to relocate the residents from the zone to be restructured. The subdivision of this of land also provides an example of planned development which makes easy public utilities provision (electricity, drinking water and sewers), and that respects the existing situation. Urban Rural Population Distribution The following table displays the distribution of urban rural population by 2017: “Urbanization Analysis of Ngoma District” Ngoma District Projected Population 2017 366292 URBAN/RURAL SCENARIOS % Number URBAN 30 109887 District Centres 25 91573 Other Urban Areas 5 18314 RURAL 70 256405 Imidudugu 70 256405 Scattered 0 0 TOTAL: 366292

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The urbanization is at the beginning in Ngoma. There is a lot to do to achieve the urbanization rate of 35% targeted by Vision 2020. The low urbanization does not stimulate job creation as in large cities diversification of economic activities multiplies employment opportunities for many people. In Ngoma District 97.9% of the population is living in settlement (Imidugudu) compared to 37.5 at the national level. Only 0.6% of the population is living in unplanned urban housing against 8.4% at the national level but none lives in modern planned versus 0.6% at the national level. Imidugudu Development Consolidation of villages and rural centers aims at providing facilities and other supporting infrastructure in these sites. The objective of this programme is to bring all the sites in Umidugudu to an acceptable level in terms of access to social and economic services. Lack of access to clean water has been cited as the main complaint against most of the first imidugudu established in the past. Priority must therefore be given to water supply in the villages and existing rural centers. Water supply networks established in the framework of scattered settlement system must be readapted to this new fact.

Besides water, villages should be provided with energy sources such as (biogas, solar energy, aeolian, micro- stations) and connected to the national power network, where possible. Research must be carried out on renewable energy such as solar and wind energy so as to improve the housing and work conditions in villages. The grouped and planed settlement in Ngoma district is among the key strategies for extending the topsoil which leads to rural development and economic development. In fact, the habitat mode in Ngoma District is grouped with 97.9% of the population living in imidugudu and 0% in planned urban area. Despite the huge efforts put in the development of infrastructural facilities and the provision of basic services – i.e., roads, water, electricity, schools, hospitals, banks, telephones and other socio-economic amenities - rural households, on the whole, are still far apart from one another. In the Umudugudu villages, which were established to ameliorate this situation, there are also differences in terms of access to infrastructure and social services for the people who live there. The distance between houses and water supply points is still hindering.

Figure: one of Planned Umudugudu Settlement in Ngoma District

When we look at the exting situation of umudugudu village in Ngoma district, which seems to be very well planned at the moment, here comes the idea of the densification of the parcels; where the construction of twins houses and construction in height is recommended in rural and peri-urban areas. In that case the plot size may be reduced from 20*25m and 20*30m size plot to a more reduced plot of 20*15m plot. And for the previous plot size the twin house are more encouraged in order to use the land more efficiently by accommodating more people and facilitate the provision of services like water and electricity to the residents.

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NGOMA DISTRICT LAND U S E P L A N 2013- 2018

Figure: Model house proposed for rural and peri urban areas.

The traditional and detached house types can develop and change according to the needs of households. Adding additional rooms on the same level and extra floors to a house are relatively simple jobs, when and if the need and economic possibility is at hand. The apartment buildings are by nature inflexible. Need for more living space can only be satisfied by moving to another dwelling.

The outdoor environment around apartment buildings should be arranged satisfactory, with well-maintained parks cape, playgrounds and organized parking.

More types of apartment buildings should be elaborated to be compatible with a range of different urban environments and sites. High-rise buildings could be recommended in central parts of the Kibungo Urban area. Low-rise buildings are easier adaptable to small towns and other trading centres. A segregation of housing for the well-off inhabitants and “social” housing for low-income families should be avoided. Therefore a mixed housing is recommended.

Figure: proposed Apartment s and commercial buildings

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Guidelines – Housing Housing Policy Areas reserved for human habitation shall be determined in every land use plan (National, district and specific master plans. In urban areas, human settlements should be provided with areas of economic activities (industrial, commercial) and areas reserved for infrastructure, green spaces and urban land reserve. A desirable housing standard should be established, with the purpose to make it possible for every family to achieve one affordable housing unit, taken into account increasing population and income levels A single-family house that can develop and change according to the needs of the households - as a cheap and effective method to meet shortage of space and provide space for future expansion at family level The approved standard for green areas, children’s playgrounds, social and commercial services and recreation facilities should be implemented, and standards should also be established for safe car parking, biking and walking to the houses

Thematic map showing ‘Proposed Sites and Condition for Existing Imidugudu Villages, 2013 - 2017

Education In Ngoma District, the net primary school enrolment rate is 86.7%, gross secondary school enrolment is 37.9% and literacy rate for persons aged 15-24 years is 84.5%. This is somehow different from the national achievements which are at: 91.7% for net primary school enrolment rate, 40.9% for gross secondary school enrolment and 83.7% for literacy

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NGOMA DISTRICT LAND U S E P L A N 2013- 2018 rate for persons aged 15-24 years. The adult literacy rate is at 70.5% in Ngoma District against 69.7% of the total Rwandan population. Among the youth, 56.7% did not complete their primary school and (79.9%) among young males and (86.5%) among females are literate. Among other educational issues are insufficient qualified and motivated teachers as the teacher-pupil ratio is 66 while the national target is 45. The dropout rate is still high (14%) and requires a lot of energy to fully eradicate it during the DDP period. Source: DDP, Ngoma 2013

The thematic maps should, based on available attribute data, answer the following questions:  What existing schools should be prioritized for upgrading and condition improvements?  What sectors are not sufficiently provided with education facilities?  Present optimum locations for new schools.

Thematic map showing ‘Existing and Proposed Sites for Primary Schools, 2013-2017’.

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Thematic map showing ‘Existing and Proposed Sites for Secondary Schools, 2013-2017’.

VISION 2020 Indicator Status in 2000 Current status Vision 2020 target Proposed new Target 43.A Pupils –qualified teacher None 66 None 46 ratio in Primary 43.B Pupils –qualified teacher None 37 None 30 ratio in Secondary

The following performance indicators have been used: Primary School Pupil/ Qualified Teacher Pupil/Classroom Planning Standard 40 <=46 Fair <=40 47-70 Poor >40<60 71-99 Critical >=60 >100

Secondary School Pupil/ Qualified Teacher Pupil/Classroom Planning Standard 30 <=46 Fair <=30 47-70 Poor >30<40 71-99 Critical >=40 >=100

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Thematic map showing ‘Primary and Secondary School Condition 2013’.

Health In Ngoma District 82, 4% of the district population is covered by health insurance against 68.8% of the population at national level. The fertility rate is 5 % in Ngoma district which is higher compared to the national average evaluated at 4.6%; the national target is to achieve 3.4%. 65.9% women delivered in health facility against 69% at national level. At the same time, 34.5% of the population in Ngoma District has comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS compared to 52% at national level. In Ngoma District, 3.1% of women aged 15-49 years are HIV positive against 2.1% of men of the same age. At the national level 4% of women and 2% of men are HIV positive. A high record in disease prevention and control since 84.7% of children receive all vaccinations while 92.7 % of HHs have at least one LLITN and 59% have two or more LLITN. The proportion of births attended in Health facilities is 80.4% compared to 78% of the national average (NISR, 2010/11; RDHS 4). The proportion of married women who are satisfied by the modern family planning methods is at 60.2% in Ngoma against 62.4% of the national average; the unmet needs for family planning account for 17.0% in Ngoma district compared to 18.9% of the national average. Only 25.8% of pregnant women in Ngoma District receive 4 antenatal Consultation visits. It is important to notice the increased up-take of family planning for women aged 15-49 years. The percentage of women using contraceptive methods is 45.5% against 49% countrywide. (Ngoma DDP, June 2013).

Source: DDP Ngoma , 2013

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The thematic maps should, based on available attribute data, answer the following questions:

 What existing health facilities should be prioritized for upgrading and condition improvements?\  What areas are not sufficiently provided with health facilities?  Present optimum locations for new health facilities.

Thematic map showing ‘Existing and Proposed Sites for Primary Health Facilities, 2013-2017’.

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NGOMA DISTRICT LAND U S E P L A N 2013- 2018

Thematic map showing ‘Primary Health Facility Condition 2013’.

The following performance indicators have been used:

Indicator Physical Electricity: Yes; Piped water; Internet Incinerator: condition: critical; No Yes: No Connection: Yes; No Analysis poor; fair Yes; No Fair Fair Yes Yes Yes Yes Poor Poor Yes Yes No No Critical Critical No No No No

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NGOMA DISTRICT LAND U S E P L A N 2013- 2018

Security and Justice Thematic map showing ‘Security and Justice Facilities Condition 2013’

.

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Cultural Heritage Thematic map showing ‘Cultural Heritage 2013’

Commercial (Economic Development and Job Promotion) Trading Centres The private sector development sector aims to achieve accelerated and diversified economic growth; the creation of new jobs and increasing incomes for the self-employed. In fact, the district of Ngoma has a low potentiality in trade development, it is a locked district compared to the other districts of the Eastern province. The district is crossed by only one tarmacked road and feeder roads which connect all sectors but not always used especially during the rain period. However, the district has some modern markets and the entire population has access to trading centers and market.

Eight (8) sites with existing market and trade Centre – Prioritized ‘(Rural) Market Centres’ – have been identified and is found on the Plan’s Directives Map’.

The selection criteria are as follows:  The centre must be located in close proximity to a main (national/District) road; at least 2 Km away from a centre of similar function.

 A site within what has been defined for urban development of District Centres is recommended to have priority over adjacent location.

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 The centre must have at least one substantial value-added manufacturing enterprise or large scale distribution depot within its boundary which "exports" goods or services to its hinterland.

Concerning trade centers and modern markets, the District of Ngoma has 8 upgraded trade centers with modern markets located in Rukumberi, Jarama, Sake, Rukira, Mutenderi, Gashanda, Karembo and Remera sectors. An additional modern market is located in Kibungo sector making a total of 9 modern markets in the whole District. The District has also 3 selling points located in Remera in Remera sector, Rebezo in Kibungo sector and Kugiturusu in Kazo sector. Thematic map showing ‘Rural Market Centres Condition 2013’.

The following performance indicators have been used Indicator Physical Electricity Piped Waste Parking Analysis condition: : Yes; No water; management: arrangement: fair; critical; poor; fair Yes: No fair; poor; critical poor; critical Fair Fair Yes Yes Fair Fair Poor Poor Yes Yes Poor Poor Critical Critical No No Critical Critical

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Tourism Tourism industry is not well developed. The District possesses many historical sites that need to be developed. Tourism facilities are still insufficient with only 5 motels and Lakeshores of Bilira, Mugesera and sake are not yet developed to attract investors and tourists. The District does not have any single Hotel. Touristic facilities like hotels are not developed although opportunities do exist around Bilira, Mugesera and Sake lakes for tourism development; there also many historic sites that can be developed and became touristic attractions

Thematic map showing ‘Tourist Attraction 2013’.

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Agriculture Agriculture is the main economic activity in Ngoma District. According to EICV3, 86.1% of the population is economically active while inactive among the persons aged 16+ is 13.9%. The main usual job is agriculture with 81% of Ngoma District population against 73.5% at the national level. The majority of the population (73.5%) works on their own farm against 61.8% at the national level. Women (83.2%) are much more likely than men (61%) to have their main job on their own farm (self-employed). Men by contrast are more than three times more likely than women to have their main job in the waged non-farm sector where they count for 15% gainst only 4.9% for females.

Agriculture is also the main source of income for 57% of households against only 21% who’s the source of income is wages, it is important to look at the assets for the agriculture production. With regard to the income from the agriculture products, 23.6% of the agriculture products in Ngoma District are sold compared to 20.9% sold at national level. This shows at what extent the agriculture is for subsistence rather than a market oriented agriculture.

Main food crops grown in Ngoma District according to their importance order are dry beans (96.2%), cooking banana (92.1%), Maize (90%), Sweet potato (84.4%) and Cassava (76.8%). peanut (45%) and rice (8.5%). Main fruit and vegetables cutivated in Ngoma District are fresh beans (92.2%), Avocado (53.7%), Papaya (41.3%) while main export and cash crops are coffee (18.3%), Sunflower (28.1%), sugar cane (24.6%) and pepper (12.6%).

Mining

Mining is not yet well planned. Mining sites have been identified and mapped so that to guide the investors. The exploitation of mines destroys the environment and causes deadly accidents to humans especially in Karembo Sector. Nine companies are now registered in mining in Ngoma District Thematic map showing ‘Mining 2013’.

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Industry The industrial sector is almost non-existent in Ngoma District due to lack of basic infrastructure like electricity. The low capacity of organization and management of craftsmen, lack of raw materials, insufficient incomes, a weak purchasing power, difficult in accessing foreign markets as well as not having quality products that can compete on the market are some of many factors which contribute to the lethargy of the arts and crafts industry. With regard to industry, the district counts 1 sunflower processing unit and 6 coffee-washing stations. In order to develop this Sector, an industrial zone has been planned in Gashanda sectror and will accomadate various industries mainly agro processing industries which are very need in ngoma district. This will help the economic transformation of this district where a lot of people live of agriculture.

Thematic map showing ‘Industry 2013 - 2017’.

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Despite the effort made in afforestation, available forest resources are still too insufficient to meet the population needs as well as other requirements of which the use of wood is inevitably required as the construction, furnishing houses, cooking pots and other arts and crafts made from woods.

Forestry VISION 2020 Indicator Status in 2000 Current status Vision 2020 target Proposed new Target 19. Forest cover (% of land area) None 7.35 None 30

Thematic map showing ‘Forest 2013 - 2017’.

The following table from NLUDMP can be of interest: Slope Degree Forest Cover >20 >25 >30 >35 >40 SqKm Existing forest 2010 incl. Agagera Nature Park 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Proposed Corridor to protect and create biodiversity 0,33% 0,33% 0,33% 0,33% 0,33% 79.46 Planting in Gishwati within Protected Area 1,14% 1,14% 1,14% 1,14% 1,14% 270.86 Area (SqKm) for forest by Slope Degree 23,05% 14,47% 7,4% 2,74% 0,76% Area (SqKm) with poor suitability for agriculture below 0% 0% 1,1% 5,8% 7,8% 30 degree slope needed for forest plantation to meet Vision 2020 objectives of 30% land area.

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Total Area for Forestation 2020 44,5% 35,9% 30% 30% 30%

Which has been simplified and applied to the District level:

Forest Cover in District Existing forest 2013 incl. Protected Area (s), SqKm 63.75 7 Proposed Corridor to protect and create biodiversity, SqKm Area (SqKm) for proposed forestation >=30 >=40 Slope Degree, SqKm 68.1 Area (SqKm) for proposed forestation 20-29 Slope Degree, SqKm Area (SqKm) with poor suitability for agriculture below 20 degree slope needed for forest plantation to meet Vision 2020 objectives of 30% land area, SqKm Total Area for Forestation 2017, SqKm 68.1 Total District Area, SqKm 867.7 Total Forest Cover of Total District Area, 2017, % 15.2

Infrastructure

For infrastructure utilities (that often is defined as polylines in the GIS) it is also to be observed the difference between a ‘Planning Reserve’ and a ‘Right of Way’ (RoW): The planning reserve is the buffer zone along the proposed centre line of a utility (road, power grid, optic fiber network, etc.) which are subject to palling activities. The width of the reserve is ‘generous’ in order to allow alignment changes caused by various reasons during the planning and the preparation stages. This is a temporary restriction and once the infrastructure is in place, the planning reserve will be replaced by a more ‘narrow’ RoW. The width of the RoW is a permanent restriction for other land uses and will be defined by safety precautions, maintenance operations and drawbacks such as emissions. For example, the planning reserve for the proposed railway suggests a corridor of 500 M on both sides of the planned rail while the RoW is 20 M once the railway been constructed and is being used.

Transportation and Road System

Ngoma District has a thick road network but suffers from unsatisfactory road maintenance and poor service delivery in both public and private institutions operating in transport. Rehebilitation and maintanance of fedder roads emerged as a top priority and will facilitate the circulation of persons and goods, trade activities and service delivery. Construction of tarmac roads and stone paved roads in the developing city of Ngoma will shape adequately the urban area and will guide correctly the growth of the town. To facilitate transport and trade with Burundi, one port in Jarama sector and another one in Mutenderi sector were identified to be developed among the key priorities in the district. This will boost cross border trade.

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Thematic map showing ‘Road Condition 2013’.

Power Supply/Energy Ngoma District is still experiencing limited access to electricity as a main source of energy for lighting and most of the households (76.1%) use the lantern as a main source of energy for lihgting. The smokes from paraffin burnt in the lanterns polluate environment and are hamful to human health especially for children. Limited access to energy for lighting is also a limiting factor to economic growth especially industrial activities and other diversified income generating activities essential to improve the living conditions of the population in the District.

VISION 2020 Indicator Status in 2000 Current status Vision 2020 target Proposed new Target 21. Access to electricity (% of 2 8.98 35 75 population)

Indicator Percent of Housing Units connected with electricity Analysis Fair 75 Poor 35 Critical 10

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Thematic map showing ‘Energy 2013 - 2017’.

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Information and Communication Technology Thematic map showing ‘Information and Communication Technology 2013’.

Water and Sanitation According to EICV3, around 67.6% of Ngoma households have access to safe water including (74.2%) of households using an improved water source with 40.7% of households using protected springs, 11.6% using stand pipe, 1.3% having water piped into their dwelling/yard. Only 34.4% of Ngoma households are within 5-14 minutes of main drinking water source while 18.9% are within 15-29 minutes. The situation is quite similar to that at the national level which is respectively 39% and 23.6%.

78.7% of the district population has access to basic sanitation against 74.5% of the population at the national level. The majority use protected latrines (77.6%) and 7.1% don’t have latrines, which is a high score compared to national situation (6.1%). Waste management remains a problem where 17.5% of Houssholds throw their domestic wastes in bushes or field and only 78.0% have composts. This is relatively lower than national level where respectively 31.1% throw their wastes in bushes and 59.4% of Households use compost. In the town, the rate of Households who use public rubbish is 0.0% compared to national level of 5.0%.

The water supply system is well functioning but 4 out 15 water supply pipelines need rehabilitation in Rukira, Murama, Karembo, Zaza, Mugesera and Gashanda Sectors.

Source: DDPNgoma, 2013

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VISION 2020 Indicator Status in 2000 Current status (2012) Vision 2020 target Proposed new Target 28. Access to improved sanitation 20 74.5 60 100 facilities (% of population.) 29. Access to clean water (% of 52 58.17 100 100 population.)

Indicator Access to improved sanitation Access to clean water (% of Analysis facilities (% of Sector population) Sector population.) Fair 100 100 Poor 75-99 75-99 Critical <75 <75

Thematic map showing ‘Water and Sanitation 2013 ’.

Risk and Suitability Analysis Figure 1 Risk and Suitability Analysis

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Overlay risk and suitability analysis is the process of putting two or more baseline layers on top of each other in the GIS to determine areas of convergence of certain features contributing to give a comprehensive picture to a particular purpose and conversely, or to eliminate or screen out features that are not suitable for that purpose.

The analysis can be extended further into determining appropriate policy interventions. Policy interventions need not be limited to targeting the negative implications of observed conditions. Positive implications need to be maintained and strengthened through policies that seek to sustain the beneficent effects. Nonetheless, policies intended to remedy the negative implications by eliminating the causative factors deserve priority attention.

Overlays of the indicator layers will probably display an overlapping and contradictory picture. The reason for this are to be found in sector interests without any synchronization and/or results based on ‘drainpipe’ legislation and lack of coordination between various authorities. And as long as enforcement is weak, these overlapping and contradictory land and water-uses can exist on paper. However, by using GIS, conflicting regulations become transparent and have to be resolved. In order to find areas for urban expansion the result might be that not all ecosystems can be preserved, not all natural hazards can be avoided and not all regulations can be respected – it has to be compromises. In the next step: considerations and feasible ‘compromises’ will be made, ‘What if’’ and ‘Making the best out of it’ will present pragmatic conclusive alternatives. Thematic map showing ‘Risk and Suitability Analysis, 2013 - 2017’.

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The following indicators have been used to show areas not suitable for built-up areas:

Flood Prone Area = Lake, wetland, river with a buffer of 100 meters. Land Slide Prone Area = Area with a slope >20 degrees.

Regarding drought prone, earth quake and volcanic active parts of the country please refer to the chapter ‘Hazards’ in the Textbook of the NLUDMP, p 118.

For risk prone existing built-up areas, the residents in these areas should be informed about the risks and special concerns will be taken at any type of land use change that requires a building permit.

Public Consultation after Situation Analysis Public Awareness Dissemination of information is of basic importance to the increase in public awareness regarding urban and environmental issues. The development of learning programs is especially important for the future, programs that include not only technical knowledge on specific aspects, but also on the holistic and integrated system approach. Besides from ad hoc consultations during plan preparation there should be two official Consultation Periods:

After Situation Analysis Once the draft LUP has been prepared.

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Figure 2 Planning is a process where dissemination of information is very important

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Consultation at National Level (The procedure here not yet discussed with and not yet decided by RNRA) Public Hearing and Consultations in Relation to the LUP

Proposed Land Use Development during the Planning Period 2012-2017 Binding Directives for Land Use Changes of Areas and Hubs of National Interest till 2020 Proposed Legislation’, specifies the purpose in the following way (article 8):

‘ All government organs, including a District, City of Kigali or similarly entrusted administrative entity, shall be bound by the Rwanda Land Use and Development Master Plan to adhere to its binding aspects of land use and development planning. These aspects concern land use and development and its distribution affecting also sector interest management, be they spatial or process orientated, or, otherwise, where overall national interests must precede local ones. All government organs, including the District, City of Kigali or similarly entrusted administrative entity shall be guided by the Rwanda Land Use and Development Master Plan. Such guidance concerns land uses and sector interests management, be they spatial or process orientated or otherwise, where overall national interests do not need to precede local ones, and where the latter may be encouraged to utilize their local natural and human resource characteristics to enhance the character of local context land uses. ‘

The demarcated areas and hubs of National Interest on the Map presenting the Final Plan (1:250,000) determine and designate the location and/or nature of guiding and binding land use development 2010-2020 indicate that the specified land use has the highest priority in the concerned areas and that other land uses have to respect that. It also implies that the national sector (strategic) plans, (Integrated) District Development Plans and Urban Development Plans must show in an explicit way that they have observed the guiding and binding aspects of the Plan and the reasons behind. Once the Plan has been approved by the parliament, the responsible authorities must not propose, adopt or implement any land 47 LUPtextbook Ngoma District_Final_2014.docx NGOMA DISTRICT LAND U S E P L A N 2013- 2018

use in their plans that will be in conflict with the areas and hubs of national interest pointed out in the Final Plan, Land use and infrastructure development influencing or connecting to neighboring Districts should be coordinated, that is aligned and harmonized, before adoption/approval of the (Integrated) District Development Plans respectively.

Proposed Projects to Be Implemented During the Planning Period 2012-2017 The task for the (I)DDP is to find out/decide what projects that are being discussed, have been decided, are in the pipe- line and or are under implementation and for the LUP to map them in order just to identify them physically, to find out that they are not overlapping in a negative way.

Equitable Distribution of (National Provision of) Public Services over the Country Implementation of De-concentration Urban Policy Implementation of Sound Imidugudu Policy Implementation of Projects for Improved Agricultural Production Implementation of Projects for Increased Forestry Production Intensification of Mineral Deposit Exploitation Implementation of Projects for Tourism Development Exploitation and Supply of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Resources Revitalization of Transportation System Conservation and Protection of Natural Biodiversity

Public Consultation for the Draft Plan Proposal (Similar approach as for ‘after Situation Analysis’. Check also what the legislation says.)

Plan Finalization, Approval and Appeal Process (Check what the legislation says.)

Protocols for Monitoring and Evaluation Creating an (I)DDP Project Management GIS Application Project Objectives (Depending on time available this will be elaborated on in the LUP)

Appendix Vision 2020 EDPRS NICI – PLAN 3 Population Projections 2010-2020 Guidelines for DISTRICT LAND USE PLAN (DLUP) Data Management Binding Directives for Land Use Changes of Areas and Hubs of National Interest till 2020

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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

List of Figures, Maps and Tables

List of Boxes

List of Photographs

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