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Copyright by Antony Cherian 2012 The Dissertation Committee for Antony Cherian Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: I Give You My Word: The Ethics of Oral History and Digital Video Interpretation at Texas Historic Sites Committee: Loriene Roy, Co-Supervisor Martha Norkunas, Co-Supervisor Patricia Galloway Philip Doty Suzanne Seriff I Give You My Word: The Ethics of Oral History and Digital Video Interpretation at Texas Historic Sites by Antony Cherian, B.A.; M.S.Info.St. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2012 Dedication To my Ammachi and Appappan, Mary and K.C. Antony. And to my Ammamma and Appappa, Eunice and P.J. Cherian. I Give You My Word: The Ethics of Oral History and Digital Video Interpretation at Texas Historic Sites Antony Cherian, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2012 Supervisors: Loriene Roy and Martha Norkunas This dissertation examines the process of using oral history and digital video to revise interpretation and represent more inclusive histories at three rural Texas historic sites—Washington-on-the-Brazos State Historic Site, the Lyndon Baines Johnson State Park, and Varner-Hogg Plantation—21st century sites that, to varying degrees, have persisted to interpret a Texas master narrative that is no longer socially tolerable in its silencing of marginalized Texas voices. In particular, the dissertation focuses on complicated and rarely discussed ethical issues that surfaced during my work from 2001 to 2006 shooting, editing, and situating interpretive documentary videos at the each of the three sites. Historic sites in Texas, like others across the United States and worldwide, have been receiving increasing pressure from scholars and community groups to represent women, racial minorities, and other marginalized groups more prominently in the narratives they interpret. Oral history and digital media have played key roles in this ongoing movement. Oral history has widely been touted as a tool to democratize history, and advocates of digital video interpretation cite its affordability, relative ease of use, and its ability to “say so much in so little time.” These factors are all the more compelling for v local, regional, and state-wide historic sites that are chronically under-funded, under- staffed, and that must often interpret multiple, complicated narratives with very little time or space in which to present them. However, little has been done to explore the unique and complicated ethical issues that arise from using oral history and digital video at historic sites. This dissertation takes a case study approach and uses as its intellectual framework ideas of reflective practice, part of the contemporary discourse among public history practitioners. Each case study introduces the site through a critical analysis of the images and texts produced by the site; presents the central historical silence at each site; describes the solution that oral history and digital video interpretation was expected to provide; and then uses the project’s process-generated video footage and records to examine key situations that led me to raise ethical questions about the individual projects and the overall enterprise. vi . Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction .......................................................................................1 Introduction .....................................................................................................1 Chapter Two Synopsis: Washington-on-the-Brazos .......................................4 Chapter Three Synopsis: The LBJ State Park .................................................5 Chapter Four Synopsis: Varner-Hogg Plantation ...........................................6 Chapter Five Synopsis: Conclusion ................................................................7 Methodology ...................................................................................................8 Contributions to the Relevant Literature .......................................................12 Situating Myself within the Context of the Study ........................................13 Chapter Two: Washington-on-the-Brazos State Historic Site ...............................16 Personal Narrative as Specimen: ...........................................................................16 The Ethics of Editing and Fixing Representation at a Texas Historic Site ............16 Introduction ...................................................................................................16 Updating & Upgrading the Past ....................................................................18 Excluding: Marginalized Histories at Washington-on-the-Brazos ...............26 The Silence of African American History at Washington-on-the-Brazos ....27 Update & Upgrade: Recovering African American History .........................29 The Problem: A “Bundle of Silences” ..........................................................33 Solution: Oral History & Digital Video ........................................................35 “Failure” Foreshadowed: Upon Reflection, an Unheeded Warning .............37 The Ethical Question .....................................................................................48 Venieta Marshall’s Story ..............................................................................50 Pass On/Pass On: A Gauge ...........................................................................52 vii Perfection & Exclusion .................................................................................54 The Gentle Violence of “Fixing” a Personal Narrative ................................60 Postscript .......................................................................................................68 Chapter Three: The Lyndon Baines Johnson State Park .......................................69 The Ethics of Silencing Marginalized Voices (Or How I Learned to Let Sleeping Dogs Lie) ......................................................................................................69 Introduction ...................................................................................................69 The Lyndon Baines Johnson State Park and Historic Site ............................71 Real Filmmakers ...........................................................................................76 The Cosmetic and the Profound ....................................................................78 Puppy Love ...................................................................................................81 The Master Narrative ....................................................................................86 Teddy Bear & Puppy Dog Patriarchy ...........................................................91 Hill Country, The Documentary Film .........................................................107 The People of Hill Country .........................................................................115 Art Imitates Life ..........................................................................................120 Lawrence Barrientes ...................................................................................121 Mark Your Spot ..........................................................................................127 The Hill .......................................................................................................130 Until God Carries Me Home .......................................................................132 Make Myself Original .................................................................................144 Conclusion: Silence ....................................................................................158 Chapter Four: Varner-Hogg Plantation ................................................................164 Ethical Dimensions of Enacting Change (Amidst Snakes, Ghosts and Gothic Performances of Texas’ Past) .....................................................................164 A Field Guide to Brazoria County Snakes ..................................................164 Objects of Desire .........................................................................................166 Behind the Veil: the Hidden Stories of Varner-Hogg Plantation ...............169 A Snake is not just a Snake .........................................................................171 Unspoiled Nature ........................................................................................173 viii Give and Take .............................................................................................176 Digital Video as Means of Heritage Production .........................................178 Building Consensus ....................................................................................181 The Ghost of Miss Ima ...............................................................................185 (Re)enacting Love for the Site ....................................................................190 “Just Being” ................................................................................................198 The Virtual ..................................................................................................201 Authentic & Authentication ........................................................................205 Impressions