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Biological Control Agents and Where to Find Them A iH*i l ■Si-7 mi 750 EC 1328/September 1989 BIOLOGICAL CONTROLDATE. AGENTSOF ANDOUT WHERE TOIS FIND THEM information: PUBLICATIONcurrent most THIS For ORgGON STATG UNIVERSITY EXTENSION SERVICE http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Biological Control Agents and Where to Find Them A. Dteves and G.C. Fisher Take a closer look at using Using biological control agents has Using these beneficials is effective, biological control to suppress been proven to be an effective means of but you must apply them at the right time insect and mite pests. Our controlling pests. Biological control and in the right manner. You need to interest is to provide information on the agents are natural enemies such as determine if you really have a pest availability of biological control agents— predators, parasites, and pathogens that problemDATE. or if plant injury is caused by predators, parasites, and pathogens—to influence populations of insect and mite other factors such as heavy rains or soil- reinforce or replace insecticides and pests. nutrient deficiency. miticides where desired and feasible. It's These beneficial organisms are not If you suspect a pest, try to identify it. obvious that a number of problems can harmful to people, and they're compatible OFSince most beneficial insects kill only occur as a result of relying strictly on a with the environment. They may be quite selected pests, it's important to find out one-sided form of pest control such as specific, attacking only a particular host which pest is causing your problem. pesticides: species or closely related group of pests Refer to insect books or ask your county • secondary pest outbreaks; such as aphids, mites, or caterpillars. Extension agent for professional advice. • pest resistance; An example is Encarsiaformosa,OUT a Become aware of the extent and • destruction of effective, naturally parasitic wasp that attacks only the biology of the pests present. Be attentive occurring biological control; greenhouse whitefly. The tiny to details in the field or garden by • increased costs of pesticides; and Trichogramma waspIS is a parasite of monitoring it. By monitoring closely, • environmental and human health several caterpillar pests. you can determine which organisms are hazards. Most insect parasites usually complete key pests, and which are secondary. You their development on or inside a single can understand the biological limitations These problems provide the host pest, ultimately destroying it. and vulnerabilities of the pests as well as incentive to explore possible means of Usually, parasites are either fly or wasp the roles of the beneficials. pest management other than pesticides. species and are parasitic during their own You can gain a simple understanding The Integrated System of Pest larval stages. information:of the life cycles and complexes of Management (IPM) includes pest and Predators feed on many different kinds insects and plants through consistent beneficial identification and a combina- of pests, usually during both the imma- monitoring. Some pest problems can be tion of tools: ture and adult stages. For example, successfully managed by monitoring • monitoring, ladybugs feed on many different species pests and choosing cultural methods. • pest-resistant varieties, of aphids, in addition to mites, soft In addition, you can prevent population • cultural practices (proper irrigation, scales, and eggs. Some predators (for explosions of pests if you act early to pruning, adequately balanced example, praying mantids) seize, over- suppress egg-laying adults, egg masses, fertilization), currentpower, or immobilize prey and then and young larvae. Spend the time and • physical controls PUBLICATION(barriers, traps, hand- consume it entirely or suck it dry of body make regular inspections in the field or picking), fluids. garden to estimate the levels and stages • chemical controls, and Pathogens (fungal, viral, or bacterial of pests and beneficial insects present. • biological controls. diseases) both infect and kill pests. This will indicate when pests are IPM can provide a more balanced and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a widely becoming sufficiently established to sustainable system that,most in the end, may used bacterial pathogen with various warrant a control that will be most resultTHIS in less cost for pest control. strains that infect and kill different effective. The objective of an IPM program is to species of caterpillars and certain fly Don't worry when you see "bugs" in suppress pest populations below certain larvae. your field or garden. You could count populationFor or damage levels, not attempt hundreds of different kinds there, if you to eradicate them. Generally, it's watch closely enough. But most are considered desirable to allow the pest to doing no harm at all. Remember: There survive at some lowhttp://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog level in order to can be a level of "bad guys" or pests maintain the presence of natural enemies. Amy Dreves, Integrated Pest Management entomologist, and Glenn C. Fisher, Extension entomology specialist, Oregon State University. living on the plants without reducing the For general garden pest suppression of Introducing biological control takes yield, too. leaf-feeding caterpillars, aphids and knowledge, work, time, patience, and Attempt to understand that nature can mites, the beneficials—green lacewings, observation. It can at times provide keep potential pests in check rather than Trichogramma wasps, predatory mites, sufficient suppression of pests rather than completely eliminating them. All insect and ladybugs—are usually employed. a short-termDATE. quick kill that might not and mite populations are subject to The number of beneficials required last. If you successfully establish them, natural enemies that normally keep their depends on the natural enemy complex beneficials may work on their own for numbers well below damaging levels. already present in the garden, the extent the rest of the growing season, too. The natural controls include not only of the pest problem, the weather, and OF predators, parasites, and pathogens but other factors. There is no fixed amount also weather, availability of food and to purchase for any one situation. Results Where to find shelter, and conditions for mating. When depend on timing of releases and commercial suppliers the pest population has been brought placement of the beneficials where the The list that begins on page 4 is down to its normal range in nature, the insect pests will be. OUT accurate as of the date of this publication. reduced amount of food will cause the You can't just put out the insects. You It's supplied for the convenience of predator and parasitic populations to be have to do it at the right time and use the Oregonians who want to order beneficial reduced again, through starvation or right numbers. BeneficialIS releases should organisms—predators, parasites, or dispersion in search of hosts elsewhere. begin when pest densities are low to pathogens—to control their pests Thus nature maintains a fluctuating medium for maximum effectiveness. biologically. balance, which is actually a series of When releasing the beneficials, gently Column 1 lists the supplier. Columns population peaks and valleys through the scatter or spread them out so each one 2 to 4 show key predators: green season. has a chance to find food immediately. lacewings (GL), ladybugs (LB), and Various companies and distributors Nectar, pollen, or honeydew can be praying mantids (PRM). Column 5 supply beneficial predators, parasites, and good alternate energyinformation: food for some shows a key parasite, egg wasps (TW). pathogens that are used for pest beneficials. Sugar water is sometimes Column 6 shows all other organisms. suppression. Beginning on page 4, we sprayed on lady bugs to slow their The organism codes, as well as several list suppliers of beneficial organisms. tendency to disperse. codes for traps and control materials, are General information on dosage and It may be necessary to make a series explained on pages 9-11. handling is usually supplied with the of releases, to provide effective, These commercial sources and insect shipment. Any questions about longer-lasting pest suppression. Also trade-name products are listed as a quantities to order, timing, and some beneficials, such as ladybugs, service only. The OSU Extension procedures for releasing the natural currentshould be released at night to prevent Service does not endorse any commercial enemies can be answeredPUBLICATION by the immediate emigration. source or trade-name product. The OSU producers. Extension Service does not intend to When you make inquiries, please discriminate against commercial sources specify pest species, approximate or trade-name products not listed. number of plants (for example, acreage, bench space, etc.), estimatemost of numbers of pestsTHIS (use the number per sample leaf or percent of crop infested), and life stage of pest (adult,For larvae, etc.). http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Commercial suppliers of biological agents Organisms Predators Parasite Supplier Green Lady- Praying Egg wasps Others lacewings bugs mantids (TW) (GL) (LB) (PRM) Trichogramma sp. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Abbott Laboratories BT 14th and Sheridan Rds North Chicago, IL 60064 (312) 937-6100 AgBioChem, Inc. CGP 3 Fleetwood Ct Orinda, CA 94563 (415) 254-0789 Alternative Garden Supply, Inc. DATE.IS, PMC, PMI, PML, 108 N Harrington Rd PMP, TS, YSC Streamwood, IL 60107 1-800-444-2837 (312)289-4545 OF Applied Bio-Nomics,
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