The Morphology of Neo-Assyrian Cities

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Citation Ur, Jason Alik. 2013. The morphology of Neo-Assyrian cities. Subartu 6-7:11-22.

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No. (6 - 7) Sixth & Seventh year A scientific Journal deals with Archaeology and Heritage Summer 2013 Issued by Kurdistan Archaeology Syndicate

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Editing Staff : Participats in this Vol . : Dr. Rafida A. Qaradaghy / Sulaimaniya University - JASON UR (Harvard University -USA) - JOHN MACGINNIS (Cambridge University - UK) Dr. Nuhman J. Ibrahim / Salahaddin University - KONSTANTINOS KOPANIAS (University of Athens-Greece) Mr. Aziz M. Zebari / Phd Student/ Cairo University - Hikmat Derbaz (Leiden University – Netherland) - Xalaf Faris Tarawna (Mutah University – Jordan) Mr. Abdulla B. Othman / Salahaddin University - Fatima H. Al-Slity (Damascus University – Syria) Mr. Jangy Z. Khdir / Salahaddin University - Amed Q. Jum’a (Mosel University – Iraq) - Archaeology Directorate of Sulaymaniyah - Iraqi institute for the Conservation of Antiquities and Heritage - Archaeology Department – Salahaddin University - Erbil

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First Cover : Ashtar Arbila Second Cover : Qaysariya of Kifry   Contents Of The English Part

Qabra In The Cuneiform Sources John Macginnis 3

The Morphology Of Neo-Assyrian Cities Jason Ur 11 The Tell Nader And Tell Baqrta Project In The Kurdistan Region Of Konstantinos Kopanias 23 Iraq:Preliminary Report Of The 2011 Season & Others Zayd Xesro Akrem Epic Of Gilgamish 58 Nagger Zidan Rasheed The Qishla Of Koya (Field Work And Architectur Research) 63 Bradosty Contents Of The Kurdish Part

The Kassites Boundary Stone ( Kudorru ) …. Analytical Study Aram J. Hamawand 4 Reading And Transliteration Of Cuneiform Texts On Boundary Stone 37 Aram J. Hamawand (Kudorru ) Of The King ( Mili-Šipak ) , (1188-1174 B.C) Primary Report To Satuqala Excavation , First &Second Season ( Dlshad A. Marf 47 2010 , 2011 ) Nuzi Excavations (1925-1931) Abdulla B. Othman 92

History Of Salahaddin Castle From Syria ( Sahion Castle) Nuhman J. Ibrahim 98

Restoration Of Esa Bridge Kovan I. Yasen 103

The Story Of Build Khan Adila In The Village Of Qushtappeh Rezan Q. Xafury 108 The Qaysria Of Arbil Barzan R. Muhamed 111

University Research In The Field Of Archeology Zyad A. Muhammed 126

Contents Of The Arabic Part

What Is The Myth ? Aziz M. Zebary 133 About The East Areas Of The Tigris In The Early Reign Of Shamshi - Hikmat Derbaz 135 Addo: Akhazum Kingdom Hittites And Their Role In The Historical Events In The Ancient Near Nuhman J. Ibrahim 144 East Ashur- Nasser Pal Ii Military Campaigns On A Zamoa Region Aziz M. Zebary 148 (Sulaymaniyah) Islamic Glass In The Abbasid Period Jamal J. As’ad 154 The Azhar Mosque Fatima H. Al-Slity 161

The Inscriptions And Decorative On The Ayubian Coins Xalaf Faris Tarawna 172

Khan Al - Wazeer From Western Kurdistan In The Aleppo Zidan R. Bradosty 182

Service Buildings In The Amidi, (Barrages And Bridges) Abdulla X. Qadir 203 Two Scenes From The City Of Amedei (Amadiyah) In Sharfnama Jangy Z. Khidr 222 Manuscripts Questioning Pure And Environmental Sciences From Iraqi Ahmad Q. Jum’a 224 Kurdistanarchitecture During The Islamic Period The Iraqi Antiquities Theft Hamid M. Hassan 243 A Final Report On The Results Of Excavations In Tell Sitik Archaeology Directorate 248 Of Sulaymaniyah

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The Morphology of Neo-Assyrian Cities

Dr. Jason Ur John L. Loeb Associate Professor of the Social Sciences Department of Anthropology

Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA [email protected] http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~anthro/ur

To be submitted to the journal Subartu. typified by this passage by American Manuscript date 1 June 2012.Introduction archaeologists at Khorsabad: There is a great irony in the study of Neo- Three campaigns in the town have Assyrian urbanism. The great capital cities of accordingly now been completed, and, while Nimrud, Nineveh, and Khorsabad were the first we do not claim to have ‘exhausted’ the site by to receive the attention of what we might call any means, we do believe that further digging professional archaeologists. In the following would only produce results incommensurate century and a half, these and other great with their cost in contributing to our Assyrian cities have continued to be knowledge of this period. The city is investigated by generations of now-legendary approximately a mile square and was in all scholars (Larsen 1996). Initially this was a probability solidly built, for wherever colonial undertaking, but in the latter twentieth soundings have been made walls have century, Iraqis became active in writing their appeared. But so complete was the removal of own history, and when they did so, they too possessions or so thorough the pillaging at the singled out the great Assyrian capitals and are time of abandonment that there remains responsible for some of the most spectacular practically nothing in the line of inscriptions or finds of recent decades (Hussein and Suleiman utensils whereby the buildings can be 2000). identified. Literally miles of walls forming Despite this long and distinguished history groups of meaningless rooms are neither very of scholarship, we know remarkably little gratifying nor very instructive. From the about Assyrian cities, especially the imperial several buildings already cleared completely or capitals. The reason for this situation stems in part, we have learned all that we believe can from the nature of the investigations. The be obtained from Khorsabad in the way of excavators’ concerns revolved almost entirely architectural principles. General methods of around the apex of the political hierarchy: the construction and decoration and ‘typical’ plans kings and their immediate institutions. In this, of individual buildings we know from the they were all remarkably successful. Entire palaces and the citadel buildings. To find in volumes can be written about palaces, their usually barren rooms stray objects of historical decorative programs, temples, and the matters or artistic merit would be like searching for the of concern to the individuals that inhabited proverbial needle in the haystack(Loud and them (e.g., Russell 1991). The attitude of early Altman 1938:3). excavators to the non-elite parts of the towns is The goals of archaeology have evolved in

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12 Subartu Vol. (6 –7) 2013 recent decades, and we are no longer concerned urbanism; the research projects at these as exclusively with kings and their courts. provincial capitals, especially Sheikh Hamad Archaeologists have become social historians, and Ziyaret Tepe, will be driving future with new concerns for how the actions of king research in the imperial core. and commoners alike came together to form A holistic approach can benefit from Assyrian society. It is at this point that we remote sensing, and in particular intelligence realize just how little we really know. The photographs collected by the United States enormous dataset on Assyrian cities derives government in the 1960s under the CORONA almost entirely from the investigation of the program, which was declassified in 1995 spaces and creations of the king. In most cases, (Fowler 2002). These images can resolve it is impossible to say anything about the lives objects of two meters on the ground, and are of the other residents, in some cases even comparable to high resolution commercial whether there were other residents. satellite imagery. More significant than In writing more holistic histories of these resolution, however, is age. In the 1960’s places, archaeologists and epigraphers have many Near Eastern landscapes had yet to attempted to fill in these remarkable gaps with experience the effects of modernization and evidence from other times and places. development: for instance the great dam Underlying such attempts is the common projects and state-planned irrigation systems, assumption that there was a single durable or the expansion of towns and cities. In this model for Mesopotamian urbanism. This study sense, CORONA scenes give us a window into adopts a different approach. Rather than a past landscape that no longer exists. These assuming the existence of a single model for scenes have been employed with great success Assyrian urbanism, it will emphasize on the landscapes of ancient Assyria (Ur 2005, variability among cities. This approach stems in press-a, Altaweel 2003, 2008, Scardozzi from an ongoing study of cities in 2011). Mesopotamia by the author that stresses the Frequently, any individual satellite image creative interplay between top-down forces in many not reveal any new information about the form of centralized planning, and bottom- urban structure. In these cases, sometimes the up forces in the form of social action at the problem is not with the age of the scenes, but level of individuals, lineages, and rather the time of year. Archaeological neighborhoods. If we put these two directions features are made visible via differences in soil at opposite ends of a continuum, existing moisture or vegetation, and late spring or scholarship would place Assyrian cities rather summer landscapes are extremely dry. As an far toward the imposed end (Ur in press-b). example, we can compare two scenes of My approach aims to check this assessment, Nimrud. The first was acquired in August not just for Assyrian urbanism in general, but 1968, at the height of the dry season (Figure for individual cities. 2A). The second was acquired in February Methods and Datasets 1967, in the wettest part of the year (Figure The primary dataset here will be the great 2B). The summer scene only reveals details of imperial capitals of the Assyrian heartland (see the excavated areas on the citadel and Fort most recently Pedde 2012, Kühne 2011). Most Shalmaneser, and some parts of the city wall. are to be found on the terraces immediately The winter scene, on the other hand, reveals the adjacent to the Tigris River (Figure 1). I will urban entire fabric of the Assyrian city, and also consider two important provincial capitals quite a bit about its hinterland as well east of the Tigris: Erbil and Qasr Shemamok. I (discussed in detail below). Remote sensing will also refer to other provincial capitals, datasets are heavily dependent on ground which have been excavated by teams whose conditions, so the optimal strategy will focus has been on holistic aspects of Assyrian examine multiple scenes from different seasons

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Subartu Vol. (6 –7) 2013 13 and years. responsible for the construction of lengths of CORONA imagery requires interpretation. walls in the new capital city (Parpola 1995:64- Under similar environmental conditions in 65). western and northeastern Syria, light areas are In general, the walls of new cities were anthropogenic soils, and more specifically, they highly linear. In addition to the walls of are areas of decayed and eroded mud brick Nimrud and Khorsabad, Balawat and Tell architecture (Wilkinson et al. 2006, Menze and Sheikh Hamad were also very geometric. In Ur 2012, Ur 2010:50-51). Dark areas are spots other cases, curving walls can be attributed to where water is being retained or where topography. At Nineveh, for example, the vegetation grows more abundantly- often these walls conformed to the Tigris River on the are depressed areas. Linear dark features, both west, and the river terrace to the east. Other intramural and extramural, can often be curving walls are more difficult to explain in interpreted as streets or tracks (Ur 2003). planning terms. The ovoid shape of Erbil, for These signatures will be used to interpret example, cannot be explained by its natural CORONA images of several Assyrian cities terrain (Nováček 2011). The same could be below. said of the walls of Ziyaret Tepe and Qasr Shemamok (Figure 4). In these cases, it Monumental Planned Urban Elements appears that planners were recognizing existing We can begin by considering location. urban realities, and then formalizing them with From its ancestral roots at Ashur, the Assyrian walls. capital was moved and refounded several times. In no case, however, was it an entirely The Urban Fabric: The Example of new foundation. The planners always chose Nimrud pre-existing towns or sites. At Nineveh, for Once one moves beyond these monumental example, the ancient mound at Kuyunjik stands urban elements to consider the rest of the urban out sharply. Even at Khorsabad, the citadel fabric, one is faced with a dramatic lack of palaces were probably placed atop a small pre- evidence. Several research projects had begun existing mound. This pattern repeats at every to explore non-elite parts of several cities but major Assyrian city (Figure 3). It is impossible were cut short by the first Gulf War. One such to know precisely the decision-making project was at Nineveh, where a Berkeley team processes of the kings and planners, but they led by David Stronach undertook excavations were constrained by the need for a pre-existing in the northern Lower Town and began general mound. surface collections (Stronach 1994, 1995, The great city walls were a source of pride Stronach and Lumsden 1992, Lumsden 2000). for the kings. The walls of Sennacherib’s The area immediately north of Kuyunjik was Nineveh were 25 m thick and extended for 12 elevated with dense housing. This was the kilometers. They held at least fifteen gates, lower town prior to Sennacherib. The area and may have been as high as thirty meters north of it had evidence for industry. The (Stronach 1995, Scott and MacGinnis 1990). northern corner of the lower town, near the We have particularly strong insight into royal Halahhu Gate, had a very light surface artifact involvement in the creation of capital cities in scatter; this part of the site might have been the case of Sargon’s construction of Khorsabad open space for gardens or pasture. The (Parpola 1995). For example, a letter to Sargon Berkeley team also reconstructed some street from his Treasurer gives some insight into the alignments (Stronach and Lumsden 1992). construction process at Khorsabad. The A similarly holistic research project was treasurer had to resolve a dispute between begun in 1987 at Nimrud by an Italian mission governors regarding work allocations. under the direction of the late Paolo Fiorina of Individual provincial governors were the University of Turin, and was also cut short

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14 Subartu Vol. (6 –7) 2013 by the first Gulf War. Fiorina attempted to particularly large area near the convergence of reconstruct the use of space in Nimrud’s lower the streets was over 200 meters wide. A larger town, mostly based on his interpretation of its dark area at the eastern foot of the citadel topography (Fiorina in press). He found covered five hectares; this area is a good considerable open space; one particularly large candidate for Ashurnasirpal’s botanical area at the northeastern base of the citadel was gardens. devoid of surface ceramics and was interpreted Throughout the city, one can see alternating as the locus of the botanical and zoological light and dark areas that probably represent gardens mentioned in Ashurnasirpal’s banquet residential blocks and intervening streets and stele. Fiorina also reconstructed the internal plazas. The lower town covers 343.4 hectares, street network as arteries that ran straight of which 185.4 hectares appears to have been through the town, from city wall gates to built space (Figure 5, gray areas). This area known or proposed citadel gates, and they also represents only 54% of the area within the followed the city walls. Fiornia’s walls, excluding the citadel and Fort reconstruction, via surface artifacts and Shalmaneser. Although archaeologists topography, represents the first and most generally assume a constant density of extensive attempt to envision the structure of occupation within ancient settlements, the an Assyrian city. It contains some surprises— distribution of light soils (anthrosols) for instance, the positioning of textually-known throughout the lower town is highly variable. parks and gardens within the city, and the In the center of the town, anthrosols cover overall frequency of open space. roughly 50% of the area. There are several This research can be extended and areas of particularly dense lower town corrected using remote sensing data which settlement: the northwestern corner (89% were not available to the Turin project in the built), the middle of the southern lower town 1980s. The CORONA scene of 1967 does (81% built), and the eastern central town (67% show broad dark linear features that probably to 71% built). In each of these areas, were the main urban arteries (Figure 2B). anthrosols represent 70% or more of the total Interestingly, they do not radiate outward from area. One might interpret these areas as the citadel, but rather, they come together especially old neighborhoods of Nimrud, where generally in an area 400 meters east of it a few centuries of settlement have resulted in (Figure 4). They appear straight, but not especially dense urban fabric of houses and rigidly so; they do not intersect at right angles, narrow streets. nor do they run parallel to the city walls or any Conversely, there are several areas of other visible feature. In the CORONA scene, it apparently low density. Light soils are is not always clear how they articulate with infrequent immediately east of the citadel; this each other. It is certain, however, that these area is possibly the location of Ashurnasirpal’s streets were very wide. The two northern botanical gardens (see above). Another low streets approach thirty meters in width. The density area is to be found west of Fort main eastern street was variable, but at its Shalmaneser, and is likely to have been staging narrowest, it was still almost fifteen meters or parade grounds for the army. Other areas wide. The southern street between the citadel are more difficult to explain. Sixty hectares of and Fort Shalmaneser was consistently about lower town just inside its northeastern corner nineteen meters wide. All of these appear to have low density settlement, with measurements are probably underestimates, isolated structures and intervening open space; since building collapse will have eroded into a similar pattern occurs north of Fort the streets on both sides. Shalmaneser against the eastern wall. These Within the city, there were many small spaces may have been low-density elite open spaces that now appear as dark areas. A neighborhoods, or may have had non-

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Subartu Vol. (6 –7) 2013 15 residential uses, for example gardens or animal especially along the Siwasor Chai. These penning. sherds were predominantly Middle Assyrian, Elsewhere, similar signatures appear. For which raises the possibility that settlement at example, the interior of Balawat has an Shemamok might have been reduced and identical pattern of dark and light (Figure 6A). nucleated in the 1st millennium BC. This pattern does not, however, appear at Assyrian cities did not exist in isolation, but Khorsabad (Figure 6B), which might suggest it is very difficult to discuss the Assyrian rural that its interior was never fully settled prior to countryside in its Tigridian heartland at our Sargon’s death and the relocation of the capital present state of knowledge. Surveys on the to Nineveh. western edge of Assyria, however, have revealed some patterning that suggests Urban Hinterlands centralized planning of rural demography CORONA scenes also show how (Wilkinson et al. 2005, Morandi Bonacossi movement continued out into the countryside. 2000, Ur in press-b). For example, around At Nimrud, for example, a set of three tracks Hamoukar and Tell al-Hawa, the Early Bronze converged at a spot along the northern city Age was a time of urbanization. By the Neo- wall, where they would connect with one of the Assyrian period, however, cities were gone, northern intramural arteries. We can assume and the landscape had been completely filled that this was the position of the main northern with dispersed rural settlement (Figure 7). It is gate. Another set of three features converge on tempting to attribute this striking pattern to the the northeastern corner of the lower town, deliberate actions of the Assyrian kings, who although no city gate has been recognized at uprooted captured populations and forcibly this point. The eastern intramural street brought them back to Assyria (Oded 1979). appears not to articulate with a gate, although The Assyrian landscape was also highly further ground research may reveal one. engineered in terms of hydrology. All capitals With our understanding of the signature of were served by enormous canal systems built areas as described above, it is also created by the state. Best known are possible to investigate the question of Ashurnasirpal’s Zab canal to Nimrud, and the extramural settlement. At Nimrud, for many canals created by Sennacherib above example, an area to the northwest might Nineveh (Ur 2005, in press-b, Altaweel 2008, encompass as much as 30 additional hectares of Kühne 2012). The degree to which these settlement. A similar area east of the city systems were exploited by the rural residents might cover fifteen hectares. Without ground remains an open question, but when considered control, it is not possible to tell if these areas of aside the evidence for deliberate settlement settlement were contemporary, of course. colonization of captured populations by the Some ground control is available for Qasr Assyrian state, it appears that the rural Shemamok, however. With the kind invitation hinterlands of the great capital cities were of Olivier Rouault and Maria Grazia Masetti- carefully planned and transformed by the state, Rouault, I was able to observe a small area both in terms of their physical properties and around the site in October 2011. I walked their human communities (Ur in press-b). almost 45 kilometers around the site, and confirmed at least 90 hectares of settled area, in Assyrian Urbanism: Some Preliminary 34 distinct “places of interest,” or sites. Conclusions Although no artifacts were collected, these sites This review has been necessarily brief, but appear to range from the early 3rd millennium the case study of Nimrud does allow for some to the late Ottoman period. Of particular preliminary conclusions that should serve as interest was the high percentage of Assyrian the basis for further testing, particularly once ceramics on the fields beyond the city wall, fieldwork resumes in earnest in northern Iraq.

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Neo-Assyrian cities were highly variable in Figures their structure. Some elements were clearly Figure 1. Topography of Assyria, with major plannedcentrally: palace and temple districts, Assyrian cities indicated. and some urban frameworks. In many cases, Figure 2. CORONA satellite photographs of however, urban elements took their form via Nimrud. A. 16 August 1968; B. 28 February processes that were planned locally, perhaps by 1967. individuals, but more likely at the Figure 3. Profiles through three Assyrian neighborhood level; the emerging patterning at capitals. A. Nineveh; B. Nimrud; C. Khorsabad. Nimrud appears to fall into this latter case. The thick line represents the profile within the Sometimes, imperial planners had to recognize city walls. All profiles are vertically these emergent forms by formalizing them via exaggerated. paving and walling, which is likely to have Figure 4. Curved city walls in Assyrian provincial capitals. A. Ziyaret Tepe, ancient been the case at Ziyaret and Shemamok. Tushhan (CORONA 1102-1025DA, 11 Outside the city walls, our present picture December 1967). B. Qasr Shemamok, ancient appearsto show an unambiguously engineered Kilizu (CORONA 1039-2088DA037, 28 landscape of settlements and canals, but this February 1967). Both figures to same scale. picture desperately needs empirical Figure 5. Distribution of built area and open verification. space at Nimrud, based on the interpretation of These are important issues for how we satellite photographs (see Figure 2B). For each understand the nature of Neo-Assyrian society. 500 x 500 m grid square, the percentage of At present, the common narrative features a anthropogenic soils (built area, shown in gray) is single agent: the king. This brief review has, I indicated. hope, demonstrated that there is room for other Figure 6. Anthropogenic soils at Balawat (A) and Khorsabad (B). CORONA mission 1039, actors in the creation and evolution of Assyrian acquired 28 February 1967. Note that these two cities. scenes are not at the same scale. Figure 7. The evolution from nucleated to Acknowledgements dispersed settlement in the Hamoukar and North This study is a slightly expanded version of Jazira Project areas(based on Ur 2010, a paper presented at the 8th meeting of the Wilkinson and Tucker 1995). A. Urban International Congress on the Archaeology of settlement and trackways in the later EBA, ca. the Ancient Near East (8ICAANE); I thank the 2600-2000 BC; B. Rural settlement in the Neo- organizers for accepting it. I am particularly Assyrian period (with Thiessen polygons to illustrate hypothetical settlement catchments). indebted to Carlo Lippolis for providing an advance copy of the forthcoming article by Bibliography Paolo Fiorina. I thank Olivier Rouault and Maria Grazia Masetti-Rouault, directors of the Altaweel, Mark. 2003. The Roads of Ashur and French Expedition to Qasr Shemamok, for Nineveh. Akkadica 124:221-228. encouraging and supporting my October 2011 —. 2008. The Imperial Landscape of Ashur: reconnaissance around the site, and to Abdullah Settlement and Land Use in the Assyrian Osman for his field assistance during that time. Heartland. Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient 11. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag. I am especially grateful to the Kurdistan Fiorina, Paolo. in press. La città bassa di Nimrud: Regional Government’s Washington DC Testimonianze topografiche e cronologiche. representation and its director of Culture and Mesopotamia. Community Najat Abdullah for expediting my Fowler, Martin J.F. 2002. Satellite Remote Sensing visit to Erbil. CORONA imagery is used and Archaeology: A Comparative Study of Satellite courtesy of the United States Geological Imagery of the Environs of Figsbury Ring, Survey (USGS). Wiltshire. Archaeological Prospection 9:55-69. Hussein, Muzahem Mahmud, and Amer Suleiman. 2000. Nimrud: A City of Golden Treasures.

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Baghdad: Directorate of Antiquities and Heritage. Without Rival at Nineveh. Chicago and London: Kühne, Hartmut. 2011. "Urbanism in the Assyrian University of Chicago Press. Homeland," in Correlates of Complexity: Essays in Scardozzi, Giuseppe. 2011. Multitemporal Satellite Archaeology and Assyriology Dedicated to Images for Knowledge of the Assyrian Capital Diederik J.W. Meijer in Honour of his 65th Cities and for Monitoring Landscape Birthday, PIHANS 116. Edited by Bleda Düring, Transformations in the Upper Course of the Tigris Arne Wossink, and Peter M.M.G. Akkermans, pp. River. International Journal of Geophysics 143-152. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het 2011:Article ID 917306. Nabije Oosten. Scott, M. Louise, and John MacGinnis. 1990. Notes —. 2012. "Water for Assyria," in Proceedings of on Nineveh. Iraq 52:63-73. the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology Stronach, David. 1994. "Village to Metropolis: of the Ancient Near East, 12-16 April 2010, the Nineveh and the Beginnings of Urbanism in British Museum and UCL, London. Edited by Northern Mesopotamia," in Nuove fondazioni nel Roger Matthews and John Curtis, pp. 559-572. Vicino Oriente antico: Realtà e ideologia. Edited Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. by S. Mazzoni, pp. 85-114. Pisa: Giardini. Larsen, Mogens Trolle. 1996. The Conquest of —. 1995. "Notes on the Topography of Nineveh," Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land. London in Neo-Assyrian Geography. Edited by Mario and New York: Routledge. Liverani, pp. 161-170. Rome. Loud, Gordon, and Charles B. Altman. 1938. Stronach, David, and Stephen Lumsden. 1992. UC Khorsabad, Part 2: The Citadel and the Town Berkeley's Excavations at Nineveh. Biblical Oriental Institute Publications 40. Chicago: Archaeologist 55:227-233. University of Chicago Press. Ur, Jason A. 2003. CORONA Satellite Photography Lumsden, Stephen. 2000. "On Sennacherib's and Ancient Road Networks: A Northern Nineveh," in Proceedings of the First International Mesopotamian Case Study. Antiquity 77:102-115. Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near —. 2005. Sennacherib's Northern Assyrian Canals: East. Edited by Paolo Matthiae, Alessandra Enea, New Insights from Satellite Imagery and Aerial Luca Peyronel, and Frances Pinnock, pp. 815-834. Photography. Iraq 67:317-345. Rome. —. 2010. Urbanism and Cultural Landscapes in Menze, Bjoern H., and Jason A. Ur. 2012. Mapping Northeastern Syria: The Tell Hamoukar Survey, Patterns of Long-Term Settlement in Northern 1999-2001. Oriental Institute Publications 137. Mesopotamia at a Large Scale. Proceedings of the Chicago: University of Chicago Oriental Institute. National Academy of Sciences 109:E778-E787. —. in press-a. "Declassified Intelligence Satellite Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele. 2000. "The Syrian Imagery and Ancient Near Eastern Landscapes," in Jazireh in the Late Assyrian Period: A View from Space Archaeology: Mapping Ancient Landscapes the Countryside," in Essays on Syria in the Iron with Air and Spaceborne Imagery (in Observance Age, Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 7. of the 40th Anniversary of the World Heritage Edited by Guy Bunnens, pp. 349-396. Leuven: Convention). Edited by Douglas C. Comer and Peeters. Michael J. Harrower: ICAHM. Nováček, Karel. 2011. Archaeology of the Town —. in press-b. "Physical and Cultural Landscapes under the Citadel Erbil/Hawlér. Subartu 4-5:10-13. of Assyria," in Blackwell Companion to Assyria. Oded, Bustenay. 1979. Mass Deportations and Edited by Eckart Frahm. Oxford: Blackwell. Deportees in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Wiesbaden: Wilkinson, Keith N., Anthony R. Beck, and Ludwig Reichert Verlag. Graham Philip. 2006. Satellite Imagery as a Parpola, Simo. 1995. "The Constructionof Dur- Resource in the Prospection for Archaeological Sharrukin in the Assyrian Royal Correspondence," Sites in Central Syria. Geoarchaeology 21:735-750. in Khorsabad, le palais de Sargon II, roi d'Assyrie. Wilkinson, T.J., and D.J. Tucker. 1995. Settlement Edited by Anne Caubet, pp. 47-77. Paris: Development in the North Jazira, Iraq. Warminster: Documentation française. Aris & Phillips, Ltd. Pedde, Friedhelm. 2012. "The Assyrian Heartland," Wilkinson, T.J., Eleanor Wilkinson, Jason A. Ur, in A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient and Mark Altaweel. 2005. Landscape and Near East, vol. II. Edited by Daniel T. Potts, pp. Settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Bulletin of 851-866. Malden and Oxford: Blackwell. the American Schools of Oriental Research 340:23- Russell, John Malcolm. 1991. Sennacherib's Palace 56.

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Fig 1 : Assyria Map

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Fig2 : Nimrud 1104-1039

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Fig 3: urban_profiles

Fig 4 : Ziyaret Shemamok

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Fig5 : Nimrud Classif

Fig6 : Balawat Khorsabad

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Fig7 : THS-NJP Settlement

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