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The Lives of St Samson Edinburgh Research Explorer The lives of St Samson Citation for published version: Sowerby, R 2011, 'The lives of St Samson: Rewriting the ambitions of an early medieval cult', Francia, vol. 38, pp. 1–31. Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Francia General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 81295_sd:f34/3 40 Sonderdruck 18.10.2011 11:17 Uhr Seite 1 Sonderdruck aus FRANCIA FORSCHUNGEN ZUR WESTEUROPÄISCHEN GESCHICHTE Band 38 (2011) Jan Thorbecke Verlag 81295_sd:f34/3 40 Sonderdruck 18.10.2011 11:17 Uhr Seite 2 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS AUFSÄTZE Richard SOWERBY, Oxford The Lives of St Samson. Rewriting the Ambitions of an Early Medieval Cult . 1 Ludwig FALKENSTEIN, Aachen Alexander III. und der Schutz unheilbar Kranker. Zu einem Streit in Épernay. 33 Maren LORENZ, Hamburg Sur les traces de la violence sexuelle dans les guerres du XVIIe siècle. Un problème des sources . 61 Falk BRETSCHNEIDER, Paris »Unzucht im Zuchthaus«. Sexualité, violence et comportements sociaux dans les institutions d’enfermement au XVIIIe siècle. 77 Kirill ABROSIMOV, Augsburg Wissensordnungen der Aufklärung. Diderots Kommunikationsstrategien zwischen der »Encyclopédie« und der »Correspondance littéraire« von Friedrich Melchior Grimm . 93 Malte KÖNIG, Saarbrücken Geburtenkontrolle. Abtreibung und Empfängnisverhütung in Frankreich und Deutschland, 1870–1940. 127 Joachim C. HÄBERLEN, Berlin Mobilisierung, Politisierung und Zerfall. Aufstieg und Fall des Front populaire in Lyon, 1934–1938. 149 ZUR FORSCHUNGSGESCHICHTE UND METHODENDISKUSSION Dominique BARTHÉLEMY, Paris Karl Ferdinand Werner, le médiéviste . 169 Peter SCHÖTTLER, Paris/Berlin Karl Ferdinand Werner, historien du temps présent . 179 MISZELLEN Wolfgang PETERS, Köln Zu den Privilegien Papst Leos IX. für das Kloster Stablo-Malmedy. 191 Martin KINTZINGER, Münster Inszenierungen der Kaiserherrschaft bei Karl V. Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von imperialer Tradition und universalen Herausforderungen . 207 Fritz NIES, Düsseldorf Rhétoriciens de métier, pleins d’aplomb. Vers une histoire sociale des traducteurs fran¸cais. 229 81295_sd:f34/3 40 Sonderdruck 18.10.2011 11:17 Uhr Seite 3 ATELIER Deutsche Zeitgeschichte nach 1945 Stand der Forschung aus westeuropäischer Sicht Internationales Kolloquium, veranstaltet am 24. November 2010 von der Stiftung DGIA (DHI London, DHI Paris, DHI Rom) und dem Auswärtigen Amt, in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Zeitgeschichte München-Berlin und dem Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam Christian WENKEL, Paris Einführung . 237 Horst MÖLLER, München »Was ist und zu welchem Ende studiert man Zeitgeschichte?« . 241 Gustavo CORNI, Trient Primat der Politik versus Primat der Gesellschaft. Deutschland und Italien im Vergleich . 253 Mary FULBROOK, London The ›State‹ of GDR History. 259 Hélène MIARD-DELACROIX, Paris Zäsuren und Chronologie aus der deutsch-französischen Perspektive . 271 Karl Christian LAMMERS, Kopenhagen Zäsuren der bundesrepublikanischen Geschichte aus dänischer Sicht. 279 Georg KREIS, Basel Blicke aus der Schweiz auf die Zeitgeschichte der Schweiz und ihres deutschen Nachbarn . 289 Ton NIJHUIS, Krijn THIJS, Amsterdam Von »1989« zur globalen Region. Die Geschichte der Bundesrepublik aus niederländischer Perspektive . 299 Konrad H. JARAUSCH, Chapel Hill/Berlin Demokratie in der Globalisierung. Zeitgeschichte als Historisierung der Gegenwart . 311 NEKROLOGE Heribert MÜLLER, Frankfurt am Main »Sagt es niemand, nur den Weisen…« (Goethe, Selige Sehnsucht). Zum Tode von Bernard Guenée (1927–2010) . 321 Maurice VAI¨SSE, Paris Klaus-Jürgen Müller (1930–2011) . 327 Richard Sowerby THE LIVES OF ST SAMSON Rewriting the Ambitions of an Early Medieval Cult In the middle of the ninth century, at the monastery of Dol in Brittany, the Life of the sixth-century saint Samson was rewritten. The rewriter evidently perceived a defi- ciency in the existing Life of St Samson, and one that many modern historians would come to share: the fact that it had very little to say about Brittany. The first Life (referred to by historians as the Vita prima Samsonis) dedicated over fifty chapters to Samson’s birth in Gwent, his education at the monastery of St Iltut, and his journeys around Wales, Ireland and Cornwall in search of ascetic rigours before his episcopal ordination and the foundation of his own monastery in Cornwall. But about Sam- son’s subsequent voyage to Brittany, the foundation of Dol, and his deeds on the Continent, the author of the Vita prima knew only enough for nine short chapters. The new Life (the Vita secunda) sought to say more about this latter part of the saint’s lifetime, and it did so almost exclusively by adding miracles1. These additions have been considered – if they have been considered at all – to be the commonplace fictions of hagiographic embellishment, offering little of historical value2. This is in marked contrast to the treatment of the Vita prima. Its preface claimed that the anonymous Breton author was writing around a century after Sam- son’s death, working from an earlier text written by the saint’s cousin (a deacon named Henoc) that had been kept in the possession of the monastery founded by St Samson in Cornwall3. On this basis, the Vita prima has a claim to be the closest thing that sixth-century Brittany has to a contemporary, primary source. While its narra- tive is no less miraculous than the Vita secunda, its stories seem to hold a promise of historicity based on the testimony of contemporaries – and for that reason, a long 1 Vita prima Samsonis, ed. Pierre Flobert, La Vie ancienne de saint Samson de Dol, Paris 1996 (cited hereafter as Vita prima). Vita secunda Samsonis, ed. Franc¸ois Plaine, Vita antiqua S. Samsonis Dolensis episcopi, in: Analecta Bollandiana 6 (1887), p. 77–150 (cited hereafter as Vita secunda). All translations from these and other works are my own, unless otherwise stated. I would like to thank Sarah Foot, Sarah Mallet, Alexander O’Hara, James Palmer, Joseph-Claude Poulin, Chris Wickham and Alex Woolf for their comments on various forms of this paper, and all those who heard a version of it at the University of Oxford in February 2009. This research was supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council. 2 For example, Flobert, Vie ancienne (as in n. 1), p. 38–40. The surveys of Joseph-Claude Poulin have outlined some of the changes made by the Vita secunda, and the manuscript history: Hagio- graphie et politique. La premie`re Vie de saint Samson de Dol, in: Francia 5 (1977), p. 1–26; Id., Le dossier de saint Samson de Dol, in: Francia 15 (1987), p. 715–731, at p. 726–729; Id., L’hagio- graphie bretonne du haut Moyen Aˆ ge. Re´pertoire raisonne´, Ostfildern 2009 (Beihefte der Fran- cia, 69), p. 336–344. 3 Vita prima, preface, 2 (p. 140–142). 2 Richard Sowerby tradition of scholars have sought to unearth whatever historical ›facts‹ may have been transmitted by this textual chain from the age of Samson to the pen of the Breton author4. Since the Vita secunda provides no biographical information that is not derived from the Vita prima, nor claims access to additional early sources unknown to Samson’s previous hagiographer, but offers only tales of queens losing their eyes, saints addressing flocks of birds, or the dead returned to life, the historical value of its miracle-stories has more quickly been dismissed. It is increasingly clear, however, that saints’ Lives provide rather better evidence for the contexts in which they were composed than for the historical figure at their centre. Saint’s uitae were not created, far less rewritten, unthinkingly as part of the basic veneration of a holy individual. They were written in response to specific requirements, whether meeting the edificatory needs of religious communities, or pursuing more politically-motivated agendas to assert present-day claims over prop- erty or status. Hagiographers were constantly, therefore, putting the past to the service of the present, but never more self-consciously than when rewriting an earlier Life. The original work was now deemed insufficient in some quality, and old stories were recast in new models that might more appropriately communicate current con- cerns5. What has been termed the »process and significance of rewriting« has thus become a fruitful area of study6, for by investigating these retold narratives, histo- rians can hope to reveal the changing preoccupations of individual saints’ cults, and thereby surmise something of their changing ambitions and historical circumstances. The saints’ Lives produced in early medieval Brittany provide a rich resource for such study, with a large number of uitae extant in multiple rewritten versions. It is a resource that has only recently begun to be tapped, but it remains the preserve of a scholarly minority, and is seldom integrated more fully within broader discussions of medieval hagiography and re´e´criture. The marginal status of Brittany within the wider study of medieval Europe and the particularity of its early historiographical tradition have doubtless exacerbated this tendency7, as has the varied availability of printed editions8; but the very nature of the Breton corpus has seemed to advocate a 4 Ferdinand Lot is typical in considering the other Breton uitae contaminated, to a greater or lesser extent, by the ecclesiastical politics of the ninth century: Les diverses re´dactions de la vie de saint Malo, in: Id. (ed.), Me´langes d’histoire bretonne (VIe–XIe sie`cle), Paris 1907, p.
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