STATISTICIANS
OF THE
CENTURIES
•*-••
C.C. HEYDE • E. SENETA Editors
P. CREPEL • S.E. FlENBERG • J. GANI
Associate Editors
Springer CONTENTS
PREFACE V
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF STATISTICIANS xi
16TH CENTURY
PROBABILITY PRIOR TO PASCAL • David Bellhouse 3
17TH CENTURY
PIERRE DE PERM AT • E. Seneta 11 JOHN GRAUNT • C.C. Heyde 14 BLAISE PASCAL • A.W.F. Edwards 17 CHRISTIAAN HlJYGENS • Ivo Schneider 23 CASPAR NEUMANN • Peter Koch 29 JAKOB BERNOULLI • Ivo Schneider 33 JOHN ARBUTHNOT • David Bellhouse 39
18TH CENTURY
ABRAHAM DE MoiVRE • Ivo Schneider 45 PIERRE REMOND DE MONTMORT • E. Seneta 52 NICOLAUS BERNOULLI • SdndorCsorgd 55 Co n tents ^^
DANIEL BERNOULLI • /. Gani 64 THOMAS BAYES • D.V.lindley 68 JOHANN PETER SUSSMILCH • Jean-MarcRohrbasser 72 GEORGES-LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE BUFFON • Yves Ducel& Thierry Martin 77 ROGERIUS JoSEPHUS BoSCOVICH • R.W. Farebrother 82 D'ALEMBERT • P. Crepel 86 MARQUIS DE CONDORCET • P. Crepel 90
19TH CENTURY
PIERRE-SIMON MARQUIS DE LAPLACE • Hans Fischer 95 ADRIEN-MARIE LEGENDRE • R.W. Farebrother 101 WILLIAM PLAYFAIR • IanSpence& Howard Wainer 105
THOMAS ROBERT MALTHUS • I. Castles 111 SIR FREDERICK MORTON EDEN • Mervyn Stone 115 CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS • O.B. Sheynin 119 SIMEON-DENIS POISSON • BernardBru 123 ADOLPHE QUETELET • Jean-Jacques Droesbeke & Francois Jongmans 127 IRENEE-JULES BlENAYME • E. Seneta 132 STEFANO FRAI-ISCINI • Carlo Malaguerra 137 GUSTAV THEODOR FECHNER • Michael Fleidelberger 142
ANTON MEYER • M.F. Jozeau 148
ANTOINE AUGUSTIN COURNOT • Th. Martin 152
AUGUSTUS DE MORGAN • Adrian Rice 157 WILLIAM FARR » Michel Dupaquier 163 GEORGE BOOLE • Peter Heath & Eugene Seneta 167 FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE • M. Stone 171 PAFNUTII LVOVICH CHEBYSHEV (OR TCHEBICHEF)• E. Seneta 176 FRANCIS GALTON • R.W. Farebrother 181 JOSEPH BERTRAND • Bernard Bru & Francois Jongmans 185 JOHANN GREGOR MENDEL • Oscar Sheynin 190 JOHN VENN • 1. Grattan-Guinness 194 SIMON NEWCOMB • Peter Guttorp 197
Vlll CONTENTS
WILLIAM STANLEY JE.VONS • /. Castles 200 WlLHELM LEXIS • Scbastien Hertz 204 ANDERS NICOLA I KIAER • Ib Thomsen 208 THORVALD NlCOLAI THIHLE • RagnarNorberg 212 FRANCIS AMASA WALKER • Margo J.Anderson 216 GEORGVONMAYR • Sebastien Hertz 219 PYOTR DIMITRIEVICH EN'KO • /. Gani 223 FRANCIS YSIDRO EDGEWORTH • A.I. Dale 227 VlLFREDO FEDERIGO SAMASO PARETO • Marc Barbut 232
20TH CENTURY
FEDOR ANDREEVICH SHCHERBINA • E. Seneta 239 ANDREI ANDREEVICH MARKOV • E. Seneta 243 KARL PEARSON • Eileen Magnello 248 GEORGE HANDLEY KN i BBS • C.C.Heyde 257 WALTER FRANK RAPHAEL WELDON • Eileen Magnello 261 WALTER FRANCIS WILLC OX • Margo J.Anderson 265 IRVING FISHER • A. Vogt 268 LADISLAUS VON BORTKIEWICZ • S. Hertz 273 ARTHUR LYON BOW LEY • A.I. Dale 278 Louis BACHELIER • 1. Carraro&P. Crepel 283 EMILE BOREL • Bernard Bru 287 GEORGE UDNY YULE • A.W.F. Edwards 292 KAROLY JORDAN • lanos Galambos 295 MARIAN SMOLUCHOWSKI • E. Seneta 299
ALEKSANDER ALEKSANDROVICH CHUPROV (ORTSCHUPROW) • E.Seneta 303 ERNEST FlLIP OSKAR LuNDBERG • K. Englund &A. Martin-Lof 308 WILLIAM SEALY GOSSET • Stephen E. Fienberg & Nicole Lazar 312 JARL WALDEMAR LINDEBERG • G. Elfving 318 ANDERSON GRAY MCKHNDRICK • /. Gani 323 AGNER KRARUP ERLANG • C.C. Heyde 328 MAURICE FRECHET • B. Bru &s. Hertz 331 HAROLD EDWIN HURST • BenoitB. Mandelbrot 335 Contents
SERGEI NATANOVIICH BERNSTEIN • E. Seneta 339
EVGENII EVGENIEVICH SLUTSKY (OR SLUTSKIl) • E. Seneta 343 GEORGE WADDEL SNEDECOR • Alicia L. Carriquiry & Herbert A. David 346
RICHARD VON MISES • R. Siegmund-Schultze 352
JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES • RodO'Donnell 358 CORRADO GlNI • Giovanni Maria Giorgi 364 WlLHELM WlNKLER • Alexander Pinwinkier 369 EGON SHARPE PEARSON • David J. Bartholomew 373 OSKAR ANDERSON • Heinrkh Strecker & Rosemarie Strecker 377 GEORGES DARMOIS • Bernard Bru 382 STUART ARTHUR RICE • Margo J. Anderson 386
RONALD AYLMER FISHER • S.L. Zabell 389
WALTER ANDREW SHEWHART • DenisBayart 398
HAROLD JEFFRE.YS • D.V. Lindley 402 EMIL JULIUS GUMBEL • Sebastien Hertz 406 CARLO EMILIO BONFERRONI • M. E. Dewey&E. Seneta 411 OCTAV ONICESCU • Marius Iosifescu 415 FRANK WILCOXON • Ralph A. Bradley 420
MIKHAILO PYLYPOVYCH KRAVCHUK (OR KRAWTCHOUK) • E. Seneta 425
FELIX POLLACZEK • J.w. Cohen 429
PRASANTA CHANDRA MAHALANOBIS • J.K. Ghosh 434 HARALD CRAMER • M.R. Leadbetter 439 JERZYNEYMAN • Stephen £. Fienberg & Judith M. Tanur 444
RAGNAR FRISCH • O. Bjerkholt 449 HAROLD HOTELLING • Ingram Olkin & Allan R. Sampson 454
ROBERT CHARLES GEARY • J.E. Spencer 459
AUSTIN BRADFORD HILL • Peter Armitage 464
EDWIN JAMES GEORGE PITMAN • EvanJ. Williams 468
JOSEPH OSCAR IRWIN • Peter Armitage 472
GERTRUDE MARY COX • R.L. Anderson 475 WlLLIAM JOHN YOUDEN • Harry H. Ku &Joan R. Rosenblatt 479 W. EDWARDS DEMING • Stephen E. Fienberg 6- Stephen M. Stigler 485
INDEX 491