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i RECONNAISSANCE ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY REPORT iiiii!!i" ::!_!i! CITY OF WILLIAMSBURG _"_ prepared by FRAZ1ER AS_X2IATES ili :::::: iiiiliiiii!i :i Jt_y1992 i::ii!i ii = ........_:_---_.%_ ........................................_-._......................................................_:!::::* i Acknowledgemen City of WilLiamsburg Pl_xr,kngDep_*_enl P_d ToNester_P]armlngDi_:ct.or Ka[hleenA_M'_eroPlasmas COIOXLi_ Wtliim_sburg Fo_daL_on _Zobe_aReid,,.&_.slstaniA,_dult.eetu_!C_]lectionsM_na_er _rldAssociate Cop_s;_¢a_or ProjectC n ult _ FFazler Associates 121 South Augusta Street Stauntor_, VJrg_.uta 244.01. Wflliam T. t,h-_cziez-,Pr_'_cipal Ann. MeCleaDh ._jec_. Manager Rand_ Skeiilk: S_veyor Li_ %f_.cker, Su_'eyor Tn}s publ.icat}on is sponsored by the Cii:y ofWflliamsbu<g, I[ is funded m pa_.. by a gFm_t frozn 12_eVtrginta Department of_-iisto_c Resoup_eso TABLE OF CONTENTS SURLY METHODOLOGY _CKGROUND TO SURVEY 1 SURVEYOBJECTIVES 2 SURVEY ME_I'HODS AND I_SEARCH DESIGN 2 SUMMARYOF SURVEY DATA 3 HISTORIC CONTEXT AND ARCIIITECTURAL ANALYSIS 5 SETI'LEMENT PATTERNS 5 Histor._c Contex_ Surveyed Reaource.._ ETHNIC1TYANDIMMIGRATION 8 H_ataric Context. Surveyed }_aesaurces RESIDENTIAL/DOMESTIC 10 Historic Context Sm_eyed Resources RELIIGION 33 Hk_tortc Context Sm_eyed Resom'ces HEALTHCARE 36 Htato_.c Conte_xt Su rv_::yedResour_:es EDUCATION 38 Hi$l.9_c Co_tt_.xt Surveyed Resources MILITARY 44 Histo_c Conl.e_xt Surveyed P.esou_zes COI_,LMERCE/TRADE 46 Historic Context Surveyed 1Re._urces SUBSISTENCE/AGRIICULTURE 53 Histo,ic Co.,-iteozt Su_'eeyed Resources GOVERN_MEN_'/LA.W/PO LITI Ca-XL 57 Historic Cow,text. Surveyed .Resources SOCIAL 60 H_st_:a;lc C_:mIext Sm_,eyed Resources RECREATION/ARTS 64 Historic Context Surveyed Resources TRANSPO[_I'NI:ION/COMMUNICATION f_7 Historic Cow,text Surveyed Resources FUNE_RARY 75 Historic Cont.ex_ Smweyed Resources ARCHITECTURE, LANDSCAPE ARCHFFECf'URE, AND COMMUNITY PI_NNING 75 Historic Contex"t Surveyed Resources IxM.NDSCAPE 79 t-itstoI_c Cow,text Surveyed R_m_rces [NI..)US_I'IWAN[)PROCESSING, 79 Historic Conte-._ Surveyed Resources TECHNOLOGY/EN-GINEERING 80 Sm_eyed Resources I_I_CO_NDATIONS FOR NATIONAL RI_GISTER AND SURVEY POTENTIAL [NDIVff)UAL NOMINATIONS 82 PO_FENI?IAL HIST.ORIC I)IS_I'RIC'I_; 82 FUTURE SUR_qEYRECOMMENDATIONS 88 Threatened BuiNings Thematic Surveys Subsequent Smweys of Mid:IXventteth Cen.tuW Architectu_ Tou_sm ThematicSurvey _CO_NDATIONS FOR _N]_G EDUCATION 89 Disladbution of Survey Forms to Prf._perty O_n.ers Buildi.ng Maintenance IlfforlIlailo_l for Property Owners To'dr BrOellures Audio-Visual Presentations on Historic Resources Local A_;_-ards Newspaper Articles Cable Tele%slon. I_fformation Series •Education of the Local ReaI Estate Communily Measured Dra_g.s by Lacal t_ucat_o.nal Ir_stttutlans Creation of a Local Archive Heritage Education in the $ch{_ols PROTECTION 91 National Register Nominations Re.view of Curren_ 7x_rn_g for Po[ential Impact on I-iistor_.c Sites Expar_dmg Duties of the A_zhlteeturaI Re,o_.ewBoard Easemenl Program Tax [neentNes %r Historic Preservation Hlstomic Si.te EntW into City Intbrmation Base {G!S} Public Properties' Acquisition Zor_ing Conditiorts for Historic Sites Prese_,a_lon Sir-ategies in the Ciiy's Comprehensive Plan Certified Lrx?NGc_verim_entDesi&_atton _OIJllC_ FOIl PNt_SERVATIOlg NATIO N\gL ORGANIZATIONS 94 STATEORGANIZATIONS 94 IX)CALORG_NIZ&'I1ONS 94 BIBLIOG_ 96 _NDICI_$ APPENDIX A: NUMERICAL LISTING OF SUR\rEYED t_SOURCF.,S 98 APPENDIX B: ALPHABL_'ICAL MSTING OF SURVEYEDRESOURCES 107 ]_NDNOTES 115 SDR_Y IM_HODOLOGY h_tor_c_ penods, _d three histo_cai themes fi_.t were a_n:ffJcant m the deve.Iopment of Wfll/amsburg arid the BACKGROUND TO SURVEY m_rroundOa_g counties. The repo_ assessed the level of surv_ _of each of the "study In. June of i991, the Ci_ _of Williamsburg units" and higt93_ted areas re,quiring undertrick a reconnaissance survey of its further study. architectural resources, thrcmgh a grit from the V_rginia Departn_ent of Hlsto_c To augment hhe 1985 repo_ and make it a Resources {VDHR}. Although a limited more useful toot for planners, the amount of survey had been conducted Departaimat of Archae_._logicat Research at outside the historic area,"d_ecity Colonial Willk_m_bu_. prepared re_lsions to recognized the need to better identL5,- and the report, The 5{. revision, a more recordits resources to assist with future succmct product, 'a_as completed in 1988. pLea_rklngefforts. In 1991, a new report, entitl.ed "Resource ProtectionPlmmi_ Revi_ted: James City" Wi'd': the establishment of..the Colonial CounWo York County, and City of Williamsburg Foundation in the t930s the Wiltiamgourg" was prepared to make the awareness of fhe value _p,d importm:ce of report findings more u.a_ful to planners, All American blstow m_d historic preservation three reports addressed Sue need for carat earlier to the Cit_- of..Williamsburg resource iden_ffication. The planning than mo,._ other areas of the Untied Stamp, recommm_datlorks for Williamsburg "I?mse early preserv'ation offers led to the tr_aluded a comprehensive a.rc:hit.ecturaI restoration and r_:onstl"uct{on of mnnerous surv_-, colonlalstn_c.'mres and to considerable arehitectur_d, h_toricaI and archaeological The need for the iderrtffication of research on Vir_gnia's colonial, histo_-o architex'.lurat resources in the Ci W of Wflllam.sburg was particularly acute as Despite, or perhaps because of, Colonla] neglect and mounting developmem Wflllamsburg's tutorise i_terest in.the pressm'es were resulting k:the conlJa:ued elghteenl2_ century, ]1trio a_en:ion had demoIttton of e_x-is_imgstructures. On. been paid to prehistoric, seventeenth, August 16, 1991., after reeeivmg a g__nt n:neteenth or twentiethee.n.tu W settlement from the Virg3maDepartment of Historic and related cultural resources° ",_ls Resources 6q)HR}, the Ci_- ofWlIllamsburg sRuation was first o.d_r_._e,__o ""_,_ _ in 1984 when i._sued a o,..qucs,.r_ ._ , for proposals to conduct a the Deparm:ea:t of Archaeological eo_3prehe.r_si_-e architeciur_d survey ofthe Excavation at Colonial V/llliamsburg City's ArchiteckuraI Preser_-ation District as applied to the Virginia Dlx_ision.of Historic it. is deRlned by the City's Zon:i_g Landmarks {now VDHR) for a grant, to Ordh_arme, _md as recommended by the prepare cultural _soume mmaagement Comprehensive Piano plans for James City Counl>', York Counb: mad t_e cities of Williamsburg ea_d The Ci%yof Wflliamsburg hired Framer Poquoson. The result of this effort, issued Ass_:_::iates of Sta_mton, Virgi_tia, to conduct l'..a1985, was a 1,200-page document the surv_u William T, _zier, principal, trttended to _9.we as a pl'_trfing tom fbr was responsible for i_m survey. Lisa 1hacker these Tidewater corrmmnities, se_wed as project manager and prepared the initialhistoric context Randai1 Skelrtk The report, based on the :f_esource conducted the field surv W m_d prepared Proieci_ion Plam-_-_g Process (RP31 tbrmat the architectural armi3.,s_s. Ann McCleaw developed by the National P_rk Service, served as the prqJect editor, w--tting tile m:tlined twenty-three ':study units" or areas hNtoric conte_xtwith. Li.?_ T:mk.er, and of t:.tsto.._c lmportm]ce, twenty specific advising on the architectural anat.-sis. SUt_VEY OI_51_CTIVF_ under l'ifl>-ye_ old important to the development, of the City of ff_e recop_a_asance au_-ey area was Wtlllamsburg. roughly three square n_e_s tn area and (7} Produce recommendations for a local lncIuded four hundred bufldL.ugs which tnventoKv of algn_ff;_:ani a_ahitectureo were more_ than flf_.yyem_ in age. "i_ae Plarming Depart.erie of the Clkr"cf SIS]RVI_Y METHODS WiI1_tamsburg prepared a list of the I_I_]_CH D_I{}N properties to be surveyed,Tne survey f_a:used pl_mantty on the city's _chitecmraI The fLrat phase of the proJec_ was to develop Preservation District, defined for fhe the b&_tor_c context for the sur_ey, based purposes of this report, as the expm_ded on the elghtee_ historic themes specified by district adopted }n 1991. "l_m survey the _e_DHRt_r state h.istor_c conte_xq_s. _cluded a number of buildings associated Fr_ter Associates relied heavily on the now with the College of _illtam and Mary, hk_tortc c_nt.e_s developed f_r Ihe RP3 many of which were houses remodeled _nto report for the storey m'ea, a report which office space_ _Fn_._ebuildings bad been reflects the most current Ie_eI of research prelimla._rarlly•sure, eyed as part of the WDHR about Wflliamsburg_s hl_o_. Other state-armed building surv_.c3,. _._hecl_"s research materials tricluded a variety of survey list. h_.ciuded tbxee bui}dk_gs withh_ secor_da,_- sourceson Wil]iam_sburghisto_ the Colmzlal WiIliamsburg Htsto_c.Area, and the C_W's Compre.henslve Pie.no defiued for the purposes of this repo_ as Kathleen A_ Maher, P"lmmer for the City, that outltued na Chapter 21_411{B) _t-_the heIped d_rect and re_.esv the research and axming ordman.ce, to gather additions1 i_gormation that was needed. Ti_e objectives of the sa,.wey were to: {l) Document VDHR's htstonlc corit_:ts tn At the beginning of th._s survey, the VDHR's relation to m;i}or themes of the C}_'s pre,vious smokey effol_s for the City of ht,storleal and m'chitectur_d Wii}damsburg had included ei_lty_nirie development; properties. The m_io_ty of these were m (2} Reco_. at the reco_uais_m.ce level oil the CdontaI Wtlliamsburg Historic Area, h,istoric resources over lift}-years old; seven were on the campus of William and {3} Rex_'ordat the intensive level: MaaT, and an additiorrat twelve were {a} _,M1pre-1860 resources historic archaeolo_l.cal sites. Only thirty_ {b) Post-1860 resources eligible for the _ree p_evlously surveyed properkies were Virginia Landmarks Register or }nthe proposed or a_ready adopted Nat_ona} Register of Historic Places. _chttectu,-_ Preservaklon Dlst_ct {_D}. to} Representative e_'_amples of cultural The APT) COB.taiBSthe ea.rl._est historic resources over t'ffPr"yems old, neighborhoods outside the Historic x_'ea, [4.) Identify for further research the histo_e Iargely early_twentlet.h century in character, resources impo_an.t to the dmmlopment and the major early cor_dors within _he of the City of Wgltamsburg.
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    Operator System Service PWSID Public Water System Name City/County Population Source Company First Name Last Name Organization Address 1 Address 2 City State Zip Category Type Connection 1021007 AMERICAN MINE RESEARCH INC 6 BLAND NTNC 1 48 GW AMERICAN MINE RESEARCH, INC P.O. BOX 234 ROCKY GAP VA 24366 1021043 BLAND COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEM 2 BLAND C 196 490 GU BLAND COUNTY SERVICE AUTHORITY P.O. BOX 510 BLAND VA 24315 1021046 BLAND CORRECTIONAL CENTER 3 BLAND C 1 750 SW VIRGINIA DEPT OF CORRECTIONS 6900 Atmore Drive P. O. Box 26963 RICHMOND VA 23261 1021056 ABB POWER T & D COMPANY, INC. 6 BLAND NTNC 2 430 GW ABB POWER T & D COMPANY, INC. 171 Industry Drive BLAND VA 24315‐0038 1021126 DEER RUN WATER COMPANY, INC 6 BLAND C 16 41 GW DEER RUN WATER COMPANY INC P. O. Box 273 631 M. L. Thompson Drive ROCKY GAP VA 24366 1021172 BIG WALKER MOTEL NA BLAND NC 20 25 GW BIG WALKER MOTEL, LLC P. O. Box 155 BLAND VA 24315 1021700 ROCKY GAP/BASTIAN REGIONAL 5 BLAND C 442 985 SWP BLAND COUNTY SERVICE AUTHORITY P.O. BOX 510 BLAND VA 24315 1021947 WOLF CREEK GOLF CLUB NA BLAND NC 130GW WOLF CREEK GOLF & COUNTY CLUB 6828 Grapefield Road BASTIAN VA 24314 1027061 BUCHANAN CO PSA 4 BUCHANAN C 7935 19326 SWP BUCHANAN CO PSA PO BOX 30 VANSANT VA 24656 1027065 GRASSY CREEK‐BCPSA 6 BUCHANAN C 176 440 SWP BUCHANAN CO PSA PO BOX 30 VANSANT VA 24656 1027067 OSBORNE MOUNTAIN ‐ BCPSA 6 BUCHANAN C 25 70 SWP BUCHANAN COUNTY PUBLIC SERVICE AUTHORITY P.
  • The First Labor History of the College of William and Mary

    The First Labor History of the College of William and Mary

    1 Integration at Work: The First Labor History of The College of William and Mary Williamsburg has always been a quietly conservative town. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century to the time of the Civil Rights Act, change happened slowly. Opportunities for African American residents had changed little after the Civil War. The black community was largely regulated to separate schools, segregated residential districts, and menial labor and unskilled jobs in town. Even as the town experienced economic success following the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg in the early 1930s, African Americans did not receive a proportional share of that prosperity. As the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation bought up land in the center of town, the displaced community dispersed to racially segregated neighborhoods. Black residents were relegated to the physical and figurative margins of the town. More than ever, there was a social disconnect between the city, the African American community, and Williamsburg institutions including Colonial Williamsburg and the College of William and Mary. As one of the town’s largest employers, the College of William and Mary served both to create and reinforce this divide. While many African Americans found employment at the College, supervisory roles were without exception held by white workers, a trend that continued into the 1970s. While reinforcing notions of servility in its hiring practices, the College generally embodied traditional southern racial boundaries in its admissions policy as well. As in Williamsburg, change at the College was a gradual and halting process. This resistance to change was characteristic of southern ideology of the time, but the gentle paternalism of Virginians in particular shaped the College’s actions.
  • Objects-Specialty-Group-Postprints

    Objects-Specialty-Group-Postprints

    Objects Specialty Group Postprints Volume Seven 2000 Compiled by Virginia Greene and Jessica S. Johnson Proceedings of the Objects Specialty Group Session June 12, 2000 28th Annual Meeting Philadelphia, Pennsylvania TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 2 Roger Griffith, "Consistency of Structure: The Conservation of Charles & Ray Eames 'Study for a Glider Nose" 3 Toby Raphael and Martin Burke, "A Set of Conservation Guidelines for Exhibitions" 5 Sally Malenka, "The Ritual Around Replica: From Replicated Works of Art to Art as Replica (Part I)" 21 Lucio Angelo Privitello, "The Ritual Around Replica: From Replicated Works of Art to Art as Replica (Part II)" 29 Chris Swan, "A Context for the Making, Using and Maintenance of Replicas at Colonial Williamsburg" 42 Daniel Kurtz, Thomas L. Heller and Susan Glassman, "Sitting on History: Conservation and Reproduction of 19th Century Auditorium Seats" 46 Carol A. Grissom, "Replication of Neolithic Plaster Statues: Insights into Construction and Form" 79 Harriet F. Beaubien, "Unmasking an Artifact Technology: Textile/Clay Composites from Ancient Mesoamerica" 94 Thomas J. Braun, "Collections Care and Curation of Department of Defense Owned and Controlled Archaeological Artifacts and Associated Archival Documents" 110 From the 2000 General Session: Elizabeth Goins and Chandry Reedy, "Digital Image Analysis in Microscopy for Objects and Architectural Conservation" 122 1 FOREWORD This is the seventh volume of the Postprints published by the Objects Specialty Group (OSG) of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic (AIC). It contains eight papers from the OSG session of the June 2000 AIC annual meeting held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It also contains one paper presented in the General Session.