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The Influence of Certain Growth Hormones on Plant Growth at Cold Temperatures

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The Influence of Certain Growth Hormones on Plant Growth at Cold Temperatures Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-1977 The Influence of Certain Growth Hormones on Plant Growth at Cold Temperatures Michael D. Salvesen Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Salvesen, Michael D., "The Influence of Certain Growth Hormones on Plant Growth at Cold Temperatures" (1977). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 3492. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3492 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Frank B. Salisbury for his assistance and continued encouragement and patience while serving as my major professor and advisor during the course of this study. Also special thanks to Dr. Herman H. Wiebe, and Dr. Schuyler D. Seeley for counsel and service rendered me while serving on my advisory committee. For the financial support that made this study possible, I would like to thank the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. I am grateful for the assistance and encouragement of my father­ in-law, Dr. George E. Stoddard and my wife, Karalee . Michael D. Salvesen iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES . iv LIST OF FIGURES v ABSTRACT . vi INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3 Geographic adaptation 3 Stage and rate of growth 4 Soil moisture 6 Light 7 Externally applied hormones 8 Cellular influences 10 Cold injury and desiccation 14 Plant growth under the snow 15 Dehardening 15 MATERIALS AND METHODS 16 Growth under the snow 16 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23 Conditions, at the snow tunnel 23 Plant growth . 25 Soluble protein content 29 SUMMARY 31 LITERATURE CITED 32 APPENDIX 37 VITA 40 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Average shoot length in em 38 2. Fresh weight per shoot in mg 38 3. Mg of soluble protein per ml of solution per gram of fresh weight • 39 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Tunnel uncovered 17 2. Tunnel partially covered .. 17 3. Tunnel covered 18 4. Aspen grove in Steep Hollow 18 5. Tray in tunnel 19 6. Central g r aph of soluble protein in mg/ml 21 7. Snow depth in Steep Hollow. Variation with time 23 8. Temperature in tunnel . Variation with time 25 9. Shoot length. Variation in time 26 10. Fresh weight. Variation in time 28 11. Soluble protein. Variation in time 30 vi ABSTRACT The Influence of Certain Growth Hormones on Plant Growth at Cold Temperatures by Michael D. Salvesen, Master of Science Utah State University, 1977 Major Professor: Dr. Frank B. Salisbury Department: Plant Science Studies were conducted to determine the effect of externally applied growth hormones on winter rye (Secale cereale var. cougar). The rye was grown under the snow in a specially prepared tunnel on a mountain side near Logan, Utah. These plants showed a remarkable ability to grow at 0°C. Three growth hormones, kinetin, gibberellic acid (GA), and auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) were externally applied to rye seedlings growing in the tunnel. These seedlings were later weighed, measured and tested for soluble protein content. The three hormone treatments had no signficant effects on the fresh weights or shoot lengths of the rye. GA however, had a significant effect on the soluble protein content of the young shoots. Shoots treated with GA showed a marked decrease in soluble protein content. Kinetin and IAA had no significant effect on the soluble protein content of t he rye. (45 pages) INTRODUCTION Many environmental conditions influence the cold tolerance of plants . These influences are logically manifest through their effect on metabolic processes. Even though research studies attempt to isolate environmental fact ors t o determine their individual effects, in nature they interact in complex combinations of several factors. Thus, some interpretive judgements are essential in reviewing published reports. Natural adaptation to environmental conditions is evident in plants native to various climatic regions. The influences of micro­ climates as well as macro-climates are readily apparent as one observes plant distribution within and among climatic regions. Cultured plants or those planted in nonnatural environments are often more susceptible to adverse c limatic conditions than plants in their natural environments . Hence, an understanding of the mechanisms of adaptation may have substantial economic as well as scientific value. The mechanisms by which plants become cold hardy is not well known (Alden and Hermann, 1971) . In Lyons review (1973) it is suggested that all types of chilling injury can be the result of a change in membrane permeability, while other (Mazure, 1969), have suggested that injury involves a complex of several interacting events. The complex nature of the mechanisms probably accounts for the lack of more definitive information in published reports. 2 Hormone participation in plant responses have been cited in the following areas of plant development: The growth and development of stems, roots, and leaves, formation of adventitious buds and roots, tubers, flowers and in fruit development and maturation, senescence, dormancy of buds and seeds, germination of seeds, and other phenomena (Salisbury & Ross, 1969). A study as initiated to determine some of the influences of cold temperatures and of growth regulators on growth and chemical composition of winter rye (Secale cereale var. cougar) . 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE The natural environment includes several parameters: temperature, precipitation, soil fertility, soil moisture, light, and co-habitating plants and animals. Man's influences become important environmental factors when he enters a region. Each factor imposes its influences in a variable manner, sometimes periodic and sometimes quite sporatic. Periodic influences may be diurnal, seasonal or yearly. All influences affect individual plants differently, depending on the combination of and sequence of their presence. Low temperatures, more than any other environmental factor, influences the physiological and biochemical processes that impart cold hardiness to plants. Most plants begin to develop resistance to cold as temperature is gradually lowered below l0°C, if other environmental factors are also favorable for the development of cold hardiness. Duration of exposure to low temperatures and intensity of cold weather required for development of cold hardiness depend on the potential cold resistance of the plant as well as the· plant's past and current environment (Tumanov, 1964, 1967). Research studies to identify the influences and their metabolic mechanisms have been varied but far too limited to identify more than a few of the associated factors. Geographic adaptation The ability of plants to survive sub-freezing temperatures is of interest in the study of distribution, succession, and migration of 4 plants, because climate is of paramount importance in controlling plant distribution. Seasonal sub-freezing temperatures as a single environmental factor, however, may not limit natural altitude and polar migration of plants in cold climates. Inadequate heat during the growing season appears more limiting to plant distribution (Daubenmire, 1959). Large seasonal oscillations of other environmental factors, low productivity, and the youth of the ecosystems in polar climates are more limiting in the adaptation of plants than sub­ freezing temperatures (Dunbar, 1968). Seasonal sub-freezing tempera­ tures, however, force many plants to develop greater tolerance to cold than the minimum temperature of their ecological range. Many plants have an inherent ability to develop high resistance to cold but lack correct biological timing in new climates (Weiser, 1968). Plants from warm climates introduced to a cold environmen t may be susceptible to cold injury because they fail to develop sufficient cold hardiness, do not harden rapidly enough for protection from early cold weather, deharden too rapidly (which makes them vulnerable to freezing temperatures in late winter), or because of a combination of these conditions. Hardening cucumber seeds with 12 hours of exposur e daily to 0- 2°C for 10 to 15 days before germination is reported to enhance the cold hardiness of the young seedlings, particularly these of southern varieties (Velik, 1963). Stage and rate of growth Kappen (1964) found that sporophytes of evergreen and deciduous fern species were most sensitive to cold injury in the spring and that 5 cold resistance did not set in until the fronds were full-grown. Frost resistance of Mediterranian species was equal to the frost resistance of Central European plants in April. Sakae (1962, 1966) reported that cold hardiness of growing twigs of woody -plants that are extremely sensitive to frost injury cannot be improved by chilling to O ~C. Frost resistance developed even without exposure to low temperatures after growth ceased, however. Maximum resistance to cold can be induced in red osier dogwood (Corus stolonifera Michx.) in seven weeks at any stage during its annual cycle of development except one or two months after growth resumes in the spring. Clauson (1964) examined about fifty species of hepatics and found that freezing to -l0°C for four days destroyed undeveloped cells in young shoots, but fully developed cells survived the
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