Person-Centered Therapy Carl Rogers: Bio (A Reaction Against the Directive and Psychoanalytic Approaches)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Person-Centered Therapy Carl Rogers: Bio (A Reaction Against the Directive and Psychoanalytic Approaches) Rogers: Father of Humanistic Movement Carl Rogers is the father of the humanistic movement in psychotherapy PERSON-CENTERED His core theme in therapy is non-judgmental listening & acceptance of the client, better known as unconditional THERAPY positive regard His therapeutic approach is known as the Person Centered Therapy, which is based on the concepts of humanistic psychology & shares many of the concepts of Psychology 460 Existentialism Both of these concepts share the idea that the client can Counseling and Interviewing make positive & constructive choices Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. His approach is also based on the theory that people are "trustworthy" and can solve their own problems without direct intervention from the therapist Carl Rogers: Bio Carl Rogers: Bio Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Rogers founded client-centered psychotherapy & Park, Illinois in a very strict, religious family pioneered in the development of scientific methods for studying psychotherapeutic He was a shy, studious boy outcomes & processes He enrolled in agricultural science at the In 1942 Rogers became 1st therapist to record & University of Wisconsin, but transferred to Union transcribe therapy sessions verbatim, a practice Theological Seminary in Chicago now standard Disillusioned, he withdrew and entered the He published his ideas & clinical results in Teachers College at Columbia University, a several books, including On Becoming a Person hotbed for liberal, social ideas which made him a well-known figure in American psychology Carl Rogers: Bio Carl Rogers: Bio Rogers taught at the University of Chicago, Ohio State Carl Rogers died February 4, 1987 University, & the University of Wisconsin at Madison "Experience is, for me, the highest authority. The Rogers's client-centered therapy is among the most touchstone of validity is my own experience. No other influential & widely employed techniques in modern U.S. person's ideas, and none of my own ideas, are as clinical psychology authoritative as my experience. It is to experience that I This is the type of therapy cliched by phrases such as must return again and again, to discover a closer "how do you feel about that?" from the psychologist approximation to truth as it is in the process of becoming in me. Neither the Bible nor the prophets --neither Freud Bob Newhart, another Oak Park native, portrayed a Rogerian-style psychologist on the original "Bob Newhart nor research –neither the revelations of God nor man -- Show“ can take precedence over my own direct experience. My experience is not authoritative because it is infallible. It is In his later years Rogers championed humanistic causes the basis of authority because it can always be checked in including racial harmony, and world peace. He was new primary ways. In this way its frequent error or nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 fallibility is always open to correction." 1 Person-Centered Therapy Carl Rogers: Bio (A reaction against the directive and psychoanalytic approaches) Rogers plays an important historical role in Challenges: the development of psychology and The assumption that “the counselor knows psychotherapy best” The validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, He was one of the first, if not the first, teaching, diagnosis, psychologist to propose a comprehensive and interpretation theory about psychotherapy The belief that clients cannot understand and resolve their own problems without direct Prior to Rogers, almost all forms of therapy help centered around psychiatry and The focus on problems over persons psychoanalysis Person-centered theory Questions: Carl Rogers OVERVIEW In what ways would you say that you SELF-DIRECTED GROWTH have been the architect of your life? In the people you have known best, have THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE HELPER AND THE CLIENT you recognized a “self-actualizing” tendency? FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT IS TRUST Is it hard for you to have confidence in THE “ACTUALIZING TENDENCY” IS PRESENT another person’s ability to find their own IN EVERY HUMAN way, with you serving as an ally instead of INDIVIDUALS ARE ARCHITECTS OF THEIR a guide? OWN LIVES Person-Centered Therapy Key Concepts Emphasizes: Rogers believes that, under nurturing Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible conditions a client will be able to move people forward & resolve their own issues Person’s innate striving for self-actualization One can direct one’s own life Personal characteristics of therapist & the Congruence – both the therapist’s and the quality of therapeutic relationship client’s Counselor’s creation of a permissive, “growth promoting” climate Unconditional positive regard People are capable of self-directed growth if Accurate empathetic understanding involved in a therapeutic relationship 2 A Growth-Promoting Climate A Growth-Promoting Climate Congruence - genuineness or realness Congruence - genuineness or realness Unconditional positive regard- The helper does not deny his or her own feelings: acceptance and caring, but not approval the opposite of hiding behind a professional mask. “I find that I am closest to my inner, intuitive self, of all behavior when I am somehow in touch with the unknown in me, when perhaps I am in a slightly altered state of Accurate empathic understanding – consciousness…Then simply my presence is releasing an ability to deeply grasp the client’s and helpful.” (Rogers) subjective world Thought: Rogers’ language is somewhat strange here, but can you conceptualize a more “mystical” dimension to helping Helper attitudes are more important than someone? Have you ever had this experience of being attuned knowledge to your intuitive self as a helper or just a friend? A Growth-Promoting Climate A Growth-Promoting Climate Unconditional positive regard- Accurate empathic understanding – acceptance and caring, but not an ability to deeply grasp the client’s approval of all behavior subjective world Helper attitudes are more important than Related Terms: knowledge Acceptance of the other’s reality with kindness Empathy is a consistent, unflagging Non-possessive caring appreciation of the experience of the other. Prizing It is active attention to the feelings of the Non-judgmental attitude client Q: Have you ever “prized” someone? Could you consistently “prize” a client, even if that person seemed to be without many It involves warmth and genuineness strengths or successes in life? Six Core Conditions Basic Characteristics (necessary & sufficient for personality changes to occur) In the Person Centered approach the 1. Two persons are in psychological contact focus is on helping the client discover 2. The first, the client, is experiencing incongruency 3. The second person, the therapist, is congruent or more appropriate behavior by developing integrated in the relationship self-awareness & 4. Therapist experiences unconditional positive regard ways to fully "encounter reality" or real caring for the client 5. Therapist experiences empathy for the client’s Through this encounter the client gains internal frame of reference and endeavors to insight of themselves & the world communicate this to the client 6. Communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved 3 The Therapist The Therapist Therapists are used as instruments of change but are not to direct the change in client The Therapist must be: congruent Therapist helps develop an environment in able to approach client with unconditional positive which the client can grow regard Through attitudes of genuine caring, respect, demonstrate accurate understanding and empathy and understanding the client is able to let Focuses on the quality of the therapeutic their defenses down & become more self- relationship aware Serves as a model of a human being struggling toward greater realness Therapist reflects client’s view of the world Is genuine, integrated, and authentic, without a (Phenomenological approach) false front Can openly express feelings & attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client INCONGRUENCE Therapeutic Process Main focus is on the person & not on the person's problems This allows the client to reconnect with his/herself. Client is assisted in therapy so that they can deal with current problems as well as problems that develop in the future Focuses on helping a person become aware of IDEAL SELF their true self & develop congruency REAL SELF Basic assumptions about the Client’s Experience client’s process… SELF-REGARD the focus is to help the Through therapy client is able to let down person feel significantly more positive his/her defenses & become more true to LOCUS-OF-EVALUATION clients tend to him/her selves worry too much about what others think; the They gain perception into themselves, goal is to have the client be less dependent on which allows them to better understand & other, externalized values and standards, i.e. accept others other’s evaluations of the client EXPERIENCING rather than a rigid mode, the goal is to have an attitude of openness 4 Limitations to Summary statements… Person-centered Therapy Helper is to be present & accessible, in the Therapist could become so dogmatic in moment-to-moment interchange application of reflective approach that they Focus is on the phenomenological world of fail to be real with client & the client irritate them by repeating their words in an attempt to make reflective statements Helper should strive to be as transparent & honest as possible Discounts
Recommended publications
  • Person-Centred Therapy Vs. Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
    PERSON-CENTRED THERAPY VS. RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY The purpose of this paper is to present a brief comparison of the approach to psychotherapy of Carl Rogers and Albert Ellis. I have selected Albert Ellis for comparative purposes since he was one of the other therapists participating with Rogers in the film “Three Approaches to Psycotherapy” , made in 1964, centering on interviews with the client “Gloria”. Person-Centered Therapy Rogers first formulated the essentials of Person-Centered Therapy (PCT), an approach to helping individuals and groups in conflict, in 1940. At the time it was a revolutionary hypothesis that a self-directed growth process would follow the provision and reception of a particular kind of relationship characterized by genuineness, non-judgmental caring, and empathy. Its most fundamental and pervasive concept is trust. The foundation of Rogers’ approach is a human being’s actualizing tendency towards the realization of his or her full potential; which he described as a formative tendency observable in the movement toward 134greater order, complexity and interrelatedness. The person-centered approach is built on trust that individuals and groups can set their own goals and monitor their own progress towards them. It assumes that the clients can be trusted to select their own therapist, choose the frequency and length of their therapy, talk or be silent, decide what needs to be explored, achieve their own insights, and be the architects of own lives. Moreover, groups can be trusted to develop processes right for them and to resolve conflicts in the group. In Person-Centered Therapy, the therapist provides continuous and constant empathy for the client's perceptions, meanings and feelings.
    [Show full text]
  • Nondirective Counseling
    Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Social Sciences 140 Nondirective Counseling Effects of Short Training and Individual Characteristics of Clients BY ERIK RAUTALINKO ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2004 ! "#$ % & % % ' ( ) * *( + , -( !( . &( -%% % ) & / . % . ( 0 ( ! ( 12 ( ( /3 45$$!51 "15! & * & 6 % ( / % % . + & 7 & % % & & ( ) * %* * % & & ( ) % %% % & & 8 * %% % ( ) 7 5 9' /5///: ( / ' / * +% & 9+;< , % &: , % % & & ( ) & +; , * % &( ) * * %% ( / ' // & * % % +; & % & ( 0 & , 7 % * & & % =& % =& * ( / ' /// * & 7 +; 5 7 * =& * %% , & ( +; & * 5 7 =&6 & * , & ( / & %% , & 8 % % , % & , & ( & % & 5 7 & , & ! " #! $% &''(! ! )*(&+' ! > -, + , ! / 25?!4 /3 45$$!51 "15! # ### 5!$$ 9 #@@ (,(@ A B # ### 5!$$: LIST OF PAPERS Paper I: Rautalinko, E., & Lisper, H.-O. (2004). Effects of training reflective listening in a corporate setting. Journal of Business and Psychology, 18, 281-299. Paper II: Rautalinko, E., Lisper, H.-O., & Ekehammar, B. (2004). Training reflective listening
    [Show full text]
  • Carl Rogers, Martin Buber, and Relationship
    Éisteach Volume 14 l Issue 2 l Summer 2014 Carl Rogers, Martin Buber, and Relationship by Ian Woods Abstract This article gives a brief biographical sketch of Carl Rogers (1902-1987) and Martin Buber (1878-1965) and summarises their respective views on relationship before outlining the public dialogue in which they engaged in 1957. The outline concentrates on the part of the dialogue dealing with the therapist-client relationship and indicates some of the essential points of the exchanges between the two men, drawing out their differing perspectives. As well as commenting also on Brian Thorne’s view of the dialogue, the author’s own views are indicated both on the content of the dialogue and its implications for practice. The two men. assumption of power in 1933. He 1937 was published in English as “I arl Rogers and Martin Buber met had by then become the leading and Thou”. Cin public dialogue on 18 April interpreter of Hasidism and Jewish Following an enforced departure 1957 in the University of Michigan, mysticism and had begun what from Germany in 1938 (the same U.S.A. There was an age difference became a lifetime’s large literary year as Freud’s move to England), of 24 years between them, Buber output including more than sixty Buber became professor at the being 79 and Rogers 55 at the volumes on religious, philosophical Hebrew University of Jerusalem until time. The difference in background and related subjects. In 1923 he his retirement in 1951. During the between the two men was even more published “Ich und Du” which in early years of the State of Israel, he considerable.
    [Show full text]
  • Winds of Change for Client-Centered Counseling
    WINDS OF CHANGE FOR CLIENT-CENTERED COUNSELING C. H. PATTERSON Humanistic Education and Development, 1993, 31, 130-133. In Understanding Psychotherapy: Fifty Years of Client-Centered Theory and Practice. PCCS Books, 2000. The winds of change they are ablowing. Client-centered counseling should be growing. The winds of change are blowing on client-centered counseling (among others, Cain, 1986, 1989a, 1989b, 1989c, 1990; Combs, 1988; Sachse, 1989; Sebastian, 1989). In the 3 years following the death of Carl Rogers, many were expressing dissatisfaction with ''traditional'' or "pure'' client-centered counseling and were engaged in trying to supplement it, extend it, and modify it. The basic complaint seems to be that the counselor conditions specified by Rogers (1957) are not sufficient. Tausch, at the International Conference on Client-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapy in Belgium in 1988, is quoted by Cain (1989c) as stating that client-centered therapy, in its pure form, is not effective for some clients and insufficient for others. Cain (1989c) commented on Gendlin's (1988) plenary address at the Belgium conference, noting that "some consider Gendlin's work a creative extension of client-centered therapy, while others contend that experiential therapy is simply incompatible with the theory and practice of client-centered therapy" (pp. 5-6). Brodley (1988) belongs to the latter group, judging from her paper at the same conference "Client-Centered and Experiential-Two Different Therapies.'' Cain (1989c) reported that Gendlin said he
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Construct Psychology
    WHAT WE EXPECT WHAT WE GET WHAT WE GET How did we get to this…and how do we recover? NEW AND IMPROVED THEORY? OR….. SAME OLE’ THING…WITH A NEW LOOK. Ecclesiastes 1:9 Structure of Sanctuary “Given the evidence that treatments are about equally effective, that treatments WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT delivered in clinical settings are PSYCHOTHERAPY? AND WHAT IS THERE LEFT TO DEBATE? effective (and as effective as that BRUCE E. WAMPOLD, PH.D., provided in clinical trials), that ABPPZAC E. IMEL, PH.D. 2018 the manner in which treatments are provided are much more important than which treatment is provided, mandating particular treatments seems illogical.” “THE DEVELOPMENT OF A THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP IS THE MOST ACCURATE INDICATOR OF A POSITIVE OUTCOME.” - J. ERIC GENTRY CARL ROGERS • January 1902-February 1987 • Person Centered Therapy • Unconditional Positive Regard + Congruence = Person Centered Treatment “I am not perfect…but I am enough.” PAUL D. MACLEAN • May 1913-December 2007 • Triune Brain • Three Distinct Brain Segments: Protoreptilian Paleomammalian Neomammalian “An interest in the brain requires no justification other than a curiosity to know why we are here, what we are doing here, and where we are going.” THE TRIUNE BRAIN Reptilian Brain Limbic Brain Neocortex ERIK ERIKSON • June 1902-May 1994 • Stages of Development • Development happens in stages with spectrum type “virutes” “Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive.” STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT • Traumatic Reenactment regresses an
    [Show full text]
  • 02B Psych Timeline.Pages
    THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY 100 Years: A Contemporary History Sigmund Freud founds Humanism Begins psychoanalysis Behaviorism Led by Carl Rogers and Freud's Edward Titchener John B. Watson publishes Abraham Maslow, who 1879 First Psychology Lab psychoanalytic introduces "Psychology as Behavior," publishes Motivation and Personality in 1954, this Wilhelm Wundt opens first approach asserts structuralism in the launching behaviorism. In experimental laboratory in that people are contrast to approach centers on the U.S. with his book conscious mind, free psychology at the University motivated by, Manual of psychoanalysis, of Leipzig, Germany. unconscious drives behaviorism focuses on will, human dignity, and Experimental the capacity for self- and conflicts. observable and Psychology measurable behavior. actualization. 1938 1890 1896 1906 1956 1860 1960 1879 1901 1913 The Behavior of 1954 Organisms First Modern William James begins B.F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov Cognitive Book of work in Functionalism publishes The Psychology William James and publishes the first Behavior of psychology By William John Dewey, whose studies in Organisms, psychologists James, 1896 article "The classical introducing operant begin to focus on Principles of Reflex Arc Concept in conditioning in conditioning. It draws cognitive states Psychology Psychology" promotes 1906; two years attention to and processes functionalism. before, he won behaviorism and the Nobel Prize for inspires laboratory his work with research on salivating dogs. conditioning. Name _________________________________Date _________________Period __________ THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY A Contemporary History Use the timeline from the back to answer the questions. 1. What happened earlier? A) B.F. Skinner publishes The Behavior of Organism B) John B. Watson publishes Psychology as Behavior 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Being: J.L. Moreno's Vision in Psychodrama
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, VOL. 8, NO. 1, MARCH 2003, pp. 31 – 36 The human being: J.L. Moreno’s vision in psychodrama NORBERT APTER Institut ODeF, 65, rue de Lausanne, CH – 1202, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract Integrating two different psychotherapeutic approaches is more and more frequent among psychologists. Psychodrama is often chosen as one. In order to be coherent and efficient, serious attention must be paid to verifying the compatibility of the two chosen approaches when integrating them (even partly), especially in terms of their vision of the human being. In order to facilitate this necessary verification, Norbert Apter reviews here Moreno’s psychodrama vision of the human being: a relational being, the spontaneity and creativity of which form the pillars enabling him to actualize his interactions and the interiorized roles on which he relies. Introduction Many psychologists throughout the world rely on psychodrama and its tools. There are many non-psychodramatists who have chosen to integrate only certain aspects of the method into their own school of psychotherapy (psychoanalysis, Jungian analysis, Adlerian analysis, family therapy, cognitive therapy, behavioural therapy, etc . .). (Blatner & Blatner, 1988, p. 2) list some 13 major therapeutic currents in which professionals chose to include some elements of psychodrama as a tool. The technique of psychodrama according to a given vision of the human being1 was developed by the psychiatrist, Jacob Levy Moreno (1889 – 1974). However, visions of the human being underlying various implementations of psychodrama are diverse and varied. Many people use psychodrama based on an approach that differs from Moreno’s vision of the human being.
    [Show full text]
  • Healthy Personality
    HEALTHY PERSONALITY Presented by CONTINUING PSYCHOLOGY EDUCATION 7.2 CONTACT HOURS “I wanted to prove that human beings are capable of something grander than war and prejudice and hatred.” Abraham Maslow, Psychology Today, 1968, 2, p.55. Course Objective Learning Objectives The purpose of this course is to provide an Upon completion, the participant will understand understanding of the concept of healthy personality. the nature, motivation, and characteristics of the Seven theorists offer their views on the subject, healthy personality. Seven influential including: Gordon Allport, Carl Rogers, Erich psychotherapists-theorists examine the concept Fromm, Abraham Maslow, Carl Jung, Viktor of healthy personality allowing the reader to Frankl, and Fritz Perls. integrate these principles into his or her own life. Accreditation Faculty Provider approved by the California Board of Neil Eddington, Ph.D. Registered Nursing, Provider # CEP 14008, for Richard Shuman, MFT 7.2 Contact Hours. In accordance with the California Code of Regulations, Section 2540.2(b) for licensed vocational nurses and 2592.2(b) for psychiatric technicians, this course is accepted by the Board of Vocational Nursing and Psychiatric Technicians for 7.2 contact hours of continuing education credit. Mission Statement Continuing Psychology Education provides the highest quality continuing education designed to fulfill the professional needs and interests of nurses. Resources are offered to improve professional competency, maintain knowledge of the latest advancements, and meet continuing education requirements mandated by the profession. Copyright © 2006 Continuing Psychology Education 1 Continuing Psychology Education P.O. Box 9659 San Diego, CA 92169 FAX: (858) 272-5809 phone: 1 800 281-5068 www.texcpe.com HEALTHY PERSONALITY INTRODUCTION personality offered by Gordon Allport, Carl Rogers, Erich Fromm, Abraham Maslow, Carl Jung, Viktor Frankl, and Fritz The study of healthy personality was ignored for a long time Perls.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
    Major Schools of Thought in Psychology When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt . Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology: Structuralism vs. Functionalism: Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Major structuralist thinkers include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. Functionalism formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by the work of William James . Major functionalist thinkers included John Dewey and Harvey Carr. Behaviorism: Behaviorism became the dominant school of thought during the 1950s. Based upon the work of thinkers such as John B. Watson , Ivan Pavlov , and B. F. Skinner , behaviorism holds that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes, rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior . Theories of learning including classical conditioning and operant conditioning were the focus of a great deal of research. Psychoanalysis : Sigmund Freud was the found of psychodynamic approach. This school of thought emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements: the id , the ego , and the superego. Other major psychodynamic thinkers include Anna Freud, Carl Jung, and Erik Erikson.
    [Show full text]
  • Carl R. Rogers Collection, 1902-1990
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2f59n977 No online items Guide to the Carl R. Rogers Collection, 1902-1990 Project archivist: David C. Gartrell; student assistants: Krnee Deemark, Joyce Jiang, Mike Steiner; machine-readable finding aid created by David C. Gartrell Department of Special Collections Davidson Library University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Phone: (805) 893-3062 Fax: (805) 893-5749 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.library.ucsb.edu/speccoll/speccoll.html © 1999 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Guide to the Carl R. Rogers HPA Mss 32 1 Collection, 1902-1990 Guide to the Carl R. Rogers Collection, 1902-1990 Collection number: HPA Mss 32 Department of Special Collections Donald C. Davidson Library Department of Special Collections University of California, Santa Barbara Contact Information: Department of Special Collections Davidson Library University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Phone: (805) 893-3062 Fax: (805) 893-5749 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.library.ucsb.edu/speccoll/speccoll.html Project Archivist: David C. Gartrell Student Assistants: Krnee Deemark, Joyce Jiang, Mike Steiner Date Completed: Last revised: 20 December 1999 Encoded by: David C. Gartrell © 1999 the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Carl R. Rogers Collection, Date (inclusive): 1902-1990 Collection number: HPA Mss 32 Creator: Rogers, Carl R. Center for the Studies of the Person Forms part of: The Humanistic Psychology Archives Extent: 52 manuscript boxes, two oversize boxes, approximately 350 audiovisual items; approximately 35 linear feet Repository: University of California, Santa Barbara.
    [Show full text]
  • An Existential Criterion of Normal and Abnormal Personality in the Works of Carl Jung and Carl Rogers Sergey A
    Psychology in Russia: State of the Art Russian Lomonosov Psychological Moscow State Volume 9, Issue 2, 2016 Society University Personality psychology An existential criterion of normal and abnormal personality in the works of Carl Jung and Carl Rogers Sergey A. Kapustin Psychology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] This article is the third in a series of four articles scheduled for publication in this jour- nal. In the first article (Kapustin, 2015a) I proposed a description of a new so-called ex- istential criterion of normal and abnormal personality that is implicitly present in the works of Erich Fromm. According to this criterion, normal and abnormal personalities are determined, first, by special features of the content of their position regarding exis- tential dichotomies that are natural to human beings and, second, by particular aspects of the formation of this position. Such dichotomies, entitatively existent in all human life, are inherent, two-alternative contradictions. The position of a normal personality in its content orients a person toward a contradictious predetermination of life in the form of existential dichotomies and necessitates a search for compromise in resolving these dichotomies. This position is created on a rational basis with the person’s ac- tive participation. The position of an abnormal personality in its content subjectively denies a contradictious predetermination of life in the form of existential dichotomies and orients a person toward a consistent, noncompetitive, and, as a consequence, one- sided way of life that doesn’t include self-determination. This position is imposed by other people on an irrational basis.
    [Show full text]
  • Rediscovering Rogers's Self Theory and Personality
    Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology Nik Ahmad, Mustafa Tekke Vol. 4, No. 3, 2015 Rediscovering Rogers’s Self Theory and Personality Nik Ahmad Hisham Ismail Institute of Education, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Phone No: +603 6196 4000 [email protected] Mustafa Tekke (Corresponding author) Turkey Institute of Education, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Phone No: +60188730772 [email protected] Abstract This study examined the self theory of Carl Rogers in depth. There are some important concepts illuminated well, considering one’s personality development. Its main focus was positive regard, self-worth and actualizing tendency, proposed by Rogers. To explain them in brief, positive regard was studied through self-image, ideal self and congruence. Self- worth is described as conditional and unconditional to cope with challenges in life, tolerate failures and sadness at times. Actualizing tendency was expounded into fully functioning or self-actualizing. These all concepts indicated that having a tendency on human behavior and concentrating on the capacity of individuals to think intentionally and soundly, to control their biological urges, are significantly main elements to evaluate one’s self. Therefore, in the humanistic perspective, individuals have the opportunity and will to change their states of mind and behavior. This study might be a guide to some certain aspect of self related studies for other researchers to benefit accordingly and also to develop a new scale related to self using Rogers’s theory. Keywords: Rogers, personality, self, positive regard, actualizing tendency Introduction developed on actualizing tendency (Schultz & Schultz, 2013). The paper presents the theory of Carl Roger`s self.
    [Show full text]