DOCSLIB.ORG

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Butterflies and Their Floral Resources

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Butterflies and Their Floral Resources SPATIOTEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF BUTTERFLIES AND THEIR FLORAL RESOURCES A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Adrienne Kendra Antonsen In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Entomology June 2020 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title SPATIOTEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF BUTTERFLIES AND THEIR FLORAL RESOURCES By Adrienne Kendra Antonsen The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Jason Harmon Chair Torre Hovick Ryan Limb Benjamin Geaumont Approved: 07/02/2020 Frank Casey Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Butterflies fulfill a unique role among insect pollinators as long-distance flyers. This makes butterflies particularly valuable as vectors of genetic diversity among spatially isolated plant populations. Like many insects, though, butterfly populations have experienced significant declines in recent years. To help inform conservation efforts, and to investigate community and species level dynamics, I studied butterflies and their floral resources as part of a three year pollinator survey across the state of North Dakota. At the community level, I analyzed butterfly- flower interaction networks across space and time. I then examined the specialization of individual species within those networks and their contributions to network structure. I also evaluated spatial and temporal distribution patterns of monarch butterflies, regal fritillaries, and their plant resources. Results revealed dynamic spatiotemporal relationships between butterflies and their plant resources that have important implications for conservation efforts and the study of ecological communities. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to acknowledge my research advisor Jason Harmon. Your knowledge and continual encouragement made this thesis possible. More important than any tangible product, I have grown immensely as a person because of your guidance. Thank you so much, I could never have completed this process without you! To my mom and dad, thank you for cheering me on in my educational endeavors since I was a kid. Reaching this point, graduating with my master’s degree, has been a lifelong journey that started with asking for extra math homework “for fun” in kindergarten. Onward through high school, undergraduate, and graduate school, your support has been a vital driving force behind my continued efforts. Finally, thank you to Gretchen O’Neil, worm fossil queen of the geosciences department. Grad school would have been way less fun without you by my side. iv DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my sweet fur baby, Prince, the best little data entry helper and writing buddy there ever was. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ x LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES.................................................................................................. xii 1. PLANT-POLLINATOR INTERACTION NETWORKS: WHAT QUESTIONS, TAXA, AND REGIONS ARE WE STUDYING? ......................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Methods ................................................................................................................................ 3 1.3. Results .................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3.1. Questions ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2. Taxa ............................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.3. Regions .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.4. Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 8 1.4.1. Questions ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.4.2. Taxa ............................................................................................................................. 10 1.4.3. Regions ........................................................................................................................ 11 1.5. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 12 1.6. References .......................................................................................................................... 12 2. SPATIOTEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF BUTTERFLY-FLOWER INTERACTION NETWORKS ................................................................................................................................ 19 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 19 2.2. Methods .............................................................................................................................. 23 2.2.1. Study Area ................................................................................................................... 23 vi 2.2.2. Butterfly Survey Methods ........................................................................................... 25 2.2.3. Floral Survey Methods ................................................................................................ 26 2.2.4. Network Analysis ........................................................................................................ 26 2.2.5. Network-Level Characteristics .................................................................................... 27 2.2.6. Modular Roles ............................................................................................................. 28 2.2.7. Species-Level Characteristics ...................................................................................... 30 2.3. Results ................................................................................................................................ 32 2.3.1. Summary Data ............................................................................................................. 32 2.3.2. Network-Level Characteristics .................................................................................... 32 2.3.3. Modular Roles ............................................................................................................. 33 2.3.4. Temporal Correlations of Species Characteristics ...................................................... 34 2.3.5. Spatial Correlations of Species Characteristics ........................................................... 35 2.4. Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 36 2.4.1. Network-Level Characteristics .................................................................................... 37 2.4.2. Modular Roles ............................................................................................................. 39 2.4.3. Species-Level Characteristics ...................................................................................... 43 2.4.4. Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 44 2.5. References .......................................................................................................................... 45 3. DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY (DANAUS PLEXIPPUS), REGAL FRITILLARY (SPEYERIA IDALIA), AND THEIR FOOD RESOURCES THROUGH SPACE AND TIME ................................................................................................. 54 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 54 3.2. Methods .............................................................................................................................. 56 3.2.1. North Dakota Grasslands ............................................................................................. 56 3.2.2. Monarch Butterfly Natural History ............................................................................. 57 3.2.3. Regal Fritillary Natural History ................................................................................... 59 vii 3.2.4. Butterfly Survey Methods ..........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Toward a Resolution of Campanulid Phylogeny, with Special Reference to the Placement of Dipsacales
    TAXON 57 (1) • February 2008: 53–65 Winkworth & al. • Campanulid phylogeny MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales Richard C. Winkworth1,2, Johannes Lundberg3 & Michael J. Donoghue4 1 Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 11461–CEP 05422-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. [email protected] (author for correspondence) 2 Current address: School of Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Private Bag, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji 3 Department of Phanerogamic Botany, The Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden 4 Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106, U.S.A. Broad-scale phylogenetic analyses of the angiosperms and of the Asteridae have failed to confidently resolve relationships among the major lineages of the campanulid Asteridae (i.e., the euasterid II of APG II, 2003). To address this problem we assembled presently available sequences for a core set of 50 taxa, representing the diver- sity of the four largest lineages (Apiales, Aquifoliales, Asterales, Dipsacales) as well as the smaller “unplaced” groups (e.g., Bruniaceae, Paracryphiaceae, Columelliaceae). We constructed four data matrices for phylogenetic analysis: a chloroplast coding matrix (atpB, matK, ndhF, rbcL), a chloroplast non-coding matrix (rps16 intron, trnT-F region, trnV-atpE IGS), a combined chloroplast dataset (all seven chloroplast regions), and a combined genome matrix (seven chloroplast regions plus 18S and 26S rDNA). Bayesian analyses of these datasets using mixed substitution models produced often well-resolved and supported trees.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae Based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa
    Systematic Botany (2010), 35(2): pp. 425–441 © Copyright 2010 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa David C. Tank 1,2,3 and Michael J. Donoghue 1 1 Peabody Museum of Natural History & Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P. O. Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 U. S. A. 2 Department of Forest Resources & Stillinger Herbarium, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, P. O. Box 441133, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1133 U. S. A. 3 Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Communicating Editor: Javier Francisco-Ortega Abstract— Previous attempts to resolve relationships among the primary lineages of Campanulidae (e.g. Apiales, Asterales, Dipsacales) have mostly been unconvincing, and the placement of a number of smaller groups (e.g. Bruniaceae, Columelliaceae, Escalloniaceae) remains uncertain. Here we build on a recent analysis of an incomplete data set that was assembled from the literature for a set of 50 campanulid taxa. To this data set we first added newly generated DNA sequence data for the same set of genes and taxa. Second, we sequenced three additional cpDNA coding regions (ca. 8,000 bp) for the same set of 50 campanulid taxa. Finally, we assembled the most comprehensive sample of cam- panulid diversity to date, including ca. 17,000 bp of cpDNA for 122 campanulid taxa and five outgroups. Simply filling in missing data in the 50-taxon data set (rendering it 94% complete) resulted in a topology that was similar to earlier studies, but with little additional resolution or confidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetics of Asterids Based on 3 Coding and 3 Non-Coding Chloroplast DNA Markers and the Utility of Non-Coding DNA at Higher Taxonomic Levels
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24 (2002) 274–301 www.academicpress.com Phylogenetics of asterids based on 3 coding and 3 non-coding chloroplast DNA markers and the utility of non-coding DNA at higher taxonomic levels Birgitta Bremer,a,e,* Kaare Bremer,a Nahid Heidari,a Per Erixon,a Richard G. Olmstead,b Arne A. Anderberg,c Mari Kaallersj€ oo,€ d and Edit Barkhordariana a Department of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyva€gen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden b Department of Botany, University of Washington, P.O. Box 355325, Seattle, WA, USA c Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden d Laboratory for Molecular Systematics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden e The Bergius Foundation at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 50017, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Received 25 September 2001; received in revised form 4 February 2002 Abstract Asterids comprise 1/4–1/3 of all flowering plants and are classified in 10 orders and >100 families. The phylogeny of asterids is here explored with jackknife parsimony analysis of chloroplast DNA from 132 genera representing 103 families and all higher groups of asterids. Six different markers were used, three of the markers represent protein coding genes, rbcL, ndhF, and matK, and three other represent non-coding DNA; a region including trnL exons and the intron and intergenic spacers between trnT (UGU) to trnF (GAA); another region including trnV exons and intron, trnM and intergenic spacers between trnV (UAC) and atpE, and the rps16 intron.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Studies in the Euasterids II
    Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 676 _____________________________ _____________________________ Phylogenetic Studies in the Euasterids II with Particular Reference to Asterales and Escalloniaceae BY JOHANNES LUNDBERG ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2001 Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Systematic Botany presented at Uppsala University in 2002 Abstract Lundberg, J. 2001. Phylogenetic studies in the Euasterids II with particular reference to Asterales and Escalloniaceae. Acta Univ. Ups. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 676. 38 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-5191-8. The present study is concerned with the evolutionary relationships among the Euasterids II, a group of angiosperms that includes the orders Apiales, Aquifoliales, Asterales, and Dipsacales together with several small, poorly known families yet unplaced as to order. Parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequence data from the chloroplast genes atpB, ndhF and rbcL together with morphological data are used to construct a phylogeny of the order Asterales, which in the present sense includes 11 families and more than 26 000 species. It is argued that Rousseaceae should be expanded to include also Carpodetaceae (and thus contain four genera), and that Donatia should be re-merged with Stylidiaceae. The present study also strongly supports that the sister taxon to the largest plant family, Asteraceae (Compositae), is the small South American Calyceraceae. A new addition to Asterales is Platyspermation (formerly in Escalloniaceae). Using the recently developed Bayesian approach to phylogenetic reconstruction, in combination with a dataset consisting of the atpB, ndhF and rbcL nucleotide sequences, a resolved and fairly well supported phylogeny of the Euasterids II was reconstructed.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant Species of the Comanche National Grassland in United States Department Southeastern Colorado of Agriculture
    Vascular Plant Species of the Comanche National Grassland in United States Department Southeastern Colorado of Agriculture Forest Service Donald L. Hazlett Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-130 June 2004 Hazlett, Donald L. 2004. Vascular plant species of the Comanche National Grassland in southeast- ern Colorado. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-130. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 36 p. Abstract This checklist has 785 species and 801 taxa (for taxa, the varieties and subspecies are included in the count) in 90 plant families. The most common plant families are the grasses (Poaceae) and the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Of this total, 513 taxa are definitely known to occur on the Comanche National Grassland. The remaining 288 taxa occur in nearby areas of southeastern Colorado and may be discovered on the Comanche National Grassland. The Author Dr. Donald L. Hazlett has worked as an ecologist, botanist, ethnobotanist, and teacher in Latin America and in Colorado. He has specialized in the flora of the eastern plains since 1985. His many years in Latin America prompted him to include Spanish common names in this report, names that are seldom reported in floristic pub- lications. He is also compiling plant folklore stories for Great Plains plants. Since Don is a native of Otero county, this project was of special interest. All Photos by the Author Cover: Purgatoire Canyon, Comanche National Grassland You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media.
    [Show full text]
  • The Distinct Plastid Genome Structure of Maackia Fauriei (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) and Its Systematic Implications for Genistoids and Tribe Sophoreae
    RESEARCH ARTICLE The distinct plastid genome structure of Maackia fauriei (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) and its systematic implications for genistoids and tribe Sophoreae In-Su Choi, Byoung-Hee Choi* Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 Traditionally, the tribe Sophoreae sensu lato has been considered a basal but also hetero- a1111111111 geneous taxonomic group of the papilionoid legumes. Phylogenetic studies have placed Sophoreae sensu stricto (s.s.) as a member of the core genistoids. The recently suggested new circumscription of this tribe involved the removal of traditional members and the inclu- sion of Euchresteae and Thermopsideae. Nonetheless, definitions and inter- and intra-taxo- OPEN ACCESS nomic issues of Sophoreae remain unclear. Within the field of legume systematics, the Citation: Choi I-S, Choi B-H (2017) The distinct molecular characteristics of a plastid genome (plastome) have an important role in helping plastid genome structure of Maackia fauriei to define taxonomic groups. Here, we examined the plastome of Maackia fauriei, belonging (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) and its systematic implications for genistoids and tribe Sophoreae. to Sophoreae s.s., to elucidate the molecular characteristics of Sophoreae. Its gene con- PLoS ONE 12(4): e0173766. https://doi.org/ tents are similar to the plastomes of other typical legumes. Putative pseudogene rps16 of 10.1371/journal.pone.0173766 Maackia and Lupinus species imply independent functional gene loss from the genistoids. Editor: Giovanni G Vendramin, Consiglio Nazionale Our overall examination of that loss among legumes suggests that it is common among all delle Ricerche, ITALY major clades of Papilionoideae.
    [Show full text]
  • SE Colorado Inventory Final Report
    Southeastern Colorado Survey of Critical Biological Resources 2007 ii Southeastern Colorado Survey of Critical Biological Resources Prepared for: Colorado Cattleman’s Agricultural Land Trust 8833 Ralston Road Arvada, CO 80002 Great Outdoors Colorado 1600 Broadway, Suite 1650 Denver, CO 80202 Colorado Department of Natural Resources Division of State Board of Land Commissioners 1313 Sherman Street Denver, CO 80203 Colorado Department of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife 6060 Broadway Denver, CO 80216 Prepared by: Joe Stevens, John Sovell, Denise Culver, Karin Decker, Lee Grunau, Amy Lavender, Chris Gaughan Colorado Natural Heritage Program Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University 8002 Campus Mail Fort Collins, CO 80523-8002 (970) 491-1309 email: heritage@ colostate.edu http://www.cnhp.colostate.edu May 2008 Copyright © 2008 Colorado State University Colorado Natural Heritage Program All Rights Reserved Cover photograph: Bruno Canyon in morning light, by Renée Rondeau iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The biological diversity of the shortgrass prairies and juniper rimmed canyons of Southeast Colorado represent a vast and largely intact ecosystem that is not fully understood or documented. While the ranchers that make up the majority of landowners in the area understand much about the character and capabilities of the area, they too are limited in their knowledge of specifics regarding the full range of biological diversity on their lands. Their desire to better understand the natural heritage maintained on their lands, and in the region as a whole, served as the impetus for this study. It is with that objective in mind that the Southeastern Colorado Survey of Critical Biological Resources 2007 was completed.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Argophyllum (Argophyllaceae) with Notes on the Species from New Caledonia and Nickel Hyperaccumulation
    plants Article A New Species of Argophyllum (Argophyllaceae) with Notes on the Species from New Caledonia and Nickel Hyperaccumulation Yohan Pillon 1,* and Vanessa Hequet 2 1 LSTM, IRD, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Univ. Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France 2 AMAP, IRD, Herbier NOU, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The taxonomy of Argophyllum (Argophyllaceae) in New Caledonia is reviewed here. All names validly published in Argophyllum in this archipelago are discussed and lectotypified when necessary. A new species is described, Argophyllum riparium (The LSID for the name Argophyllum riparium is: 77216335-1) Pillon and Hequet sp. nov. Argophyllum grunowii and A. ellipticum are both species complexes in which several species previously recognized are included here as well. Seven species are recognized in New Caledonia: A. brevipetalum, A. ellipticum, A. grunowii, A. montanum, A. nitidum, A. riparium and A. vernicosum, all endemic. Leaf nickel content of A. riparium can exceed 1000 µg·g−1, which makes this species a nickel hyperaccumulator. Measurements with a handheld X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer confirmed that this was also the case for all other species from A. nitidum New Caledonia, except . An identification key of New Caledonian species is provided. Keywords: island; metal hyperaccumulation; Pacific; serpentine; systematics; ultramafic Citation: Pillon, Y.; Hequet, V. A New Species of Argophyllum (Argophyllaceae) with Notes on the Species from New Caledonia and Nickel Hyperaccumulation. Plants 1. Introduction 2021, 10, 701. https://doi.org/ Argophyllum J.R.Forst. and G.Forst. [1] (p. 29) is a genus of shrubs and small trees 10.3390/plants10040701 that has traditionally been placed in Saxifragaceae, or sometimes in Escalloniaceae or Grossulariaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Associations of Societies for Growing Australian Plants ASGAP Rainforest Study Group NEWSLETTER No 61
    Associations of Societies for Growing Australian Plants ASGAP Rainforest Study Group NEWSLETTER No 61. (6) October 2005 ISSN 0729-5413 Annual Subscription $5, $10 overseas Group Leader: Kris Kupsch, 28 Plumtree Pocket Burringbar, 2483 Ph. (02) 66771466 Email: [email protected] Hello everyone, I’m sure this newsletter has been to excessive rainfall in June (611mm) the ground long awaited for study group members. I have has remained moist throughout the winter, which had to reside to the fact that colour photos in the has resulted in a mass of growth now that the newsletter were going to cost too much and warm northerlies have returned. owing to my irregularity of posting them I Notwithstanding, winter did result in a few couldn’t take the option of increasing the casualties, these being: membership costs to the group. Instead I have posted the photos of many of the plants, which I 1. Calophyllum bicolor, a rare species have spoken about, on the following web site. I from Cape York, all ten specimens died will endeavour to utilise an ASGAP website in following two days when maximum due course. temperatures never exceeded 14C. 2. Pandanus basedowii seedlings from http://spaces.msn.com/members/kriskupsch/Per- Arnhem Land died, however I have sonalSpace.aspx?_c01_photoalbum=showde- older specimens doing fine. fault&_c02_owner=1&_c=photoalbum 3. Nypa fruticans the mangrove palm from the tropics died, however this was The subscriptions to this years membership will expected. be relaxed primarily due to my ‘slackness’ and 4. Gulubia costata (recently assigned to as the groups balance is currently a little over the genus Hydriastele).
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Biodiversity Science, Discovery, and Conservation: Case Studies from Australasia and the Pacific
    Plant Biodiversity Science, Discovery, and Conservation: Case Studies from Australasia and the Pacific Craig Costion School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA 5005 Thesis by publication submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology July 2011 ABSTRACT This thesis advances plant biodiversity knowledge in three separate bioregions, Micronesia, the Queensland Wet Tropics, and South Australia. A systematic treatment of the endemic flora of Micronesia is presented for the first time thus advancing alpha taxonomy for the Micronesia-Polynesia biodiversity hotspot region. The recognized species boundaries are used in combination with all known botanical collections as a basis for assessing the degree of threat for the endemic plants of the Palau archipelago located at the western most edge of Micronesia’s Caroline Islands. A preliminary assessment is conducted utilizing the IUCN red list Criteria followed by a new proposed alternative methodology that enables a degree of threat to be established utilizing existing data. Historical records and archaeological evidence are reviewed to establish the minimum extent of deforestation on the islands of Palau since the arrival of humans. This enabled a quantification of population declines of the majority of plants endemic to the archipelago. In the state of South Australia, the importance of establishing concepts of endemism is emphasized even further. A thorough scientific assessment is presented on the state’s proposed biological corridor reserve network. The report highlights the exclusion from the reserve system of one of the state’s most important hotspots of plant endemism that is highly threatened from habitat fragmentation and promotes the use of biodiversity indices to guide conservation priorities in setting up reserve networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region
    Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region (VERSION 3) NEIL SNOW Herbarium Pacificum Bernice P. Bishop Museum 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, HI 96817 [email protected] Suggested citation: Snow, N. 2009. Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region (Version 3). 316 pp. Retrievable from the Colorado Native Plant Society (http://www.conps.org/plant_lists.html). The author retains the rights irrespective of its electronic posting. Please circulate freely. 1 Snow, N. January 2009. Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region. (Version 3). Dedication To all who work on behalf of the conservation of species and ecosystems. Abbreviated Table of Contents Fern Allies and Ferns.........................................................................................................12 Gymnopserms ....................................................................................................................19 Angiosperms ......................................................................................................................21 Amaranthaceae ............................................................................................................23 Apiaceae ......................................................................................................................31 Asteraceae....................................................................................................................38 Boraginaceae ...............................................................................................................98
    [Show full text]
  • Thonner's Analytical Key to the Families of Flowering Plants
    Thonner's analyticalke y to thefamilie s of flowering plants R.Geesin k A.J .M .Leeuwenber g C.E.Ridsdale J.F .Veldkam p PUDOC, Centre for Agricultural Leiden University Press Publishing and Documentation The Hague/Boston/London, Wageningen, 1981 1981 /1/0 07 (P- :>< R. Geesink-Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Netherlands A. J. M. Leeuwenberg - Laboratorium voor Plantensystematiek en Planten- geografie, Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands C. E. Ridsdale-B. A. Krukoff Botanist ofMalesia n Botany, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Netherlands J. F. Veldkamp-Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Netherlands This volume isliste d inth eLibrar y of Congress Cataloging inPublicatio n Data Thisi sa translate d and revised edition of:Anleitun g zumBestimme n der Familien der Blutenpflanzen, 2nd. ed. 1917, Friedländer, Berlin ISBN 90-220-0730-8 © Centre foragricultura l publishing and documentation, PUDOC, Wageningen 1981 and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, 1981 Allright sreserved . Nopar t ofthi spublicatio n mayb ereproduced , stored ina retrieva l system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 566, 2501 CN The Hague, The Netherlands, and PUDOC, P.O. Box 4,670 0A AWageningen , TheNetherland s Printed inth e Netherlands Contents Preface toth e2n deditio n(1917 ) vii Introduction viii Acknowledgements x FranzThonne r- Life (1863-1928) xii FranzThonner-Bibliograph y xv FranzThonner-Derive dwork s xviii FranzThonner-Eponym y xx The Key - Introduction and Notes xxii Schemefo r adiagnosti cdescriptio n xxvi Conciseke yt oth ema jo rgrouping s 1 Keyt oth efamilie s 3 Glossary 198 Index 214 'All plants are hybrids, but some are greater bastards than others' lf*!Mfc .-, -e *••-r • + VT-V «-•! * .
    [Show full text]