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Maclean's» Et Le «Québec Bashing». Analyse Sociodiscursive D'une

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Maclean's» Et Le «Québec Bashing». Analyse Sociodiscursive D'une LE DOSSIER MACLEAN’S ET LE QUÉBEC BASHING Analyse sociodiscursive d‟une affaire médiatique controversée Thèse GENEVIÈVE BERNARD BARBEAU Doctorat en linguistique Philosophiæ Doctor (Ph.D.) Québec, Canada © Geneviève Bernard Barbeau, 2014 RÉSUMÉ Dans son édition du 4 octobre 2010, le Maclean’s, périodique canadien de langue anglaise, a publié un dossier intitulé « Quebec : The most corrupt province in Canada », suscitant la controverse au Québec et dans l‘ensemble du Canada. Si certains individus ont appuyé les propos des auteurs, d‘autres les ont condamnés, affirmant qu‘il s‘agissait de Québec bashing, soit une forme de dénigrement du Québec et des Québécois. Par ailleurs, le débat, qui concernait initialement la corruption, s‘est rapidement élargi pour porter sur la question québécoise, ce qui a intensifié les échanges et qui leur a conféré une dimension identitaire forte. Dès lors, et en raison de l‘ampleur du tollé, la controverse entourant la publication du Maclean’s a pu être envisagée comme une affaire médiatique révélatrice de tensions sociales. Nous nous sommes intéressée au phénomène qu‘est le Québec bashing et nous avons fait de l‘affaire Maclean’s le point de départ de notre étude. Suivant une approche multidimensionnelle de l‘analyse des discours sociaux, notre objectif était de mettre au jour la façon dont se construit le Québec bashing, d‘identifier les mécanismes sociodiscursifs qui le sous-tendent et de faire état des réactions qu‘il suscite dans l‘espace public. Nous avons mené une analyse en quatre temps : sur le plan lexicologique, nous nous sommes attachée à définir ce qu‘est le (Québec) bashing à partir de l‘emploi de cette expression en contexte médiatique québécois francophone; sur le plan argumentatif, nous avons analysé la construction du discours à l‘origine de la controverse avant de nous pencher sur les arguments mobilisés par les participants au débat pour qualifier ou non ce discours de Québec bashing; sur le plan sociohistorique, nous nous sommes intéressée aux événements du passé qui sont remis en discours dans le débat et qui témoignent de la mémoire collective des groupes qui s‘affrontent; sur le plan sociodiscursif, nous avons identifié les procédés utilisés pour s‘en prendre à autrui. Ultimement, cette analyse nous a permis de circonscrire le phénomène qu‘est le Québec bashing, de l‘envisager d‘un point de vue sociodiscursif et de contribuer à l‘avancement des travaux sur les discours de confrontation. iv ABSTRACT On October 4th 2010, the Canadian weekly news magazine Maclean’s published an issue about corruption in Quebec (―Quebec : The most corrupt province in Canada‖), which caused controversy not only in Quebec but throughout the whole of Canada. While some people supported the writers, others argued that they were participating in Quebec bashing, a form of denigration of Quebec and Quebecers. Moreover, the debate quickly spiraled from one about corruption to one that encompassed questions of politics, language, and identity. Because of the extent and intensity of the debate, the controversy can be considered as an event that brought to light social tensions between groups. Drawing on the controversy surrounding Maclean’s issue about corruption in Quebec, this thesis focusses on the social phenomenon of Quebec bashing. Specifically, the aim of this research was to use a multidimensional approach to social discourse analysis in order to examine the construction of Quebec bashing, identify its sociodiscursive components, and investigate the reactions it provoked in public space. The analysis was conducted on four levels. Firstly, on a lexicological level, a definition of (Quebec) bashing, based on the use of the expression in Quebec francophone newspapers, is presented. Secondly, an argumentative analysis is used to study the organization of the discourse on which the controversy is based and to present the arguments raised by those debating whether or not to qualify this discourse as Quebec bashing. Thirdly, from a sociohistorical point of view, the way past events are used in the debate, as a reflection of the confrontation between different collective memories, is examined. Finally, on a sociodiscursive level, the discursive processes used to attack others are explored. Ultimately, this analysis defines the phenomenon of Quebec bashing, considers it from a sociodiscursive point of view, and contributes to the existing body of work on discourse confrontation. TABLE DES MATIÈRES Résumé iii Abstract v Table des matières vii Liste des tableaux xi Liste des figures xiii Remerciements xv Introduction 1 Le Maclean’s et la corruption au Québec : chronologie d‘une controverse 1 La publication du dossier Maclean’s : une véritable affaire médiatique 5 Problématique et objectifs 9 Chapitre 1. État de la question 13 1.1. Les relations entre les groupes au Canada 17 1.1.1. Un aperçu historique des tensions et du rapport de force entre les groupes 17 1.1.2. Quelques discours anti-Québec au fil du temps 25 1.2. Les manifestations discursives des tensions sociales 26 1.2.1. L‘opposition entre les groupes : une question d‘affrontement identitaire 27 1.2.1.1. L‘identité : construction contrastive fondée sur des représentations 29 1.2.1.2. L‘identité : construction plurielle 31 1.2.1.3. L‘identité : construction discursive 33 1.2.1.4. L‘identité : construction interactionnelle et argumentative 36 1.2.2. De l‘opposition au dénigrement : la construction du discours « contre » 41 1.2.2.1. Quelques composantes du discours de dénigrement 43 1.2.2.2. La disqualification d‘autrui : entre capital symbolique et force persuasive 49 1.2.2.3. La circulation des discours : indice de la force de frappe du dénigrement 53 Chapitre 2. Cadre d‟analyse 57 2.1. L‘analyse de discours 57 2.2. La sociologie interactionniste 62 2.3. De la rhétorique à une analyse argumentative de discours 64 2.3.1. La rhétorique aristotélicienne 64 2.3.2. La nouvelle rhétorique 65 2.3.3. Vers une analyse argumentative de discours 66 2.4. L‘approche modulaire : méthode multidimensionnelle d‘analyse de discours 69 2.5. Quel type d‘analyse pour les discours « contre »? 71 Chapitre 3. Méthodologie 75 3.1. Affaire médiatique et constitution d‘un corpus d‘analyse 76 3.1.1. Présentation du corpus principal 80 3.1.1.1. Discours source 81 3.1.1.2. Documents journalistiques 82 3.1.1.3. Documents para-journalistiques 86 3.1.1.4. Documents citoyens médiatiques 86 3.1.1.5. Document mixte 87 3.1.2. Présentation du corpus secondaire 92 3.1.3. Considérations méthodologiques relatives aux corpus principal et secondaire 93 3.2. Analyse multidimensionnelle et considérations méthodologiques 95 Chapitre 4. Dimension lexicologique : vers une définition du (Québec) bashing 99 4.1. Bashing : contextes d‘emploi dans les médias québécois francophones 100 4.1.1. Considérations méthodologiques 100 4.1.2. Présentation et analyse des résultats 101 4.1.2.1. Le recours à des commentaires métalinguistiques 101 4.1.2.2. Bashing : environnement textuel et composantes de sens 104 4.1.2.3. Le cas de Québec bashing 107 4.2. Le bashing comme schématisation d‘un affrontement social 111 4.3. Bilan 116 Chapitre 5. Dimension argumentative : analyse du discours source et des réactions suscitées dans l‟espace public 119 5.1. L‘affaire Maclean’s : analyse du discours source 120 5.1.1. Considérations méthodologiques 120 5.1.2. Présentation et analyse des résultats 120 5.1.2.1. Analyse de l‘article de Patriquin 120 5.1.2.2. Analyse de la chronique de Coyne 128 5.1.3. Bilan partiel 136 5.2. Le dossier Maclean’s et le Québec bashing : analyse des réactions 137 5.2.1. Considérations méthodologiques 137 5.2.2. Présentation et analyse des résultats 139 5.2.2.1. Le dossier Maclean’s : un cas de Québec bashing 142 5.2.2.2. Le dossier Maclean’s : peut-être une critique, mais pas du bashing 146 5.2.3. Bilan partiel 151 5.3. Bilan 152 Chapitre 6. Dimension sociohistorique : le rappel de faits du passé qui alimentent les tensions entre les groupes 155 6.1. La mémoire collective, une construction discursive 156 6.2. Mémoire et tensions entre les groupes au Canada 163 6.2.1. Considérations méthodologiques 163 6.2.2. Présentation et analyse des résultats 165 6.2.2.1. Analyse du discours source 166 6.2.2.2. Analyse des réactions au discours source 167 6.2.2.2.1. Les rappels en lien avec la question politique 171 viii 6.2.2.2.2. Les rappels en lien avec la question linguistique 175 6.2.2.2.3. Le rappel de discours spécifiques 179 6.3. Bilan 181 Chapitre 7. Dimension sociodiscursive : les actes de condamnation d‟autrui dans les réactions citoyennes à l‟affaire Maclean’s 189 7.1. La construction du discours « contre » 189 7.1.1. Considérations méthodologiques 190 7.1.2. Présentation et analyse des résultats 198 7.1.2.1. La cible des actes de condamnation 198 7.1.2.2. Le type d‘actes de condamnation 202 7.1.2.3. Les catégories de manque à combler 203 7.1.2.4. L‘accumulation d‘actes de condamnation 207 7.2. Bilan 211 Conclusion 217 L‘affaire Maclean’s et le Québec bashing : retour sur l‘analyse 219 Questions en suspens et pistes de réflexion 225 L‘analyse de discours et l‘interprétation de phénomènes sociaux 227 Bibliographie 231 Annexe 1. Convention de transcription 249 Annexe 2. Exemple d‘analyse des actes de condamnation 251 ix LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1. Définition de bashing dans quelques dictionnaires de langue anglaise 14 Tableau 2. Récapitulatif du corpus principal 91 Tableau 3.
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