DOCSLIB.ORG

The History of China Advisory Board

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The History of China Advisory Board THE HISTORY OF CHINA ADVISORY BOARD John T. Alexander Professor of History and Russian and European Studies, University of Kansas Robert A. Divine George W. Littlefield Professor in American History Emeritus, University of Texas at Austin John V. Lombardi Professor of History, University of Florida THE HISTORY OF CHINA Second Edition David Curtis Wright The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling, Series Editors Copyright 2011 by David Curtis Wright All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wright, David Curtis, 1960– The history of China / David Curtis Wright. — 2nd ed. p. cm. — (Greenwood histories of the modern nations) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–37748–8 (hardcopy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978–0–313–37749–5 (ebook) 1. China—History. I. Title. DS735.A2W74 2011 951—dc22 2011010866 ISBN 978–0–313–37748–8 EISBN 978–0–313–37749–5 1514131211 12345 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To my son Timothy This page intentionally left blank Contents Series Foreword ix Preface to the Second Edition xiii Timeline of Historical Events xv 1 Geography, Government, Population, and Early History 1 2 Pre-Imperial China: ca. 1122–221 B.C. 17 3 Early Imperial China: 221 B.C.–A.D. 589 45 4 Middle and Late Imperial China: A.D. 589–ca. 1800 67 5 The Tumultuous Nineteenth Century: External Aggression and Internal Chaos 99 6 Revolution and Republic 117 7 The People’s Republic: From First Breath to Mao’s Death 145 8 Deng’s China 181 viii Contents 9 China in the 1990s 199 10 The Twenty-First Century: Dealing with a Pushy China 209 11 A Prosperous and Confused Island: Taiwan since 1945 245 Notable People in the History of China 281 Chinese Dynasties 297 Glossary of Selected Terms 299 Works Cited 303 Bibliographic Essay 309 Index 315 Series Foreword The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations series is intended to pro- vide students and interested laypeople with up-to-date, concise, and analytical histories of many of the nations of the contemporary world. Not since the 1960s has there been a systematic attempt to publish a series of national histories, and as series advisors, we believe that this series will prove to be a valuable contribution to our understanding of other countries in our increasingly interdependent world. Some 40 years ago, at the end of the 1960s, the Cold War was an accepted reality of global politics. The process of decolonization was still in progress, the idea of a unified Europe with a single currency was unheard of, the United States was mired in a war in Vietnam, and the economic boom in Asia was still years in the future. Richard Nixon was president of the United States, Mao Tse-tung (not yet Mao Zedong) ruled China, Leonid Brezhnev guided the Soviet Union, and Harold Wilson was prime minister of the United Kingdom. Authori- tarian dictators still controlled most of Latin America, the Middle East was reeling in the wake of the Six-Day War, and Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was at the height of his power in Iran. Since then, the Cold War has ended, the Soviet Union has vanished, leaving 15 independent republics in its wake, the advent of the x Series Foreword computer age has radically transformed global communications, the rising demand for oil makes the Middle East still a dangerous flash- point, and the rise of new economic powers like the People’s Republic of China and India threatens to bring about a new world order. All of these developments have had a dramatic impact on the recent history of every nation of the world. For this series, which was launched in 1998, we first selected nations whose political, economic, and socio-cultural affairs marked them as among the most important of our time. For each nation, we found an author who was recognized as a specialist in the history of that nation. These authors worked cooperatively with us and with Greenwood Press to produce volumes that reflected current research on their nations and that are interesting and informative to their readers. In the first decade of the series, more than 40 volumes were published, and as of 2008, some are moving into second editions. The success of the series has encouraged us to broaden our scope to include additional nations, whose histories have had significant effects on their regions, if not on the entire world. In addition, geopolitical changes have elevated other nations into positions of greater impor- tance in world affairs and, so, we have chosen to include them in this series as well. The importance of a series such as this cannot be under- estimated. As a superpower whose influence is felt all over the world, the United States can claim a “special” relationship with almost every other nation. Yet many Americans know very little about the histories of nations with which the United States relates. How did they get to be the way they are? What kind of political systems have evolved there? What kind of influence do they have on their own regions? What are the dominant political, religious, and cultural forces that move their leaders? These and many other questions are answered in the volumes of this series. The authors who contribute to this series write comprehensive his- tories of their nations, dating back, in some instances, to prehistoric times. Each of them, however, has devoted a significant portion of their book to events of the past 40 years because the modern era has contributed the most to contemporary issues that have an impact on U.S. policy. Authors make every effort to be as up-to-date as possible so that readers can benefit from discussion and analysis of recent events. In addition to the historical narrative, each volume contains an introductory chapter giving an overview of that country’s geography, political institutions, economic structure, and cultural attributes. This is meant to give readers a snapshot of the nation as it exists in the Series Foreword xi contemporary world. Each history also includes supplementary infor- mation following the narrative, which may include a timeline that rep- resents a succinct chronology of the nation’s historical evolution, biographical sketches of the nation’s most important historical figures, and a glossary of important terms or concepts that are usually expressed in a foreign language. Finally, each author prepares a com- prehensive bibliography for readers who wish to pursue the subject further. Readers of these volumes will find them fascinating and well- written. More importantly, they will come away with a better under- standing of the contemporary world and the nations that comprise it. As series advisors, we hope that this series will contribute to a height- ened sense of global understanding as we move through the early years of the twenty-first century. Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling Indiana University Southeast This page intentionally left blank Preface to the Second Edition This revised edition contains 30,000 more words than the first and includes new chapters on Taiwan and on mainland China in the twenty-first century. I have also included new material in several of the other chapters as well, particularly eyewitness primary accounts of the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution (the twin follies of Mao’s rule over China), and the Tiananmen Massacre. May China never again have to abide such tragically tumultuous times and the tyrants who cause them. The bibliography and bibliography essay are expanded, and there is a new section on Internet resources about China. Thanks are due Kaitlin Ciarmiello at Greenwood Press/ABC-Clio for her patience and forbearance as I completed this revised edition during a move from one residence to another. My oldest son Timothy will soon will soon be married, and I dedi- cate this revised edition to him and the new life adventure on which he is about to embark. Calgary 22 February 2010 This page intentionally left blank Timeline of Historical Events B.C. 1300s Decimal system understood and used 1384 Shang establishes last capital, near Anyang 1122? Shang overthrown; Zhou established 800s Decline of Western Zhou 770 Eastern Zhou founded ca. 600–300 Hundred Schools 551 Birth of Confucius 500s Iron plows used 300s Compass invented, trace harness developed and used, and drilling for natural gas 336 First use of crossbow on the battlefield 200s Farmers plant crops in straight rows Concept similar to Newton’s First Law of Motion understood xvi Timeline of Historical Events 221 Eastern Zhou overthrown; China unified under Qin Shihuang and the Qin dynasty 213 Qin Shihuang has almost all non-Legalist books burned 206 Qin dynasty overthrown 206–202 Civil war 202 Liu Bang founds Han dynasty 100s Circulation of blood in the body understood, paper invented, and parachutes used 165 First government examination held for prospective civil servants 147 Han Wudi enthroned 133 Han Wudi abolishes intermarriage system with Xiongnu as a prelude to war 90 Detente between Xiongnu and Han 54 Xiongnu submit to Han 25 First suspension bridge built A.D.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ~ the Soviet-East European Concept of People's Democracy
    ~ The Soviet - East European Concept of People's Democracy The Political Situation At the end of World \Var I I the leaders of the Communist Parties of Poland, Germany, I-lungary, l{ umania, and Bulgaria returned to their countries in the baggagetrain of the l{ ed Army and assumedcontrol of the " commanding heights" of society in dcpcndence on the Soviet occupation forces.) These Communist Parties were burdened with a dual weaknessthat limited their radicalism in the initial postwar period. All faced significant , organized opposition to the consolidation of their rule, resistance being strongest in Poland and weakest in Bulgaria. This internal situation dictated a policy of gradualism, generalized by Hugh Seton-\Vatson2 as encompassing three stages: ( 1) a genuine coalition with the surviving socialist and peasant parties resting on a short-tcrm program of mutually accepted " antifascist " and " democratic " reforms (lasting until early 1945 in Bulgaria and l{ umania and until early 1947 in l Iungary); (2) a bogus coalition with the same parties, thcmselvcs increasingly dominated by Communists, implemcnting more radical social reforms and more openly suppressing the non-Communist opposition (lasting until late 1947 or early 1948); at this stage, socialism was spoken of only as a distant goal; economic planning was introduced but remained limited in scope; collectivization of agriculture was not mentioned ; (3) a monolithic regime that , having liquidated its opposition , set out to emulate the Soviet Union in " building socialism" through forced industrialization and collectivization . Anothcr aspect of the weakness of the East Europcan Communist Partics was their great dependcnce on the Soviet Union and thus thcir subordination to the broader goals of Soviet foreign policy .
    [Show full text]
  • The Chinese Civil War (1927–37 and 1946–49)
    13 CIVIL WAR CASE STUDY 2: THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1927–37 AND 1946–49) As you read this chapter you need to focus on the following essay questions: • Analyze the causes of the Chinese Civil War. • To what extent was the communist victory in China due to the use of guerrilla warfare? • In what ways was the Chinese Civil War a revolutionary war? For the first half of the 20th century, China faced political chaos. Following a revolution in 1911, which overthrew the Manchu dynasty, the new Republic failed to take hold and China continued to be exploited by foreign powers, lacking any strong central government. The Chinese Civil War was an attempt by two ideologically opposed forces – the nationalists and the communists – to see who would ultimately be able to restore order and regain central control over China. The struggle between these two forces, which officially started in 1927, was interrupted by the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, but started again in 1946 once the war with Japan was over. The results of this war were to have a major effect not just on China itself, but also on the international stage. Mao Zedong, the communist Timeline of events – 1911–27 victor of the Chinese Civil War. 1911 Double Tenth Revolution and establishment of the Chinese Republic 1912 Dr Sun Yixian becomes Provisional President of the Republic. Guomindang (GMD) formed and wins majority in parliament. Sun resigns and Yuan Shikai declared provisional president 1915 Japan’s Twenty-One Demands. Yuan attempts to become Emperor 1916 Yuan dies/warlord era begins 1917 Sun attempts to set up republic in Guangzhou.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Five
    CHAPTER FIVE PEOPLE’S DEMOCRACY The post-war people’s democracies that developed in Eastern Europe and China embodied the main features of the Popular Front government advocated at the Seventh Congress of the Communist International. Politically, they were based on a multi-party, parliamentary system that included all the anti-fascist elements of the wartime Fatherland Front movements. Economically, they nationalized the most vital monopolized industries and allowed smaller capitalist industries and agriculture to continue business as usual. The theoretical status of the people’s democracies, however, was obscured by uncertainty over the future relations between the USSR and the West. If the wartime alliance was to be preserved, the communists had no wish to offend anyone with loose talk of ‘dictatorship’, whether revolutionary democratic or proletarian. Consequently, until 1948 theoretical discussions of the people’s democracies were by and large phrased in ‘apolitical’ terms, and were not associated with earlier communist theses on the state. The communist theoretician Eugen Varga, for example, wrote in 1947 that the people’s democracies were “...something entirely new in the history of mankind...” (Cited in Kase, People’s Democracies, Sijthoff, Leyden, Netherlands, 1968, p.18). They allowed capitalism, and yet protected the interests of the people. In a few years, however, the theoreticians would discover that despite multi-party composition, parliamentarism and capitalism, the people’s democracies were indeed forms of “the dictatorship of the proletariat” after all. A. Eastern Europe As consideration for his outstanding theoretical contributions to the communist movement, Dimitrov was allowed to further develop the principles of the People’s Front from the vantage point of leader of the new Bulgarian state.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Communism in China∗
    The Rise of Communism in China∗ Ting CHENy James Kai-sing KUNGz This version, December 2020 Abstract We show that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) experienced significantly faster growth in counties occupied by the Japanese Army than those garrisoned by the Kuomingtang (KMT) during the Sino-Japanese War (c. 1940-45), using the density of middle-to-upper rank Communist cadres (5.4%) and the size of the guerilla base (10.3%) as proxies. The struggle for survival and humiliation caused by wartime sex crimes are the channels through which the CCP ascended to power. We also find that people who live in former Japanese- occupied counties today are significantly more nationalistic and exhibit greater trust in the government than those who reside elsewhere. Keywords: Communist Revolution, Peasant Nationalism, Struggle for Survival, Humilia- tion and Hatred, Puppet Troops, China JEL Classification Nos.: D74, F51, F52, N45 ∗We thank seminar participants at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and National University of Singapore for helpful comments and suggestions. James Kung acknowledges the financial support of the Research Grants Council (RGC) of Hong Kong (GRF No. 17505519) and Sein and Isaac Soude Endowment. We are solely responsible for any remaining errors. yTing Chen, Department of Economics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Renfrew Road, Hong Kong. Email: [email protected]. Phone: +852-34117546. Fax: +852-34115580. zJames Kai-sing KUNG, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong. Email: [email protected]. Phone: +852-39177764. Fax: +852-28585614. 1 Introduction \Precisely because of the Japanese Imperial Army, which had occupied a large part of China, making Chinese people nowhere to go; once they understood, they began taking up arm- struggle, resulting in the establishment of many counter-Japanese military bases, thereby creating favorable conditions for the coming war of liberation.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Chinese Racism in Canada Under the Shadow of COVID-19 By
    Anti-Chinese Racism in Canada Under the Shadow of COVID-19 By Lanlin Bu B.Sc., Southeast University, China, 1993 M.Sc., Southeast University, China, 1999 A Master’s Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT in the School of Public Administration ©Lanlin Bu, 2021 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Defense Committee Client: Harmony Foundation of Canada Supervisor: Dr. Kimberly Speers School of Public Administration, University of Victoria Second Reader: Dr. Jill Chouinard School of Public Administration, University of Victoria Chair: Dr. Bart Cunningham School of Public Administration, University of Victoria [1] Acknowledgements Almost every year during spring break until 2020, I took my son back to China. It was the opportunity for him to experience Chinese culture – the food, the landscape, the people and their dialects, even the smells in the air. It was also a reunion with my parents, time for me to take care of them so that my sister could have a break. When China started to lock down the city of Wuhan in January 2020, I worried about my family and friends in China, but I thought it would pass in a few months, like SARS some years ago. Unfortunately, I still cannot enter China with my Canadian passport. I immigrated to Canada almost 14 years ago and became a Canadian citizen in 2015. It has been a good decision, and I have successfully built my new life.
    [Show full text]
  • Law Enforcement Intelligence: a Guide for State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement Agencies
    David L. Carter, Ph.D. School of Criminal Justice Michigan State University Law Enforcement Intelligence: A Guide for State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement Agencies November 2004 David L. Carter, Ph.D. This project was supported by Cooperative Agreement #2003-CK-WX-0455 by the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Points of view or opinions contained in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice or Michigan State University. Preface The world of law enforcement intelligence has changed dramatically since September 11, 2001. State, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies have been tasked with a variety of new responsibilities; intelligence is just one. In addition, the intelligence discipline has evolved significantly in recent years. As these various trends have merged, increasing numbers of American law enforcement agencies have begun to explore, and sometimes embrace, the intelligence function. This guide is intended to help them in this process. The guide is directed primarily toward state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies of all sizes that need to develop or reinvigorate their intelligence function. Rather than being a manual to teach a person how to be an intelligence analyst, it is directed toward that manager, supervisor, or officer who is assigned to create an intelligence function. It is intended to provide ideas, definitions, concepts, policies, and resources. It is a primer- a place to start on a new managerial journey. Every effort was made to incorporate the state of the art in law enforcement intelligence: Intelligence-Led Policing, the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan, the FBI Intelligence Program, the array of new intelligence activities occurring in the Department of Homeland Security, community policing, and various other significant developments in the reengineered arena of intelligence.
    [Show full text]
  • Seritechnics
    Seri­Technics Historical Silk Technologies Edition Open Access Series Editors Ian T. Baldwin, Gerd Graßhoff, Jürgen Renn, Dagmar Schäfer, Robert Schlögl, Bernard F. Schutz Edition Open Access Development Team Lindy Divarci, Samuel Gfrörer, Klaus Thoden, Malte Vogl The Edition Open Access (EOA) platform was founded to bring together publication ini­ tiatives seeking to disseminate the results of scholarly work in a format that combines tra­ ditional publications with the digital medium. It currently hosts the open­access publica­ tions of the “Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge” (MPRL) and “Edition Open Sources” (EOS). EOA is open to host other open access initia­ tives similar in conception and spirit, in accordance with the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the sciences and humanities, which was launched by the Max Planck Society in 2003. By combining the advantages of traditional publications and the digital medium, the platform offers a new way of publishing research and of studying historical topics or current issues in relation to primary materials that are otherwise not easily available. The volumes are available both as printed books and as online open access publications. They are directed at scholars and students of various disciplines, and at a broader public interested in how science shapes our world. Seri­Technics Historical Silk Technologies Dagmar Schäfer, Giorgio Riello, and Luca Molà (eds.) Studies 13 Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Studies 13 Editorial Team: Gina Partridge­Grzimek with Melanie Glienke and Wiebke Weitzmann Cover Image: © The British Library Board. (Yongle da dian 永樂大典 vol.
    [Show full text]
  • APA Newsletters
    APA Newsletters Volume 05, Number 2 Spring 2006 NEWSLETTER ON THE BLACK EXPERIENCE FROM THE EDITORS, JOHN MCCLENDON AND GEORGE YANCY ARTICLE JOHN H. MCCLENDON III “Dr. Richard Ishmael McKinney: Historical Summation on the Life of a Pioneering African American Philosopher” BOOK REVIEW Cornel West: Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism REVIEWED BY ROBERT E. BIRT © 2006 by The American Philosophical Association ISSN: 1067-9464 APA NEWSLETTER ON Philosophy and the Black Experience John McClendon & George Yancy, Co-Editors Spring 2006 Volume 05, Number 2 philosophy of religion and existentialism. Birt reminisces fondly ROM THE DITORS about McKinney, disclosing that it was Richard McKinney who F E had an incredible way of teaching philosophy, transforming dry textual exegesis into a living philosophical tradition. Throughout the course of our editorship of the Newsletter, we have insisted on the significance of and need for the reconstruction of the history of African American philosophy. In the Fall 2004 issue of this Newsletter, John H. McClendon III in ARTICLES his article, “The African American Philosopher and Academic Philosophy: On the Problem of Historical Interpretation,” presented a challenge to all of us to seriously undertake the Dr. Richard Ishmael McKinney: Historical tasks of recovering the role of the African American academic philosopher. In keeping with this challenge this issue of the Summation on the Life of a Pioneering Newsletter on Philosophy and the Black Experience seeks to African American Philosopher highlight the neglected topic of the history of African American academic philosophers by focusing on the contribution and John H. McClendon III legacy of a key figure, the late Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Qiaowu Chinese Overseas History, Literature, and Society
    Qiaowu Chinese Overseas History, Literature, and Society Chief Editor Wang Gungwu Subject Editors Evelyn Hu-DeHart, David Der-wei Wang, Wong Siu-lun Editorial Board Ien Ang, Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Liu Hong, Frank Pieke, Elizabeth Sinn, Jing Tsu VOLUME 8 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cho Qiaowu Extra-Territorial Policies for the Overseas Chinese By James Jiann Hua To LEIDEN | BOSTON Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data To, James Jiann Hua. Qiaowu : extra-territorial policies for the overseas Chinese / by James Jiann Hua To. pages cm. — (Chinese overseas ; volume 8) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-27227-9 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-27228-6 (e-book) 1. Chinese—Foreign countries—Government policy—China. 2. Chinese—Foreign countries—Government policy—Taiwan. 3. Chinese diaspora—Political aspects—China. 4. Chinese diaspora—Political aspects—Taiwan. I. Title. DS732.T6 2014 305.895’1—dc23 2014007722 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1��6-3��� isbn 978 90 04 27227 9 (hardback) isbn 978 90 04 27228 6 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02450-2 — Art and Artists in China Since 1949 Ying Yi , in Collaboration with Xiaobing Tang Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02450-2 — Art and Artists in China since 1949 Ying Yi , In collaboration with Xiaobing Tang Index More Information Index Note: The artworks illustrated in this book are oil paintings unless otherwise stated. Figures 1–33 will be found in Plate section 1 (between pp. 49 and 72); Figures 34–62 in section 2 (between pp. 113 and 136); Figures 63–103 in section 3 (between pp. 199 and 238); Figures 104–161 in section 4 (between pp. 295 and 350). abstract art (Chinese) 163, 269–274, art market see commercialization of art 279 art publications (new) 86, 165–172 early 1980s 269–271 Artillery of the October Revolution 42 ’85 Movement –“China/Avant-Garde” Arts and Craft Movement 268 269–271 Attacking the Headquarters (Fig. 27) 1989 – present (post-modern) stage 273 avant-garde art (Chinese) 141, 146, 169, conceptual abstraction 273–274, 277–278 176, 181, 239, 245, 258, 264–265 expressive abstraction 273–274, 276 see also “China/Avant-Garde” material abstraction 277 exhibition schematic abstraction 245, 274 avant-garde art (Russian) 3–4 abstract art (Western) 147–148, 195–196, avant-garde art (Western) 100, 101, 267–268 see also Abstract 255–256, 257, 264 see also Modernism Expressionism; Hard-Edge / Structural Abstraction Bacon, Francis 243 Abstract Expressionism 256, 269, 274 Bao Jianfei 172 academic realism 245, 270 New Space No.1 167 academies see art academies Barbizon School 87 Ai Xinzhong 14 Bauhaus School 269 Ai Zhongxin 5 Beckmann, Max 246 amateur art/artists 35, 74–75, 106–108, Bei Dao 140 137–138, 141,
    [Show full text]
  • Prepared Testimony of Russell Hsiao1 Executive Director Global Taiwan
    Prepared Testimony of Russell Hsiao1 Executive Director Global Taiwan Institute Before The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission "China’s Relations with U.S. Allies and Partners in Europe and the Asia Pacific” Washington, D.C. Thursday, April 5, 2018 Vice-Chairman Bartholomew, Senator Talent, and members of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, thank you for the opportunity to participate in this hearing. A central component in the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) domestic and foreign policy toolkit is the “United Front” (統一戰線). This “mysterious” whole-of-society strategy, which engages all aspects of society, integrates party-state organizations under CCP-rule in a comprehensive stratagem that aims to control, indoctrinate, and mobilize non-CCP masses—both native and foreign—in service of the Party’s policy objectives. The system that executes this political warfare strategy has been traditionally composed of multiple party, military, and state organizations, but this system has undergone centralization in recent years with the establishment of the CCP Central Committee’s Leading Small Group on United Front (中央統戰工作領導小 組), and updated in the recent re-organization of several State Council departments responsible for overseas Chinese, religious, and ethnic minority affairs under the CCP’s United Front Work Department (UFWD).2 The most well-known and successful United Front campaigns in CCP history are the ones with the Nationalist Party (KMT, Kuomintang). In alliances forged out of necessity, the KMT and CCP formally united forces at least twice to resist their common enemies prior to the formation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949: first to expel imperialists and warlords in China then to resist the Japanese invasion during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
    [Show full text]
  • Wandering Elephants Unlikely to Return Home Soon, Experts
    CHINA DAILY | HONG KONG EDITION Tuesday, June 22, 2021 | 5 CHINA We have PATHWAYS TO PROGRESS liftoff Famous bridge a growing Students launch a rocket propelled by pressurized water attraction for history fans during a science fair in Huaibei, Anhui province, on Sunday. By Huang ZHILING Despite that, Red Army soldiers A two-day competi- in Luding, Sichuan crossed the bridge, suffering only a tion over the weekend [email protected] few deaths among their 22-strong gave students the force. chance to showcase Soon after the national college The Red Army’s crossing of the their abilities to build entrance examination ended on Dadu River was one of the most model rockets and June 8, Hao Jun, an 18-year-old from important events of the Long March ships. Chengdu, Sichuan province, decid- (1934-36), because if it had failed, WAN SHANCHAO / ed to book a bus ticket for Luding the Red Army might have been FOR CHINA DAILY county in the province’s Garze Tibet- wiped out. an autonomous prefecture. In the first five months of this He wanted to refresh himself aft- year, 891,700 people visited Luding, er years of preparation for the exam. more than two and a half times as Luding is far from the madding many as in the same period last year. crowd in Chengdu and features the Tourism earnings surpassed 980 famous Luding Bridge and his million yuan ($153 million), Lu said. favorite red cherries. Since March, the number of tour- His parents readily accepted his ists visiting Luding Bridge has been plan, as Luding is only a two-and-a- rising, with 1,000 to 2,000 people half- to three-hour bus ride away.
    [Show full text]